遼寧工業(yè)大學(xué)陳志賢定語從句分析與各關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系副詞的區(qū)別應(yīng)用專講

學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載定語從句簡而言之，在一個已經(jīng)非常完整的句子結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)存在著另外一個具有主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子來充當(dāng)句子某個成分的定語修飾，它可以修飾句子中代詞、名詞（或名詞短語）等。作用相當(dāng)于形容詞，所以又名形容詞性從句。定語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)先行詞+關(guān)系詞+從句的其他部分。定語從句的中心內(nèi)容都是圍繞先行詞類型來確定相應(yīng)的關(guān)系詞，這里包括關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。Thegirlismygirlfriend.Sheisdancingwithmybrother.Thegirlismygirlfriend(先行詞)who（關(guān)系代詞）isdancingwithmybrother.先行詞，即被關(guān)系詞所指代的內(nèi)容，并且被后面的從句所修飾或限制；關(guān)系詞，重復(fù)指代先行詞，起著連接主句和從句的作用并在從句中充當(dāng)某種成分。Haveyoumettheman(先行詞)aboutwhom（關(guān)系代詞）hewasspeaking?Haveyoumettheman(先行詞)that（關(guān)系代詞）hewasspeakingabout?Thegirl(先行詞)）towhom（關(guān)系代詞Ispokeismycousin.Thegirl(先行詞)that/who（關(guān)系代詞）Ispoketoismycousin.2.先行詞的說明先行詞不僅僅指代一個詞，它的范圍比較廣，可以是詞、短語、分句或句子等等，先行詞只不過是我們對于關(guān)系詞所指代內(nèi)容一個稱謂罷了。Hewillbecomethemanthat/whichhisfatherwantshimtobe.Hewasawardedagoodmedalwhichthewholefamilyconsideredagreathonor.Helikesplayingbasketball,whichisagoodexercise.LiNasaidhehadnotime,whichisn’ttrue.Hearrivedanhourlater,whichannoyshisgirlfriend.Mygirlfriendlikesdancingwithotherguys,whichreallydrivesmecrazy.補(bǔ)充：一般來說先行詞是緊挨著后面的關(guān)系詞，但我們所有的判斷都應(yīng)該建立在分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，理解句子的意思，了解從句缺什么補(bǔ)什么，進(jìn)而確定先行詞以及相應(yīng)的關(guān)系詞。Themanlivesnexttothedoorisagreatscientist.ThisisaninterestingbookwrittenbyAmericannovelistwhich/thatIhavereadrecently.Helaughsbestwholaughsbest.Neverleavesthatuntiltomorrowwhichyoucandotoday.3關(guān)系詞的類型：關(guān)系詞先行詞所指關(guān)系詞在句中作用關(guān)系代詞that人/物主、賓、表which物主、賓、who人主、賓whom人賓whose人/物定as人/物/事情主、賓、表關(guān)系副詞when時間時間狀語where地點地點狀語why原因原因狀語關(guān)系代詞:who﹑whom﹑that﹑which﹑whose；關(guān)系副詞:where﹑when﹑why關(guān)系詞的作用：1)連接作用,把主句和從句連接起來;2)替代作用,在從句中代替在它前面的先行詞;3)成分作用在從句中充當(dāng)一個成分.4.定語從句類型根據(jù)關(guān)系詞與先行詞的緊密程度，定語從句分為限制性定語從句和費(fèi)限制性定語從句。即根據(jù)先行詞與其后面的從句的松緊程度(限制性定語從句：是先行詞不可缺少的定語，如刪除，主句則失去意義或意思表達(dá)不完整；非限制性定語從句：只是對先行詞的補(bǔ)充說明，如刪除，主句仍能表達(dá)完整的意思。標(biāo)志：先行詞與其后從句的關(guān)系詞中間以逗號隔開。Herbrother,whoisnowasoldier,alwaysencourageshertogotocollege.（還有其他哥哥）Herbrotherwhoisnowasoldieralwaysencourageshertogotocollege.（只有這一個哥哥）1）非限制性定語從句Ihavelostmypen,whichIlikeverymuch.Sheisalwayslateforclass,whichmakestheteacherangry.Asweallknow,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.Theexperimentisveryimportant,asindeeditis.2）限制性定語從句DoyouknowthemanthenameofwhomisWangYu?Iknowthedoctorwhosedaughterstudiesabroad.Theroominwhichthereisamachineisaworkshop.