過程裝備英語資料

第一章概述

1.該專業(yè)特點(diǎn)

TheProcessindustryiscomposedofrefineriesandpetrochemical,paperandpulp,power

generation,andfoodprocessingplants.

加工工業(yè)由煉油廠和石化、造紙和紙漿、發(fā)電和食品加工廠組成。

2.動(dòng)設(shè)備

2.1動(dòng)設(shè)備定義：Rotaryequipmentiscomposedofadriver,aconnector,andthedriven

equipment.Acircularmovementcharacterizesrotaryequipment

旋轉(zhuǎn)設(shè)備由驅(qū)動(dòng)器、連接器和驅(qū)動(dòng)設(shè)備組成。旋轉(zhuǎn)設(shè)備的特點(diǎn)是圓周運(yùn)動(dòng)

2.2動(dòng)設(shè)備組成：Adriverisadevicedesignedtoproviderotationalenergytodriven

equipment.

Adrivenequipmentisadevicethatreceivesrotationalenergyfromadriver.

Couplings,belts,orchainsconnectdriversanddrivenequipments.

ShaftrotationistypicallymeasuredinRPM,orrevolutionsperminute.

驅(qū)動(dòng)器是一種為被驅(qū)動(dòng)設(shè)備提供旋轉(zhuǎn)能量的裝置。

驅(qū)動(dòng)設(shè)備是從驅(qū)動(dòng)器接收旋轉(zhuǎn)能量的裝置。

聯(lián)軸器、皮帶或鏈條連接驅(qū)動(dòng)器和驅(qū)動(dòng)設(shè)備。

軸旋轉(zhuǎn)通常以轉(zhuǎn)速或每分鐘轉(zhuǎn)數(shù)測量。

2.3動(dòng)設(shè)備分類

2.3.1連接器coupling

Themostcommonstylesarefixed-speedcouplings(rigidandflexible)andvariable-speed

couplings(hydraulicandmagnetic).

最常見的類型是定速聯(lián)軸節(jié)(剛性和柔性)和變速聯(lián)軸節(jié)(液壓和磁力)。

2.3.2帶belt

Beltsareusedtoconnecttwoparallelshafts.

Apulley（滑輪）ismountedontheendofeachshaft.

Beltsarefittedingroovesofpulleysmountedattheendof

shafts.

Thesizeofthepulleysallowthedriveranddrivenequipment

tooperateatdifferentspeeds.

Beltscomeinavarietyofshapesandsizesandaremadeof

durablematerialdesignedtowithstandoperatingconditions.

Abeltdrivecanmakespeed-to-torqueortorque-to-speed

conversions.

Flopping（跳動(dòng)）,squealing（尖叫聲）,orsmoking（冒煙）

beltsindicatewear,tension,ordriven-equipmentproblems.

皮帶用于連接兩個(gè)平行軸?；啠ɑ┌惭b在每個(gè)軸的末端。皮帶安裝在安裝在豎

井。皮帶輪的尺寸允許駕駛員和從動(dòng)設(shè)備以不同的速度運(yùn)行。皮帶有多種形狀和尺

寸，由經(jīng)久耐用的材料，能承受工作條件。皮帶傳動(dòng)可以使速度變?yōu)榕ぞ鼗蚺ぞ刈?/p>

為速度轉(zhuǎn)換。撲通（跳動(dòng)）、尖叫（尖叫聲）或吸煙（冒）皮帶指示磨損、張力或

驅(qū)動(dòng)設(shè)備問題。

2.3.3鏈chain

Chaindrivesareverysimilartobeltdrives.

Chaindrivesaredesignedforlowspeedsandhightorque

conversions.

Insteadofusingpulleys,however,achaindrivehasaseries

ofsprocketwheels（鏈輪）thatinterlinkwiththechain.

Inthistypeofsystem,slippage（滑動(dòng)）isminimal,chainreplacementisrare,andtemperature

variationsarenotafactoraslongasthechainiskeptlubricated.

鏈傳動(dòng)與皮帶傳動(dòng)非常相似。鏈傳動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)用于低速和高扭矩轉(zhuǎn)換。但是，鏈傳動(dòng)沒

有使用滑輪，而是有一系列鏈輪（鏈）與鏈條相連。在這種類型的系統(tǒng)中，打滑

（滑21160;）最小，更換鏈條很少，只要保持鏈條潤滑，溫度變化不是一個(gè)因素。

2.3.4齒輪和齒輪箱gearandgearbox

Insidethegearbox,thedrivegearmeshes（嚙合）withalargerorsmallergear,thedrivengear.

Smallgearsizeisassociatedwithspeed.Largegearsizeisassociatedwithtorque.

