指向主旨概括的閱讀理解解題法講義-高考英語二輪復習

指向主旨概括的閱讀理解解題法練習閱讀理解篇章從體裁上可以分為應用文、說明文和記敘文三大類，而這三大類雖然文體不同，但都蘊含著各自的主題，也就是中心話題。中心話題在說明文和應用文的位置往往是在語篇前面，而記敘文的中心話題則往往在語篇最后，為了方便記憶，我們也可以說說明文和應用文往往采取開門見山的形式引出主題，而記敘文則往往使用蓋棺定論的形式來引出主題。引出說明文、應用文主題的手法往往有直白法、事例法、提問法、反襯法和綜合法這四種手法，而記敘文的主題手法卻相對單一，那就是升華法，畫龍點睛升華主題。確定每篇文章的主題相當重要，因為一旦確定了語篇主題，那么把控語篇結構的難度就會大大降低，更不用說把握細節(jié)內容和銜接部分，所以，確定說明文、應用文和記敘文的主題，就如同點亮每一篇語篇的燈，照亮全篇文章的所有角落。下面結合浙江省紹興會稽聯(lián)盟20232024學年高二上學期期末聯(lián)考英語試題四篇語篇材料，通過確定每一篇語篇的主題來解答相應的主題概括題，從而幫助我們了解主題概括題的設題特點以及解題具體思路。ATheroyalhomesofkingsandemperorsreflecttheirarchitecturestyleandwealth.Todaymostofgreatestpalacesbeeworldwidepopulartouristattractions.Visitingsuchgreatpalaceshelpstoexplorehistoryofkingdomandthelifestyleofatime.Hereisthelistof

4mostamazingpalaces

intheworld.◎

PalaceofVersailles,FrancePalaceofVersailleswasbuiltin1624byKingLouisVIIIasahuntinglodgeandwaslaterexpandedintothelargestpalacebyitssuccessors,servingaspermanentresidenceuntil1789.Itfeatures700rooms,morethan1200fireplacesand60staircases.◎

PotalaPalace,ChinaAsoneofthemostsplendidmonuments,theconstructionofthispalaceoriginallystartedin7thcenturyandtransformedintotoday’sformin1936.ItfeaturesmosttreasuredTibetanarchitecturalmarvels.Thepalaceremainedasthetallestbuildingintheworldfrom1653to1889,andyoucanseeentireLhasafromtheroofofthepalace.◎

AlhambraPalace,SpainSituatedinthecityofAndalusiainSpain,thispalacewasfirstconstructedin9thcentury,damagedandignoredformorethan2centuries.ItwasrenovatedbyMuhammadbenAlAhmarin13thcenturyandwastransformedintocurrentpalacebySultanofGranadain1333.Thisoriginallywhitewashedpalace,standingtallathilltopforcenturiesofbakinginsunlight,takesonareddishlook,withaviewoverthecity.◎

PenaPalace,PortugalInitiallybuiltasamonastery,PenaPalacewasprotectedforcenturiesbyonekingafteranother.Butitsufferedseveredamagesby1755’sLisbonearthquake.KingFerdinandIItransformedthoseruinsintoabeautifulpalace,whichisrecognizedforitsRomanticismstyle.語篇體裁：應用文語篇主題：

4mostamazingpalaces引出手法：事例法配套試題：1.Whoisthistextintendedfor?A.Explorershuntingforroyaltreasures.B.Touristskeenonhistoricarchitecture.C.Archaeologistsseekingforculturalrelics.D.HistorianscuriousaboutEuropeanlifestyle.命題特點：此題采取側面考查的方法，因為主題是“神奇宮殿”，那么哪些人會對它們感興趣呢？我們可以根據語篇后面的信息推出正確答案。解題思路：我們可以采用推理判斷，看出此題正確答案為B，因為語篇只是一般性的應用文,并非專業(yè)性非常強的專業(yè)報告,所以可以排除C和D，而A項更加不符合題目語境。BTheclassroom,thebathroom,theoutdoors—mysmartphoneisalwaysinhandasifitweresomemagicselfdefensetoolcapableofprotectingmefromallevilintheworld.Ialsolovemylaptop,becauseitholdsallofmywritingandthoughts.Despitethisloveoftechnology,IknowthattherearetimeswhenIneedtomoveawayfromthesedevicesandtrulymunicatewithothers.Onoccasion,IteachHistoryMattersforagroupofhighereducationmanagers.Mygoalsfortheclassincludeafulldiscussionofhistoricalthemesandideas.BecauseIwantstudentstothoroughlystudythematerialsandexchangetheirideasintheclassroom,Ihavearule