限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句對比限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句和先行詞關(guān)系密切（刪去影響整個意思表達(dá)）和先行詞關(guān)系不密切（一種補(bǔ)充說明，刪去不影響全句意思的表達(dá)）不用逗號隔開一般用逗號隔開可用關(guān)系代詞that不可用關(guān)系代詞that關(guān)系代詞可省略（但在從句中作賓語）關(guān)系代詞不可以省略只可修飾先行詞，不可以修飾主句或主句的一部分除修飾先行詞還可以修飾整個主句或主句的一部分暗示被修飾的先行詞不是唯一的表示被修飾的先行詞是唯一的翻譯時先翻譯從句在翻譯主句翻譯時先譯主句再譯從句5.具體的關(guān)系詞的用法5.1that/which/who作主語Thecarthat/whichisredwasdamagedyesterday.Themanthat/whogaveyouthetalkyesterdayisourteacher.Titanicistheshipwhich/thatsankafterhittinganiceberg.ZhangGuorongisapopstarwho/thatdiedinthefallinMarch,2003.Beijingisthecitywhich/thathasgotthechancetohostthe2008OlympicGames.That/which/who作主語的細(xì)微差別：that和who均既可指人又可指物，而which僅指代物。Thenursethat/whoislookingaftermydaughteriskind.Wewatchedtheplay“teahouse”which/thatwaswrittenbyLaoShe.Thenumberofpeoplethat/whocometovisitthiscityeachyearreachesonemillion.Thehousewhichisbythelakelooksnice.5.2that/who/whom/which作賓語Theboythat/who/whomthenurseislookingafterismyfriend.Thequestionthat/which//Idon’tunderstandisaboutgrammar.（that/which作賓語可以?。﹖hat作狀語，常在day,year,time,moment,speed,way,reason,place,direction,distance等名詞之后引導(dǎo)定語從句，that在句中相當(dāng)于inwhich/forwhich/atwhich等Wearrivedthedaythathedied.Ilikethesongfortheveryreasonthathedislikesit.Duringtheyearsthathehadbeeninthearmy,hegotacquaintedwithher.Atthefirstmomentthathesaidit,heknewwhatmistakehehadmade.他一說出這件事，就知道他犯了一個什么樣的錯誤。5.3where1)由where引導(dǎo)的定語從句。定語從句在修飾一個表示地點的名詞時,常用where引導(dǎo)。Abookofficeisaplacewhereticketsaresold.Where在從句中做狀語，相當(dāng)于一個介詞短語。在本句中相當(dāng)于inwhich，所以此句可以Abookofficeisaplaceinwhich/whereticketsaresold.Thisisthehousewherehelives.Thisisthehouse__________helives.Thisisthehouse__________helivesin.5.4when定語從句在修飾一個表示時間的名詞時，常用when引導(dǎo)IstillremembertheyearwhenwestudiedtogetherIstillremembertheyearinwhichwestudiedtogether.Istillremembertheyear(which/that)westudiedintogether.所以說when=in+關(guān)系代詞5.5why關(guān)系副詞why的先行詞只有reason,在從句中表示原因狀語。DoyouknowthereasonwhyIleftearly?Why=forwhich,在從句中作原因狀語5.6who/whom/whosewho用作主語，whom用作賓語，whose用作定語。whose+n.=the+n.+of+whom/thenoneofwhichThisisthemanwhohelpedme.ThedoctorwhomyouarelookingforisintheRoom206.Thehousewhoseroof/theroofofwhichisbrownismine.Iliketheroomswhosewindowsfacesouth.5.7as1)as用作關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，并在從句中做主語、表語和狀語，構(gòu)成thesame…as,such…as等結(jié)構(gòu)。Iwanttohavesuchadictionaryashehas.Ishalldoitinthesamewayasyoudid.Ilikethesamebookasyoudo.2)as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語。在從句中做主語、表語或賓語，這個定語從句說明整個句子，可以放在主句之前、之中和之后。Theexperimentisveryimportant,asindeeditis.Asisknowntoall,hestudiesveryhard.Asweallknow,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.