Speed-to-torqueconversionisaccomplishedwithasmalldrivegearwithalargedriven

gear.

Torque-to-speedconversionusesalargedrivegearthathasasmalldrivengear.

在變速箱內(nèi)部，驅(qū)動(dòng)齒輪與較大或較小的齒輪(從動(dòng)齒輪)嚙合。小齒輪尺寸與速

度有關(guān)。大齒輪尺寸與扭矩有關(guān)。轉(zhuǎn)速到扭矩的轉(zhuǎn)換是由一個(gè)小驅(qū)動(dòng)齒輪和一

個(gè)大從動(dòng)齒輪完成的。扭矩-轉(zhuǎn)速轉(zhuǎn)換使用大驅(qū)動(dòng)齒輪，小從動(dòng)齒輪。

2.3.5電馬達(dá)electricmotor

Itconsistsofastationarymagnet(stator)andamovingconductor(rotor).

Electricmotorsareeitherdirectcurrent(DC)oralternatingcurrent(AC).

Threeprinciples:

Electriccurrentcreatesamagneticfield;

Oppositemagneticpolesattracteachother,andlikemagneticpolesrepeleachother;

Currentdirectiondeterminesthemagneticpoles.

它由固定磁鐵(定子)和移動(dòng)導(dǎo)體(轉(zhuǎn)子)組成。電動(dòng)機(jī)可以是直流電(DC)也可

以是交流電(AC)o

三個(gè)原則：

電流產(chǎn)生磁場；

相反的磁極相互吸引，相似的磁極相互排斥；

電流方向決定磁極。

直流電：Thetwinfieldsincreaseinintensityandpushagainsttheconductor.

攣生場的強(qiáng)度增加，并對導(dǎo)體產(chǎn)生推力。

APermanentmagneticfieldisformedbythelinesofforcebetweenthepoles

ofthemagnet.

永磁場是由磁極之間的力線形成的。

WhenelectricitypassesthroughtheconductorinaDCmotor,itbecomesan

electromagnetandgeneratesanothermagneticfield.

當(dāng)電流通過直流電動(dòng)機(jī)的導(dǎo)體時(shí)，它就變成了電磁鐵并產(chǎn)生另一個(gè)磁

場。

交流電：TherotorinanACmotorisaslottedironcore.

交流電動(dòng)機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)子是開槽鐵心。

Thestatorartificiallycreatesanelectriccurrentintherotor,whichgenerates

thesecondmagneticfield.

定子在轉(zhuǎn)子中人為地產(chǎn)生電流，從而產(chǎn)生第二個(gè)磁場。

Alternatingcurrentflowsintothestator,producingarotatingmagneticfield

交流電流入定子，產(chǎn)生旋轉(zhuǎn)磁場

Whenthetwofieldsinteract,therotorturns.

當(dāng)兩個(gè)磁場相互作用時(shí)，轉(zhuǎn)子轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。

2.3.6汽輪機(jī)steamturbine

Asteamturbineisadevicethatconvertskineticenergytomechanicalenergy.Steamturbines

haveaspeciallydesignedrotorthatrotatesassteamstrikesit.Thisrotationisusedto

operateavarietyofshaft-drivenequipment（pumps5compressorsandelectricpower

generators.

汽輪機(jī)是把動(dòng)能轉(zhuǎn)換成機(jī)械能的裝置。汽輪機(jī)有一個(gè)特殊設(shè)計(jì)的轉(zhuǎn)子，當(dāng)蒸汽擊中

它時(shí)，它會(huì)旋轉(zhuǎn)。這種旋轉(zhuǎn)用于操作各種軸驅(qū)動(dòng)設(shè)備（泵、壓縮機(jī)和發(fā)電

機(jī)）。

2.3.7泵pump

Machinesdesignedtomoveliquidsandaddenergyto

themarecalledpumps.

—DynamicandPositivedisplacement（容積型）pumps.

—Dynamicpumps:Centrifugal（離心）andaxial（軸流）pumps

—Positivedisplacementpumps:Reciprocating（往復(fù)）androtary（回轉(zhuǎn)）pumps

用于輸送液體和增加能量的機(jī)器

它們被稱為泵。

動(dòng)態(tài)和正排量（容積型）泵。

-動(dòng)力泵：離心泵（離心）和軸流泵（軸流泵）

-容積泵：往復(fù)式（往復(fù)）和旋轉(zhuǎn)式（回轉(zhuǎn)）泵

離，L?泵：CentrifugalPumps

—Centrifugalpumpsaredevicesthatmovefluidsbycentrifugalforce.

—Centrifugalforceistheforceexertedbyarotatingobjectawayfromitscenterofrotation.