—

nolaptop,iPads,phones,etc.Whenstudentsweretoldmyruleinadvance,someofthemwerenothappy.Moststudentsassumethatmyreasonsforthisruleincludeunpleasantexperienceswithstudentsmisusingtechnology.There’sabitoftruthtothat.SomeassumethatIamantitechnology.There’snotruthinthatatall.Ilovetechnologyandtrytokeepupwithit,soIcanrelatetomystudents.TherealreasonisthatIthinkthereareveryfewplaceswherewecanhavedeepconversationsandtrulyengageplexideas.Interruptionsbytechnologyoftenbreakconcentrationandallowfortoomuchdependenceonoutsideinformationforideas.Iwantstudentstodigdeepwithinthemselvesforinspiration.Iwantthemtothinkdifferentlyandmakeconnectionsbetweenthecoursematerialsandtheclassdiscussion.I’vebeenteachingmyhistoryclassthiswayformanyyears.TheevaluationsreflectstudentsatisfactionwiththeenvironmentthatIcreate.Studentsrealizethatwithdeepconversationandchallenge,theylearnatalevelthathelpsthemkeepcoursematerialsbeyondtheclassroom.I’mnotsayingthatIwon’teverchangemymindabouttechnologyuseinmyhistoryclass,butuntilIhearareallygoodreasonforthechange,I’mstickingtomyplan.Afewhoursoftechnologyfreedialogueisjusttoo

sweet

togiveup.語篇體裁：

記敘文語篇主題：sweet引出手法：升華法配套試題：7.Whatmessagedoesthewriterreallywanttoconvey?A.Hewillsticktothispracticeuntilhechangesforanewjob.B.Technologyisaneffectivewaytorelateteacherstostudents.C.Unpleasantexperiencescanbethebeginningofsomenewrules.D.Afewhoursoftechnologyfreedialoguewillharvestalot.命題特點：此題采取正面考查的方法，因為主題是“沒有電子設備打擾的交談非常甜蜜”，換句話說，免除電子設備打擾的交談會讓我們收獲很多，這樣我們可以很容易推出正確答案。解題思路：我們可以通過采用詞義轉換，看出此題正確答案為D，因為harvest和sweet都是同義詞，都帶有褒義紅色意義，而且選項D在范圍上也符合語境。CManykidshelpoutaroundthehousewithchoressuchasemptyingthedishwasher,puttinglaundryaway,andtakingoutthetrash.Inexchange,somekidsgetallowancesorotherrewardssuchasextraputertime.Butsomepeople

donotthink

thatkidsshouldgetrewardsfordoingchores.SusieWalton,aparentingeducatorandfamilycoach,believesthatbyrewardingkids,parentsaresendingamessagethatworkisn’tworthdoingunlessyougetsomethinginreturn.

“Runninganykindofhouseholdisateameffort”,Susiesaid.

“Ahomeisalivingspaceforeveryoneinthefamily.It’simportantforkidstoseethatweallhaveresponsibilitiesinthehouse,andthatfamiliesdecidetogetherhowtheywanttheirhometolook,andhowtheyaregoingtokeepitlookinglikeeveryonewantsittolook.”O(jiān)therpeoplebelievethatgettingacashallowanceorotherrewardsmotivateskidstodochores,anditalsoteachesthemrealworldlessonsabouthowweneedtoworktoearnmoney.Therearealsonewapplicationsthatgivekidspointsanddigitalgiftsthatcanberedeemed(兌取)eitheronlineorintherealworld.WiththeChoreMonsterapp,kidsearndigitalpointsbypletingchoresthattheycanturninforrealliferewardssuchasextraXboxtimeoratriptothemall.

