edgarallanpoe18091849美國(guó)文學(xué)作家

EdgarAllanPoe(1809-1849)ThisdaguerreotypeofPoewastakenin1848whenhewas39,ayearbeforehisdeath.

EdgarAllanPoeLifeofPoeBornonJan.19m1809tounsuccessfultouringactorparents(Elizebathwhodiedin1911andDavidPoewhodiedin1910).Adoptedbyhisparents’friendstheAllans,butbadrelationswithJohnAllanEnteringVirginiaUniversityin1826andturningintoadrunkard,gambleranddrugaddictEdgarAllanPoeEnteringWestPointin1830andbreakingwithJohnAllanfinallyin1831Hiselderbrotherdiedin1831andhisidiotyoungersisterdiedsoonHiscousinwifeVirginiadiedofbreakingofherthroatbloodvesselinpovertyin1847PoediedofcerebralhaemorrhageafteraheavydrinkonOct.7,1849EdgarAllanPoePoe’sliterarypositionForerunnerofwesterndecadentliteratureForerunnerofaestheticisticliteratureExplorerofabnormalpsychologyFatherofpsychoanalyticcriticismPath-breakerofAmericandetectivenovelFatherofmodernshortstoryEdgarAllanPoeEmersondismissedhiminthreewords“thejingleman”(打油詩(shī)人)，MarkTwaindeclaredhisprosetobeunreadable.AndWhitmanwastheonlyfamousliteraryfigurepresentatthePoeMemorialCeremonyin1875.NotacceptedbeforeFrenchsymbolistslikeCharlesPierreBaudelaire(1821-1867)andMallarmé.EdgarAllanPoeLiteraryfeaturesofPoeMotifsofPoe’spoemsandstories:LoveBeauty(supernatualbeauty)Death(oftenofawoman,alover)TerrorNeuroticdiorderEdgarAllanPoePoe’sgothicismDecadentcontentGrotesqueimagesAbnormalpsychesMelancholySupernaturalelementsOthergothicelements(desertedcastle,oldtemple,darkandgloomycellar;stonecoffin;deadwoman;heroofabnormalpsyche)EdgarAllanPoePoe’sliterarycontributionAestheticismPrincipleofbeautyPrincipleofunityandconcentrationCarefulchoiceofdictionfordesiredeffect(themusicaleffectofwordsthemselves)Negligenceofso-calledtruthandsocial,politicalandmoralsuggestions“Purepoetry”or“pureart”Unityofeffectandatmosphere;contentinserviceofartisticeffectEdgarAllanPoePrinciplesofshortstorywritingShortenoughtofinishatonesittingtoaquiredesiredeffectonthereaderAttractivefirstsentenceAbruptnessoflastsentenceConcise;devoidoftediousstatementEdgarAllanPoePoe’sdreamtechniqueDisgustedwithscienceandmaterialismDesiretobreakawayfromearthlybondageintoadreamlandforspiritualconsolationEdgarAllanPoeTheoriesofliterarycriticismLiteraryworksareself-containted

ForerunnerofNewCriticismListofPoe’sWorksTalesoftheGrotesqueandtheArabesque《奇異怪誕故事集》“MS.FoundinaBottle”《瓶子里發(fā)現(xiàn)的手稿》“TheMurdersintheRueMorgue”《毛格街殺人案》“TheFalloftheHouseofUsher”《厄舍古屋的倒塌》“TheMasqueoftheRedDeath”《紅色死亡的化妝舞會(huì)》“TheCaskofAmontillado”《一桶酒的故事》TheRaven《烏鴉》Israfel《伊斯拉菲爾》AnnabelLee《安娜貝爾?李》ToHelen《致海倫》ThePoeticPrinciple《詩(shī)歌原理》ThePhilosophyofComposition《創(chuàng)作哲學(xué)》EdgarAllanPoeReadingofTheRavenWhatisthetoneofthepoem?Whatistheeffectofthewordslike“tapping”,“napping”andothersendingwith“-ing”?Whoisthespeakerthinkingabout?Whatkindofimageistheraven?Doesthisbirdimagechangethroughthepoematleastinthemindofthespeaker?Doyounoticetherepetitionofthewords“nomore”,“nevermore”?Whateffectdoestheycreate?Doyounoticeanygothicelementsinthepoem?Whatarethey?TheRaven(1845)LeftbyGustave

DoréRightbyJohnTenniel

Stanza1Onceuponamidnightdreary,whileIponderedweakandweary,

Overmanyaquaintandcuriousvolumeofforgottenlore,1

WhileInodded,nearlynapping,suddenlytherecameatapping,

Asofsomeonegentlyrapping,rappingatmychamberdoor.