—Theprimaryprincipleinvolvesspinningthefluidinacircularmotionthatpropelsitoutward

andintoadischargechuteknownasavolute.

離心泵是通過離心力移動(dòng)液體的裝置。

離心力是旋轉(zhuǎn)物體從其旋轉(zhuǎn)中心施加的力。

——主要原理是以圓周運(yùn)動(dòng)旋轉(zhuǎn)流體，使其向外推進(jìn)并進(jìn)入稱為蝸殼的泄槽。

Thebasiccomponentsofacentrifugalpumparethecasing,motorordriver,coupling,

volute（蝸殼），suctioneyeorinlet,impellers（葉輪），wearrings,seals,bearings,discharge

port,andsuctionanddischargegauges.

離心泵的基本部件是泵殼、電機(jī)或驅(qū)動(dòng)器、聯(lián)軸器、蝸殼（蝸）、吸入孔或入口、

葉輪（葉盤）、耐磨環(huán)、密封件、軸承、排放口以及吸入和排放儀表。

2.3.8壓縮機(jī)compressor

-Machinesdesignedtomovegasesandaddenergytothemarecalledcompressors.

—Dynamic（動(dòng)力型）andPositivedisplacementcompressors

—Dynamiccompressors:Centrifugal（離心）andaxial（軸流）

compressors

—Positivedisplacementcompressors:Reciprocating（往復(fù)）androtary（回轉(zhuǎn)）compressors.

Theyoperatebytrappingaspecificamountofgasandforcingitintoasmallervolume.

Theyareclassifiedasrotaryorreciprocating.

-設(shè)計(jì)用于移動(dòng)氣體并向其添加能量的機(jī)器稱為壓縮機(jī)。

-動(dòng)態(tài)（壓縮機(jī)）和容積式壓縮機(jī)

-動(dòng)態(tài)壓縮機(jī)：離心式（離心）和軸流式（軸流式）壓縮機(jī)

-容積式壓縮機(jī)：往復(fù)式（往復(fù)）和旋轉(zhuǎn)式（回轉(zhuǎn)）壓縮機(jī)。它們通過捕獲特定數(shù)量

的氣體并將其壓縮成較小的體積來工作。它們被歸類為旋轉(zhuǎn)或往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)。

239潤滑，軸承，密封

Lubrication:friction,wear

Bcarings:Supportandpreventmovement

Seals:preventleakagebetweeninternal

compartments:labyrinthseals；carbonseals；mechanicalseals

潤滑：摩擦、磨損

軸承：支撐和防止移動(dòng)

密封：防止內(nèi)部之間的泄漏

隔室：迷宮式密封；碳密封；機(jī)械密封

Lubrication

-Lubricationprotectsthemovingpartsofequipmentbyplacingathinfilmofprotection

betweensurfacesthatcomeintocontactwitheachother.

—Withoutlubrication,atremendousamountoffrictionandwearwouldbedeveloped.

-Lubricationhelpsremoveheatgeneratedbyfrictionandprovidesafluidbarrierbetweenthe

metalpartstoreducefriction.

-Mostrotaryequipmentwillrequiresometypeoflubrication.

潤滑

-潤滑通過在相互接觸的表面之間放置一層保護(hù)膜來保護(hù)設(shè)備的運(yùn)動(dòng)部件。

-如果沒有潤滑，將會(huì)產(chǎn)生大量的摩擦和磨損。

-潤滑有助于消除摩擦產(chǎn)生的熱量，并在金屬部件之間提供流體屏障以減少摩擦。

-大多數(shù)旋轉(zhuǎn)設(shè)備需要某種類型的潤滑。

Seals

—Shaftsealsaredesignedtopreventleakagebetweeninternalcompartmentsinarotating

pieceofequipment.

—Shaftsealscomeinavarietyofshapesanddesigns.

-Typicaldesignsincludelabyrinthseals,carbonseals,and

mechanicalseals.

—Labyrinthsealstraplubricationandfluidswithinamazeof

ridges（凸起的迷宮）.

—Segmentalcarbonsealsaremountedinaring-shapeddesignaroundtherotatingshaft.A

springholdsthesoftgraphitesealinplaceandallowsittowearevenly.

—Mechanicalsealscomeinamodularkitthatisslidintoplaceasoneunit.Mechanicalseals

canwithstandhigh-pressuresituations;carbonsealsandlabyrinthsealscannot.