“Ourgoalistoencouragekidstoearnrewards,”

saysChrisBergman,founderofChoreMonster.

“Kidsneedpositivereinforcementtohelpmotivatethem.”Whatdoyouthink?Shouldkidsberewardedfordoingchores?Orshouldkidshelpoutaroundtheirhomeswithoutgettinganythinginreturn?Writea200wordresponse.Sendittotfkasks4you@timeforkids.YourresponsemaybepublishedinafutureissueofTimeForKids.Pleaseincludeyourgradeandcontactinformationofyourparentorteacherifyouwantyourresponsetobepublished.ThedeadlineforrespondingisFebruary18.語篇體裁：

說明文語篇主題：

donotthink（opposition）引出手法：

反襯法配套試題：9.AccordingtoSusieWalton,___________________.A.kidsshouldberewardedfordoingchoresB.parentsdecidewhatkidscandoforthefamilyC.kidshavetheresponsibilitytosharehouseworkD.kidscangetextraputertimefordoingchores11.Thepurposeofwritingthetextisto____________________.A.invitereaderstoexpresstheiropinionsB.informreadersoftwodifferentopinionsC.callonreaderstoreflectontheirbehaviorD.presenttheauthor’sviewpointaboutparenting命題特點：第9題是正面考查SusieWalton的觀點，選擇正確答案的根據是文章第二段第一句的主題句，也就是黑色貶義的反對內容，第11題是側面考查，主要要求考生能夠根據主題內容推理判斷作者的寫作意圖。解題思路：第9題我們只需要進行詞義轉化就可以解答，根據SusieWalton反對因為孩子做家務而給他們獎勵的觀點，換一種說法也就是她認為做家務應該是孩子們應盡的責任，所以正確答案為C。第10題相對更難一點，在解答的時候我們必須立足全局，根據作者在對一種常見的育兒方式提出自己的質疑這一中心看出，選項D是唯一正確的答案。DMostofushaveheardofthe3Rs:reduce,reuseandrecycle.Itisthecoreprincipleofasustainable(可持續(xù)的)life,butfewofuscanapplyitinourownlives.Now,there’sa

“l(fā)ab”

youcanexploreanddiscoverawaytowardlivingsustainably.3RLabislocatedinXuhuidistrict,Shanghai.Itoffersexhibitions,activitiesandgoodsthatshowcasethe3Rprinciple.Thekeytoasustainablelife,accordingtoVincentT.M.Fong,the32yearoldfromHongKongwhocreatedthelab,istomakeitalongtermpromise.

“Asustainablelifeshouldbesustainableitselfinthefirstplace.Youcan’tleadasustainablelifeonawhim.Smallandfortablechangesareexactlywhatyouneed,”Fongsaid.Thelabregularlyhostsuglyfruitmarkets,offeringthesestrangefruitswhichareoftenthrownawaybytraditionalmarketsandconsumersataquiteattractiveprice.

“They’rethrownawaysimplybecauseoftheirappearance.Buyingfruitregardlessofhowtheylookreducesfoodwastesignificantlyinourdailylife,”Fongmented.Awatertankwithtwotypesofstrawsisanotherequipmentinthelab.“OnetypeismadefromnormalplasticswidelyusedinourdailylifewhiletheotherisfromPHA,anewreplacementforplastics,andthewaterissourcedfromtheSuzhouRiver,”

explainedNiLi,anemployeeofthelab.VisitorscanseehowthePHAstrawsdegrade(降解)intoathinlayerinjustonemonth,whiletheothersremainunchanged.“Leadingasustainablelifedoesnotnecessarilymeansacrifice,”saidFong.Consuminguglyfruitandusingdegradableplasticsaresmallchangesthataregoodfortheenvironmentandeasytostickto.Onlyinthiswaycanthe3Rprinciplebeepartofourlives,headded.Afterworkingthereforsixmonths,Ni,whowasn’tmindfulofthe3Rprinciplebeforearrivingatthelab,nowuseshercupeverytimeshebuysacoffee.

“Thejobhasreshapedmylife,”Nisaid.語篇體裁：

說明文語篇主題：

lab引出手法：

反襯法配套試題：15．WhatcanweinferfromthelastparagraphaboutNi?A．Sheavoidsgoingtotraditionalmarkets.B．Shehasdevotedlesstimetoherhobbies.C．Shehasgotridofafewbadhabits.