`'Tissomevisitor,'Imuttered,`tappingatmychamberdoor-

Onlythis,andnothingmore.‘2(1)ForgottenLoremaybeabouttheoccultorblackmagic(2)BarnabyRudge:ATaleoftheRiotsof'EightybyCharlesDickensattheendofthefifthchapterofDickens'snovel,Gripmakesanoiseandsomeonesays,"Whatwasthat–himtappingatthedoor?"Theresponseis,"'Tissomeoneknockingsoftlyattheshutter."Dickens'sravencouldspeakmanywordsandhadmanycomicturns,includingthepoppingofachampagnecork,butPoeemphasizedthebird'smoredramaticqualities.Stanza2Ah,distinctlyIrememberitwasinthebleakDecember,

Andeachseparatedyingemberwroughtitsghostuponthefloor.

EagerlyIwishedthemorrow;-vainlyIhadsoughttoborrow

Frommybookssurceaseofsorrow-sorrowforthelostLenore-

FortherareandradiantmaidenwhomtheangelsnamedLenore-

Namelesshereforevermore.

Stanza3Andthesilkensaduncertainrustlingofeachpurplecurtain

Thrilledme-filledmewithfantasticterrorsneverfeltbefore;

Sothatnow,tostillthebeatingofmyheart,Istoodrepeating

`'Tissomevisitorentreatingentranceatmychamberdoor-

Somelatevisitorentreatingentranceatmychamberdoor;-

Thisitis,andnothingmore,'

Stanza4Presentlymysoulgrewstronger;hesitatingthennolonger,

`Sir,'saidI,`orMadam,trulyyourforgivenessIimplore;

ButthefactisIwasnapping,andsogentlyyoucamerapping,

Andsofaintlyyoucametapping,tappingatmychamberdoor,

ThatIscarcewassureIheardyou'-hereIopenedwidethedoor;-

Darknessthere,andnothingmore.

Stanza5Deepintothatdarknesspeering,longIstoodtherewondering,fearing,

Doubting,dreamingdreamsnomortaleverdaredtodreambefore

Butthesilencewasunbroken,andthedarknessgavenotoken,

Andtheonlywordtherespokenwasthewhisperedword,`Lenore!'

ThisIwhispered,andanechomurmuredbacktheword,`Lenore!'

Merelythisandnothingmore.

Stanza6Backintothechamberturning,allmysoulwithinmeburning,

SoonagainIheardatappingsomewhatlouderthanbefore.

`Surely,'saidI,`surelythatissomethingatmywindowlattice;

Letmeseethen,whatthereatis,andthismysteryexplore-

Letmyheartbestillamomentandthismysteryexplore;-

'Tisthewindandnothingmore!'

Stanza7OpenhereIflungtheshutter,when,withmanyaflirtandflutter,

Intheresteppedastatelyravenofthesaintlydaysofyore.

Nottheleastobeisancemadehe;notaminutestoppedorstayedhe;

But,withmienoflordorlady,perchedabovemychamberdoor-

PercheduponabustofPallas3justabovemychamberdoor-

Perched,andsat,andnothingmore.

(3)BustofPallasthebustofPallasAthena,goddessofwisdomStanza8Thenthisebonybirdbeguilingmysadfancyintosmiling,

Bythegraveandsterndecorumofthecountenanceitwore,

`Thoughthycrestbeshornandshaven,thou,'Isaid,`artsurenocraven.

Ghastlygrimandancientraven

4wanderingfromthenightlyshore-

TellmewhatthylordlynameisontheNight'sPlutonianshore!‘5

Quoththeraven,`Nevermore.'