密封

軸密封設(shè)計(jì)用于防止旋轉(zhuǎn)設(shè)備內(nèi)部隔室之間的泄漏。

軸密封有多種形狀和設(shè)計(jì)。

典型設(shè)計(jì)包括迷宮式密封、碳密封和機(jī)械密封。

迷宮式密封將潤滑油和液體困在凸起的迷宮中。

節(jié)段式碳密封以環(huán)形設(shè)計(jì)安裝在旋轉(zhuǎn)軸周圍。彈簧將軟石墨密封固定到位，使其均

勻磨損。

-機(jī)械密封采用模塊化套件，作為一個(gè)整體滑動(dòng)到位。機(jī)械密封可以承受高壓；碳密

封和迷宮密封不能。

Bearings

—Radialbearingsaredesignedtopreventup-and-downandside-to-sidemovementofthe

rotatingshaft;

-Axialbearings,oftencalledthrustbearings,aredesignedtopreventback-and-forth

movementoftheshaft.

—Radialandaxialbearingscanbefoundinmostrotatingequipmentandrequirelubricationto

operateproperly.

—Radialbearingscanbefoundinavarietyofdesignssuchasballbearings（滾珠軸承），friction

orsleevebearings（滑動(dòng)軸承）,rollingelementbearings（滾動(dòng)軸承）,andshielded

bearings（屏蔽軸承）.

軸承

徑向軸承的設(shè)計(jì)可防止旋轉(zhuǎn)軸上下和左右移動(dòng)；

軸向軸承，通常稱為推力軸承，設(shè)計(jì)用于防止軸的來回移動(dòng)。

徑向和軸向軸承可在大多數(shù)旋轉(zhuǎn)設(shè)備中找到，需要潤滑才能正常工作。

徑向軸承的設(shè)計(jì)多種多樣，如滾珠軸承（滾珠承）、摩擦或套筒軸承（滑動(dòng)承）、

滾動(dòng)軸承（滾動(dòng)承承）和屏蔽軸承（屏蔽承）。

Keyterms:

Rotaryequipment旋轉(zhuǎn)設(shè)備一industrialequipment

designedtorotateormove.

Stationaryequipment靜設(shè)備一industrialequipment

designedtooccupyastationaryorfixedposition.

Driver驅(qū)動(dòng)器，傳動(dòng)裝置，主動(dòng)輪一adevicedesignedto

providerotationalenergytodrivenequipment

Drivenequipment從動(dòng)設(shè)備一adevicesuchasa

compressor,pump,orgenerator,thatreceivesrotational

energyfromadriver.

Coupling聯(lián)軸^—adevicethatattachesthedriveshaftof

amotororsteamturbinetoapump,compressor,or

generator.

Belt帶一usedtoconnecttwoparallelshafts-thedrive

shaftandthedrivenshaft-eachofwhichhasapulley

mountedontheend,beltsfitinthegroovesofthepulleys.

Chaindrive鏈傳動(dòng)一adevicethatprovidesrotational

energytodrivenequipmentbymeansofaseriesof

sprocketwheelsthatinterlinkwithachain,designedfor

lowspeedsandhightorqueconversions.

Gearbox齒輪箱一apowertransmissionmechanism

consistingofinterlockingtoothedwheels(gears)insidea

casing.

Seals密封，軸封一devicesthatpreventleakagebetween

internalcompartmentsinarotatingpieceofequipment

Steamturbine汽輪機(jī)，蒸汽透平一anenergy-conversion

devicethatconvertssteamenergy(kineticenergy)to

usefulmechanicalenergy;usedasdriverstoturnpumps,

compressors,andelectricgenerators.

Torque扭矩一theturningforceofrotatingequipment.

Viscosity粘度——ameasureofafluid'sresistancetoflow.

Volute蝸殼一thedischargechuteofacentrifugalpump,a

wideningcavitythatconvertsvelocitytopressure.

Rotor轉(zhuǎn)子一theshaftandmovingbladesofrotary

equipmentorthemovingconductorofanelectricmotor.

Pumps泵一devicesusedtomoveliquidsfromoneplace

toanother,classifiedaspositivedisplacementor

dynamic.

Compressors壓縮機(jī)一mechanicaldevicesdesignedto

accelerateorcompressgases;classifiedaspositive

displacementordynamic.

Centrifugalforce離，心力——theforceexertedbyarotating

objectawayfromitscenterofrotation.Oftenreferredto

asacenter-seekingforce,centrifugalforceisusually

statedastheforceperpendiculartothevelocityoffluid

movinginacircularpath.

3,靜設(shè)備StationaryEquipment

3.1靜設(shè)備的定義：Industrialequipmentdesignedtooccupyastationaryorfixedposition.

設(shè)計(jì)用于固定或固定位置的工業(yè)設(shè)備。

3.2靜設(shè)備的分類

3.2.1管道piping

-Industrialpipingcomesinavarietyofshapes,designs,andmetalstosafelycontainand

transportchemicals.