D．Sheisleadingalowcarbonlifenow.命題特點：此題采取側面考查的方法，因為根據語篇最后一段紅色褒義內容Thejobhasreshapedmylife以看出Ni很受這個實驗室的影響，因為受到它的影響而改變了自己的生活方式，所以我們可以根據這項信息推出正確答案。解題思路：我們可以采用推理判斷，看出此題正確答案為D，因為無論從色彩、范圍和內容角度上來看，只有D項與最后一段內容Thejobhasreshapedmylife相匹配。順利解答好主旨概括題后，細節(jié)理解題、詞義猜測題和推理判斷題都會迎刃而解，所以，在解答各種體裁的閱讀理解語篇時，確定主題和解答好主旨概括題是盤活全盤棋子的關鍵舉措。

指向主旨概括的閱讀理解解題法練習學案ATheroyalhomesofkingsandemperorsreflecttheirarchitecturestyleandwealth.Todaymostofgreatestpalacesbeeworldwidepopulartouristattractions.Visitingsuchgreatpalaceshelpstoexplorehistoryofkingdomandthelifestyleofatime.Hereisthelistof

4mostamazingpalaces

intheworld.◎

PalaceofVersailles,FrancePalaceofVersailleswasbuiltin1624byKingLouisVIIIasahuntinglodgeandwaslaterexpandedintothelargestpalacebyitssuccessors,servingaspermanentresidenceuntil1789.Itfeatures700rooms,morethan1200fireplacesand60staircases.◎

PotalaPalace,ChinaAsoneofthemostsplendidmonuments,theconstructionofthispalaceoriginallystartedin7thcenturyandtransformedintotoday’sformin1936.ItfeaturesmosttreasuredTibetanarchitecturalmarvels.Thepalaceremainedasthetallestbuildingintheworldfrom1653to1889,andyoucanseeentireLhasafromtheroofofthepalace.◎

AlhambraPalace,SpainSituatedinthecityofAndalusiainSpain,thispalacewasfirstconstructedin9thcentury,damagedandignoredformorethan2centuries.ItwasrenovatedbyMuhammadbenAlAhmarin13thcenturyandwastransformedintocurrentpalacebySultanofGranadain1333.Thisoriginallywhitewashedpalace,standingtallathilltopforcenturiesofbakinginsunlight,takesonareddishlook,withaviewoverthecity.◎

PenaPalace,PortugalInitiallybuiltasamonastery,PenaPalacewasprotectedforcenturiesbyonekingafteranother.Butitsufferedseveredamagesby1755’sLisbonearthquake.KingFerdinandIItransformedthoseruinsintoabeautifulpalace,whichisrecognizedforitsRomanticismstyle.1.Whoisthistextintendedfor?A.Explorershuntingforroyaltreasures.B.Touristskeenonhistoricarchitecture.C.Archaeologistsseekingforculturalrelics.D.HistorianscuriousaboutEuropeanlifestyle.BTheclassroom,thebathroom,theoutdoors—mysmartphoneisalwaysinhandasifitweresomemagicselfdefensetoolcapableofprotectingmefromallevilintheworld.Ialsolovemylaptop,becauseitholdsallofmywritingandthoughts.Despitethisloveoftechnology,IknowthattherearetimeswhenIneedtomoveawayfromthesedevicesandtrulymunicatewithothers.Onoccasion,IteachHistoryMattersforagroupofhighereducationmanagers.Mygoalsfortheclassincludeafulldiscussionofhistoricalthemesandideas.BecauseIwantstudentstothoroughlystudythematerialsandexchangetheirideasintheclassroom,Ihavearule