(4)TheImageofRavenInNorsemythology,OdinpossessedtworavensnamedHuginandMunin,representingthoughtandmemory.TheravenalsogetsareputationasabirdofillomeninthebookofGenesis.AccordingtoHebrewfolklore,Noahsendsawhiteraventocheckconditionswhileontheark.Itlearnsthatthefloodwatersarebeginningtodissipate,butitdoesnotimmediatelyreturnwiththenews.Itispunishedbybeingturnedblackandbeingforcedtofeedoncarrionforever.InOvid's

Metamorphoses,aravenalsobeginsaswhitebeforeApollopunishesitbyturningitblackfordeliveringamessageofalover'sunfaithfulness.Theraven'sroleasamessengerinPoe'spoemmaydrawfromthosestories.(5)Plutonian’sShoreTheuseoftheraven—the"devilbird"—alsosuggeststheabove-mentionedblackmagic.Thisdevilimageisemphasizedbythenarrator'sbeliefthattheravenis"fromtheNight'sPlutonianshore,"oramessengerfromtheafterlife,referringtoPluto,theRomangodoftheunderworld(alsoknownasHadesinGreekmythologyStanza9MuchImarvelledthisungainlyfowltoheardiscoursesoplainly,

Thoughitsanswerlittlemeaning-littlerelevancybore;

Forwecannothelpagreeingthatnolivinghumanbeing

Everyetwasblessedwithseeingbirdabovehischamberdoor-

Birdorbeastabovethesculpturedbustabovehischamberdoor,

Withsuchnameas`Nevermore.'

Stanza10Buttheraven,sittinglonelyontheplacidbust,spokeonly,

Thatoneword,asifhissoulinthatonewordhedidoutpour.

Nothingfurtherthenheuttered-notafeatherthenhefluttered-

TillIscarcelymorethanmuttered`Otherfriendshaveflownbefore-

Onthemorrowhewillleaveme,asmyhopeshaveflownbefore.'

Thenthebirdsaid,`Nevermore.'

Stanza11Startledatthestillnessbrokenbyreplysoaptlyspoken,

`Doubtless,'saidI,`whatituttersisitsonlystockandstore,

Caughtfromsomeunhappymasterwhomunmercifuldisaster

Followedfastandfollowedfastertillhissongsoneburdenbore-

Tillthedirgesofhishopethatmelancholyburdenbore

Of"Never-nevermore."'

Stanza12Buttheravenstillbeguilingallmysadsoulintosmiling,

StraightIwheeledacushionedseatinfrontofbirdandbustanddoor;

Then,uponthevelvetsinking,Ibetookmyselftolinking

Fancyuntofancy,thinkingwhatthisominousbirdofyore-

Whatthisgrim,ungainly,ghastly,gaunt,andominousbirdofyore

Meantincroaking`Nevermore.'

Stanza13ThisIsatengagedinguessing,butnosyllableexpressing

Tothefowlwhosefieryeyesnowburnedintomybosom'score;

ThisandmoreIsatdivining,withmyheadateasereclining

Onthecushion'svelvetliningthatthelamp-lightgloatedo'er,

Butwhosevelvetvioletliningwiththelamp-lightgloatingo'er,

Sheshallpress,ah,nevermore!

Stanza14Then,methought,theairgrewdenser,perfumedfromanunseencenser

SwungbySeraphimwhosefoot-fallstinkledonthetuftedfloor.

`Wretch,'Icried,`thyGodhathlentthee-bytheseangelshehassentthee

Respite-respiteandnepenthefromthymemoriesofLenore!

Quaff,ohquaffthiskindnepenthe,andforgetthislostLenore!'

Quoththeraven,`Nevermore.'

Stanza15`Prophet!'saidI,`thingofevil!-prophetstill,ifbirdordevil!-

Whethertemptersent,orwhethertempesttossedtheehereashore,

Desolateyetallundaunted,onthisdesertlandenchanted-

Onthishomebyhorrorhaunted-tellmetruly,Iimplore-

Isthere-istherebalminGilead?

6-tellme-tellme,Iimplore!'

Quoththeraven,`Nevermore.'

(6)BalminGileadareferencetotheBookofJeremiahintheBible:"IstherenobalminGilead;istherenophysicianthere?whythenisnotthehealthofthedaughterofmypeoplerecovered?"Inthatcontext,theBalmofGileadisaresinusedformedicinalpurposessuggestingperhapsthatthenarratorneedstobehealedafterthelossofLenoreStanza16`Prophet!'saidI,`thingofevil!-prophetstill,ifbirdordevil!

BythatHeaventhatbendsaboveus-bythatGodwebothadore-

Tellthissoulwithsorrowladenif,withinthedistantAidenn,7

Itshallclaspasaintedmaidenwhomtheangelsna