—Theengineeringdesignercarefullyselectsthetypesofmaterialsthatarecompatiblewiththe

chemicalsandoperationalconditions.

—Pipingcanbecomposedofstainlesssteel,carbonsteel,iron,plastic,orspecialtymetals.

-Individualjointscanbethreadedoneachend,flanged,welded,orglued.

—Awidearrayoffittingsareusedtoconnectthepiping.

工業(yè)管道有多種形狀、設(shè)計(jì)和金屬，以安全地容納和運(yùn)輸化學(xué)品。

一工程設(shè)計(jì)人員仔細(xì)選擇與化學(xué)品和操作條件兼容的材料類型。

管道可以由不銹鋼、碳鋼、鐵、塑料或特種金屬組成。

-各接頭可在各端上螺紋連接、法蘭連接、焊接或膠合。

-大量配件用于連接管道。

堵頭,塞子

■PipefittingsPlug

三通

3.2.2儲(chǔ)罐storagetank

—Thechemicalprocessingindustryusestanks,drums,bins,andspherestostorechemicals.

—Thematerialsusedinthesedesignsincludecarbonsteel,stainlesssteel,iron,specialtymetals,

andplastic.

化學(xué)加工工業(yè)使用罐、桶、箱和球體來儲(chǔ)存化學(xué)品。

-這些設(shè)計(jì)中使用的材料包括碳鋼、不銹鋼、鐵、特種金屬和塑料。

3.2.3閥門valves

—Adevicetodirectandcontrolthefluidsbystarting,stopping,andthrottling（restricting）

flowtomakeprocessingpossible.

—Itisdesignedtowithstandpressure,temperature,andflowandcanbefoundinhomesand

Industiyacrosstheworld.

-通過啟動(dòng)、停止和節(jié)流（限制）流量來引導(dǎo)和控制流體的裝置，使加工成為可能。

-它的設(shè)計(jì)能夠承受壓力、溫度和流量，在世界各地的家庭和工業(yè)中都可以找到。

3.2.4過濾器filters

—Filtersareusedinthechemicalprocessingindustrytoseparatesolidparticlesfromafluidby

passagethroughaporousmedium.

—Themostcommonfiltersarecartridgefilters（筒式過濾器）.

—Asmaterialflowsthroughthemedium,suspendedsolidsareseparatedfromthefluid.

—Redundant（乘U余的、其他的）filtersystemsallowatechniciantoswitchtoacleanfilterand

safelyremovethedirtycartridges（圓筒）.

化學(xué)加工工業(yè)中使用過濾器通過多孔介質(zhì)從流體中分離固體顆粒。

最常見的過濾器是濾筒式過濾器。

-當(dāng)材料流過介質(zhì)時(shí)，懸浮固體與流體分離。

冗余（冗余）、過濾系統(tǒng)允許技術(shù)人員切換到干凈的過濾器，并安全地取出臟的濾

筒。

3.2.5換熱器heatexchanger

—Aheatexchangerallowsahotfluidtotransferenergyintheformofheattoacoolerfluid

withoutphysicalcontactbetweenthetwofluids.

-befoundinthefollowingcategories:shellandtube（管殼式），plateandframe（板框式），

spiral（螺旋式）,andaircooled（空氣冷卻式）.

-Atypicalshell-and-tubeheatexchangeriscomposedofaseriesoftubessurroundedbya

shell.

-熱交換器允許熱流體以熱的形式將能量傳遞到較冷的流體，而兩種流體之間沒有物

理接觸。

可分為以下幾類：管殼（shellandtube）、板和框架（plateandframe）＞螺旋

（spiral）和風(fēng)冷（aircooled）°

——典型的管殼式換熱器由一系列被管殼包圍的管組成。

3.2.6冷卻塔coolingtower

Coolingtowersareusedbyindustrytoremoveheatfromwaterbyevaporation（蒸發(fā)）.The

internaldesignofthetowerensuresgoodairandwatercontact.

冷卻塔被工業(yè)界用來通過蒸發(fā)除去水中的熱量。塔的內(nèi)部設(shè)計(jì)確保了良好的空氣和

水的接觸。

3.2.7鍋爐boiler

Boilerisatypeoffiredfurnaceusedtoboilwaterandproducesteam;alsoknownasasteam

generator.

-Steamisusedtooperatesteamturbines,distillationsystems,andreactionsystems.

-Boilersuseacombinationofradiation,conduction,andconvectionmethodstochangewater

tosteam.