—

nolaptop,iPads,phones,etc.Whenstudentsweretoldmyruleinadvance,someofthemwerenothappy.Moststudentsassumethatmyreasonsforthisruleincludeunpleasantexperienceswithstudentsmisusingtechnology.There’sabitoftruthtothat.SomeassumethatIamantitechnology.There’snotruthinthatatall.Ilovetechnologyandtrytokeepupwithit,soIcanrelatetomystudents.TherealreasonisthatIthinkthereareveryfewplaceswherewecanhavedeepconversationsandtrulyengageplexideas.Interruptionsbytechnologyoftenbreakconcentrationandallowfortoomuchdependenceonoutsideinformationforideas.Iwantstudentstodigdeepwithinthemselvesforinspiration.Iwantthemtothinkdifferentlyandmakeconnectionsbetweenthecoursematerialsandtheclassdiscussion.I’vebeenteachingmyhistoryclassthiswayformanyyears.TheevaluationsreflectstudentsatisfactionwiththeenvironmentthatIcreate.Studentsrealizethatwithdeepconversationandchallenge,theylearnatalevelthathelpsthemkeepcoursematerialsbeyondtheclassroom.I’mnotsayingthatIwon’teverchangemymindabouttechnologyuseinmyhistoryclass,butuntilIhearareallygoodreasonforthechange,I’mstickingtomyplan.Afewhoursoftechnologyfreedialogueisjusttoo

sweet

togiveup.7.Whatmessagedoesthewriterreallywanttoconvey?A.Hewillsticktothispracticeuntilhechangesforanewjob.B.Technologyisaneffectivewaytorelateteacherstostudents.C.Unpleasantexperiencescanbethebeginningofsomenewrules.D.Afewhoursoftechnologyfreedialoguewillharvestalot.CManykidshelpoutaroundthehousewithchoressuchasemptyingthedishwasher,puttinglaundryaway,andtakingoutthetrash.Inexchange,somekidsgetallowancesorotherrewardssuchasextraputertime.Butsomepeople

donotthink

thatkidsshouldgetrewardsfordoingchores.SusieWalton,aparentingeducatorandfamilycoach,believesthatbyrewardingkids,parentsaresendingamessagethatworkisn’tworthdoingunlessyougetsomethinginreturn.

“Runninganykindofhouseholdisateameffort”,Susiesaid.

“Ahomeisalivingspaceforeveryoneinthefamily.It’simportantforkidstoseethatweallhaveresponsibilitiesinthehouse,andthatfamiliesdecidetogetherhowtheywanttheirhometolook,andhowtheyaregoingtokeepitlookinglikeeveryonewantsittolook.”O(jiān)therpeoplebelievethatgettingacashallowanceorotherrewardsmotivateskidstodochores,anditalsoteachesthemrealworldlessonsabouthowweneedtoworktoearnmoney.Therearealsonewapplicationsthatgivekidspointsanddigitalgiftsthatcanberedeemed(兌取)eitheronlineorintherealworld.WiththeChoreMonsterapp,kidsearndigitalpointsbypletingchoresthattheycanturninforrealliferewardssuchasextraXboxtimeoratriptothemall.

“Ourgoalistoencouragekidstoearnrewards,”

saysChrisBergman,founderofChoreMonster.

“Kidsneedpositivereinforcementtohelpmotivatethem.”Whatdoyouthink?Shouldkidsberewardedfordoingchores?Orshouldkidshelpoutaroundtheirhomeswithoutgettinganythinginreturn?Writea200wordresponse.Sendittotfkasks4you@timeforkids.YourresponsemaybepublishedinafutureissueofTimeForKids.Pleaseincludeyourgradeandcontactinformationofyourparentorteacherifyouwantyourresponsetobepublished.ThedeadlineforrespondingisFebruary18.9.AccordingtoSusieWalton,___________________.A.kidsshouldberewardedfordoingchoresB.parentsdecidewhatkidscandoforthefamilyC.kidshavetheresponsibilitytosharehouseworkD.kidscangetextraputertimefordoingchores11.Thepurposeofwritingthetextisto____________________.A.invitereaderstoexpresstheiropinionsB.informreadersoftwodifferentopinionsC.callonreaderstoreflectontheirbehaviorD.presenttheauthor’sviewpointaboutparentingDMostofushaveheardofthe3Rs:reduce,reuseandrecycle.Itisthecoreprincipleofasustainable(可持續(xù)的)life,butfewofuscanapplyitinourownlives.Now,there’sa

“l(fā)ab”

youcanexploreanddiscoverawaytowardlivingsust