常用于這種類似插入語的句式有:asissaidabove/asisalreadymentionedabove/asisknowntoall/asitis,asisoftenthecase/asisreportedinthenewspaper.5.8butbut在引導(dǎo)定語從句時，意義上相當(dāng)于which…..not/that……not/who….not，僅限于限制性定語從句中有否定意義。Therewasnotonehousebutwasburntdown.所有的房子都被燒掉了。Therewasnotsinglestudentinmyclassbutlearntfromhimalot..我們班上的每一個學(xué)生都從他那里學(xué)到了很多東西。Therearefewofthembutadmireyourachievement.他們幾乎每個人都佩服你的成就。5.9介詞+關(guān)系代詞(which/whom)介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句多用于正式文體中，這樣的關(guān)系代詞主要是which/whom/whose.Wewillgotohearthefamoussingeraboutwhomwehaveoftentalked.Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous.ThisisthemanfromwhomIlearnthenews.Thisistheperson(whom)youaregoingtoworkwith. IstillrememberthedayonwhichIjoinedtheleague.IstillrememberthedaysduringwhichIlivedinthecountry. IstillremembertheyearsinwhichIstayedthere.onwhichIspentfiveYuan.fromwhichIlearntalot.ThisisthebookforwhichIpaidfiveYuan.inwhichtherearefewnewwords. aboutwhichTomoftentalks.5.10what1)what在其引導(dǎo)的定語從句中作定語Wehavedecidedtogiveyouwhat(anyhelpthatasmuchas)helpwecan.whatis/wasmore(形容詞比較級)，what為關(guān)系代詞，指代“更….””尤其….”常坐插入語Heattendedthecontestand,whatwasmoresurprising,wonagoldmedal.2)what在定語從句中相當(dāng)于somethingthat/personwho/personthat,本身即先行詞與關(guān)系詞的組合Neverpretendtobewhatyouarenot.用于別別把自己偽裝成另外一個人5.11which/that引導(dǎo)定語從句的差別（一)只用that情況1）定語從句中先行詞為somebody/nobody/something/nothing/much/few/little/none/theone等不定代詞時；Anybodywhorefusedtobowwasthrownintoprisonwithouttrial.Thereseemstobenothingthatisimpossibletohimintheworld.2）定語從句中先行詞被all/any/few/no/little/much等修飾時；Ihavereadallthebooksthatyougaveme.3）先行詞由thesame/theonly/thevery等修飾時；ThisistheverypenthatIamlookingforHeistheonlypersonthatIwanttotalkto4）先行詞被序數(shù)詞、比較級或最高級修飾時；ThefirstthingthatIlearnedwillneverbeforgotten.5）當(dāng)句中已有who/which等疑問詞時，為避免重復(fù)。WhoisthemanthatistalkingtoJohn?WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?6）先行詞有人和物組成時時；Hetalkedofthemanandthebooksthatinterestedhim.Thefamouswriterandhisworksthattheradiobroadcastshavearousedgreatinterestamongthestudents.Lookatthemanandhisdonkeythatarewalkingupthestreet.7）主句以therebe開頭Thereisaseatinthecornerthatisfree.8）若有兩個定語從句，其中一個已經(jīng)用了which，則另一個用that.Edisonbuiltafactorywhichproducedthingsthathadneverbeenseen.(二）只用which的情況1）在非限制性定語從句中2）關(guān)系代詞與介詞搭配，用whom和whichTheman__________youshookhandsjustnowisourheadmaster.Theroom__________myfamilyliveusedtobeagarage.3）先行詞本身為that時，用whichWhatisthatwhichflashedinthesky?5.12as與which引導(dǎo)的定語從句as和which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時，其用法有相同之處，也有不同之處。as和which都可以在定語從句中做主語或賓語，代表前面整個句子，當(dāng)與such或thesame連用時，一般用as。Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.Heishonest,as