鍋爐是一種用來燒水和產(chǎn)生蒸汽的燃燒爐；也稱為蒸汽發(fā)生器。

-蒸汽用于操作汽輪機(jī)、蒸（留系統(tǒng)和反應(yīng)系統(tǒng)。

-鍋爐采用輻射、傳導(dǎo)和對流相結(jié)合的方法把水變成蒸汽。

3.2.8火焰加熱爐furnace

Firedheaters,orfurnaces,areusedtoheatuprawmaterialssotheycanproduceproducts

suchasgasoline（汽油），oil（石油），kerosene,plastic,andrubber.

Firedheaterstransferheatgeneratedbythecombustionofnaturalgas（天然氣），ethane（乙烷）,

propane（丙烷）,orfueloil（燃油）.

取暖爐，或稱爐子，用來加熱原材料，以便生產(chǎn)汽油（石油）、石油（石油）、煤

油、塑料和橡膠等產(chǎn)品。

火焰加熱器傳遞天然氣（天然氣）、乙烷（乙烷）、丙烷（丙烷）或燃油（燃油）

燃燒產(chǎn)生的熱量。

3.2.8反應(yīng)器reactor

—Areactorisavesselusedtoconvertrawmaterialsintousefulproductsthroughchemical

reactions.

—Theycombinerawmaterialswithacatalyst（催化劑），gases,pressure,orheat.

—Amixer（混i合器）maybeusedtoblend（混;合）thematerialstogether.

—Acatalystisamaterialdesignedtoincreaseordecreasetherateofachemicalreaction

withoutbecomingpartofthefinalproduct.

反應(yīng)器是通過化學(xué)反應(yīng)將原材料轉(zhuǎn)化為有用產(chǎn)品的容器。

它們將原料與催化劑、氣體、壓力或熱量結(jié)合起來。

-可使用攪拌機(jī)（混合）將材料混合在一起。

-催化劑是一種設(shè)計(jì)用于在不成為最終產(chǎn)品一部分的情況下提高或降低化學(xué)反應(yīng)速率

的材料。

3.2.9蒸夕留塔distillationcolumn

Axialbearings-devicesdesignedtopreventback-and-forthmovementofashaft;alsocalled

thrustbearings.Distillationcolumn—a

Basichandtools——thetypicaltoolsprocesstechniciansusetoperformtheirjobactivities.

Belt—usedtoconnecttwoparallelshafts—thedriveshaftandthedrivenshaft-eachofwhichcylindricaltower

hasapulleymountedontheend;beltsfitinthegroovesofthepulleys.

Boiler-atypeoffiredfurnaceusedtoboilwaterandproducesteam;alsoknownasasteamconsistingofaseriesof

generator.trays（板orpacking（填

Centrifugalforce-theforceexertedbyarotatingobjectawayfromitscenterofrotation.Often

referredtoasacenter-seekingforce,centrifugalforceisusuallystatedastheforceperpendicular料）thatprovidea

tothevelocityoffluidmovinginacircularpath.

Chaindrive—adevicethatprovidesrotationalenergytodrivenequipmentbymeansofaseriesofcontactpointforthe

sprocketwheelsthatinterlinkwithachain;designedforlowspeedsandhigh-torqueconversions.

Compressors—mechanicaldevicesdesignedtoaccelerateorcompressgases;classifiedasvaporandliquid.The

positivedisplacementordynamic.contactbetweenthe

Coolingtower—asimple,rectangulardeviceusedbyindustrytoremoveheatfromwater.

Coupling——adevicethatattachesthedriveshaftofamotororsteamturbinetoapump,vaporandliquidinthe

compressor,orgenerator.

Distillationcolumn——acylindricaltowerconsistingofaseriesoftraysorpackingthatcolumnresultsina

provideacontactpointforthevaporandliquid.Thecontactbetweenthevaporandliquidinthecol-

umnresultsinaseparationofcomponentsinthemixturebasedondifferencesinboilingpoints.separationof

Drivenequipment—adevicesuchasacompressor,pump,orgeneratorthatreceivesrotational

energyfromadriver.componentsinthe

Driver—adevicedesignedtoproviderotationalenergytodrivenequipment.mixturebasedon

Filter-aporousmediumusedtoseparatesolidparticlesfromafluidbypassagethroughit.differencesinboiling

Firedheater-ahigh-temperaturefurnaceusedtoheatlargevolumesofrawmaterials.

Gearbox—apowertransmissionmechanismconsistingofinterlockingtoothedwheels（gears）points.

insideacasing.

Heatexchanger——anenergy-transferdevicedesignedtotransferenergyintheformofheatfrom

ahotterfluidtoacoolerfluidwithoutphysicalcontactbetweenthetwofluids.蒸儲(chǔ)塔-由一系列托盤

Pumps-devicesusedtomoveliquidsfromoneplacetoanother;classifiedaspositivedisplace-

mentordynamic.（板或填料（填）組

Radialbearings一devicesdesignedtopreventup-and-downandside-to-sidemovementofashaft.成的圓柱形塔，為蒸

Reactor—adeviceusedtocombinerawmaterials,heat,pressure,andcatalystsintheright

proportionstoformchemicalbondsthatcreatenewproducts.汽和液體提供接觸

點(diǎn)。塔中蒸汽和液體

的接觸導(dǎo)致混合物中的組分根據(jù)沸點(diǎn)的不同而分離。

Rotaryequipment-industrialequipmentdesignedtorotateormove.

Rotor-theshaftandmovingbladesofrotaryequipmentorthemovingconductorofanelectric

motor.

Seals—devicesthatpreventleakagebetweeninternalcompartmentsinarotatingpieceof

equipment.

Stationaryequipment-industrialequipmentdesignedtooccupyastationaryorfixedposition.

Steamturbine—anenergy-conversiondevicethatconvertssteamenergy(kineticenergy)touseful

mechanicalenergy;usedasdriverstoturnpumps,compressors,andelectricgenerators.

Tanksandpipes-vesselsandtubesthatstoreandconveyfluids.

Torquetheturningforceofrotatingequipment.

Valve-adeviceusedtostop,start,restrict(throttle),ordirecttheflowoffluids.

Viscosity—ameasureofafluid*sresistancetoflow.

Volute——thedischargechuteofacentrifugalpump;awideningcavitythatconvertsvelocityto

pressure.

第二章閥門

1.相關(guān)術(shù)語

Accumulation-thepressuredifference(AP)betweeninitialliftpressureandfullliftpressureon

areliefvalve.

Actuator—adevicethatcontrolsthepositionoftheflow-controlelementonacontrolvalveby

automaticallyadjustingthepositionofthevalvestem.

Anglevalve—avalvethatoperatesbyadmittingfluidflowtothegateorplugandredirectingit

90°outthedischargeport.

Antiseizecompound—lubricantusedonexposedvalvestemthreads.

Ballvalves-namedfortheball-shaped,movableelementinthecenterofthevalve.

Blockvalve-anyvalvethatisintendedtoblockflow;alsocalledanisolationvalve.Theterm

generallyreferstogatevalves.

Bonnet—abell-shapeddomemountedonthebodyofavalve.

Bridgewallmarkings-manufacturerinformationonthebodyofavalve.

Butterflyvalves-characterizedbytheirdisc-shapedflow-controlelement,whichpivotsfromits

center.

Checkvalves-mechanicalvalvesthatpreventreverseflowinpiping.

Controlloop-acollectionofinstrumentsthatworktogethertoautomaticallycontrolaprocess;

usuallyconsistsofasensingdevice,atransmitter,acontroller,atransducer,andanautomatic

valve.

Controlvalves-automatedvalvesusedtoregulateandthrottleflow;typicallyprovidethefinal

controlelementofacontrolloop.

Diaphragmvalve~~adevicethatusesaflexiblemembranetoregulateflow.

Disc-adevicemadeofmetalorceramicthatfitssnuglyintheseatofavalvetocontrolflow.

Flange-adeviceusedtoconnect(bolt)pipingtoindustrialequipment.

Flow-controlelement—thepartofavalvethatregulatesflow;thatis,thegateorthedisc.

Fluid-ofthethreeformsofmatter-solids,liquids,andgases—liquidsandgasesareconsid-

eredfluids.

Gate-theflow-controlelementofagatevalve.

Gatevalve-adevicethatplacesamovablemetalgateinthepathofaprocessflow.

Globevalve-adevicethatplacesadiscinthepathofaprocessflow.

Handwheel——attachedtothevalvestemandusedtocontrolthepositionoftheflow-control

elementofavalve.

Multiportvalve-hasmultipleinletsand/oroutletsinspecializedpipingsystemstodivertflow

direction,allowingfluidsourcestobeswitched.

Needlevalve一atypeofglobevalvethathasaneedle-shapedelementthatfitssnuglyintotheseat.

Packing-aspeciallydesignedmaterialusedtostopfluidsfromenteringorescaping;packedaround

theshaft(stem)ofavalve,orshaftofapump.

Packinggland—amechanicaldevicethatcontainsandcompressespacking.

Plugvalve-adevicethathasaplug-shapedelement;usedforon/offservice.

Safety/reliefvalve~devicesettoautomaticallyrelievepressureinaclosedsystematapredeter-

minedsetpoint;reliefvalvesareusedforliquids;safetyvalvesareusedforgases.

Stem一ametalshaftattachedtothehandwheelandflow-controlelementofavalve.

Stuffingbox—thesectionofavalvethatcontainspacking.

Three-wayvalve—avalvewiththreeports(oneinletandtwooutlets)usedtodivertflowdirection.

Throttling-reducingorregulatingflowbelowthemaximumoutputofavalve.

Trim-theflow-controlelementandseatsinavalve.

Valvecapacity-thetotalamountoffluidavalvewillpasswithagivenpressuredifferencewhenitis

fullyopen.

Warping—atermusedtodescribetemperaturechangesandpipeexpansionthatcauseavalve

toseize,oruwarp."Closingavalvetooquicklycancausewarping,andwarpingcancausea

valvetostick.

Valvecapacity（|閥容量）isatermusedtodescribethetotalamountoffluidavalvewillpass

withagivenpressuredifferencewhenitisfullyopen.

閥門容量（閥容量）是一個(gè)術(shù)語，用于描述閥門完全打開時(shí)，在給定壓差下通過的

流體總量

Thebodyofthevalvecontainsbridgewallmarkings（標(biāo)志），whichprovidemanufacturer

informationspecifictothevalve.

Thebridgewallmarkingsincludethefollowinglettersandsymbols:

—W=Low-temperaturewaterservice

一O=Low-temperatureoilservice

—G=Low-temperaturegasservice

——二Flowdirection

閥體包含橋壁標(biāo)記（標(biāo)志），這些標(biāo)記提供了閥門特定的制造商信息。

橋墻標(biāo)記包括以下字母和符號：

-W1=低溫供水

-O二低溫油服務(wù)

-G=低溫氣體服務(wù)

一-二流向

Additionalinformationonsizeandpressureratingissometimesfoundonaplateattachedto

thehandwheel.

有關(guān)尺寸和壓力額定值的附加信息有時(shí)可在附在手輪上的板上找到

2.閥門的分類

2.1分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

Flow-control?Gatevalve,Globevalve,Ballvalve,

elementsPlugvalve,Needlevalve...

VJ2.2分

?Cut-offvalve,Adjustingvalve,Check類

Functionvalve,Three-wayvalve,Safetyvalve

IJ

z\2.2.1

Operating

?pressure,flow,ortemperature...閘閥

conditions

IJgate

?Hand-operating,Electric-operated,valve

DrivingmethodPneumatic-operatedvalve

IJ

z、?Flangeconnection,Clampconnection,

ConnectingmannerThreadedconnection,Welding2.2.1.1

V>connection閘閥定

義與性質(zhì)

Agatevalveisadevicethatplacesamovablemetalgateinthepathofaprocessflow.

閘閥是一種在工藝流程中放置可移動(dòng)金屬閘門的裝置

Oneofthemorecommonvalvesinindustry.

Thegatesaresizedtofittheinsidediameterofapipe,soverylittlerestrictionoccurswhenitis

intheopenposition.

—Valvesvaryinsizefrom0.125inchestoseveralfeet.

—Theytypicallyareoperatedinthe“wideopen"or''completelyshut”position.

—shouldnotbeusedtothrottleflowforextendedperiods.

工業(yè)上比較常見的閥門之一。

閘門的尺寸與管道的內(nèi)徑相匹配，因此當(dāng)閘門處于開啟位置時(shí)，幾乎不會(huì)受到限

制。

閥門的尺寸從0.125英寸到幾英尺不等。

它們通常在“全開”或“完全關(guān)閉”位置操作。

-不應(yīng)用于長時(shí)間節(jié)流

Thegateisplaceddirecdyinthepathofaprocessflowwhenitisshutandisliftedcompletely

outofthewaywhenopen.

當(dāng)閘門關(guān)閉時(shí)，它直接位于工藝流程的路徑中，當(dāng)閘門打開時(shí)，它被完全吊離。

?Thetypicalgatevalveconsistsof:

Handwheel

手輪冬

HandWhGGl

PackingGlandpacking

WkeBohgland

填料壓蓋

BonnetBonnet

Gasket

nnetBoltNut.:

Stem閥桿型的

SeatRng

seating

areaGate

閥座閘板

2.2.1.2閘閥組成

常見閘板：

Solidwedge:楔形單閘板

Solidsplitgate:楔形雙閘板

Paralleldiscs:平行盤

閥座：

Theseatingareaconsistsoftwofixedsurfacesorringsinsidethebodyofthevalvethatthe

gateclosesagainsttostopflow.

Seatsmustprovideacleanmatingsurfaceforthegatetosealproperl