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素養(yǎng)拓展15平面向量中的最值(范圍)問(wèn)題(精講+精練)一、知識(shí)點(diǎn)梳理一、知識(shí)點(diǎn)梳理一、平面向量中的最值(范圍)問(wèn)題平面向量中的范圍、最值問(wèn)題是熱點(diǎn)問(wèn)題,也是難點(diǎn)問(wèn)題,此類(lèi)問(wèn)題綜合性強(qiáng),體現(xiàn)了知識(shí)的交匯組合.其基本題型是根據(jù)已知條件求某個(gè)變量的范圍、最值,比如向量的模、數(shù)量積、向量夾角、系數(shù)的范圍等,解題思路通常有兩種:一是“形化”,即利用平面向量的幾何意義,先將問(wèn)題轉(zhuǎn)化為平面幾何中的最值或取值范圍問(wèn)題,然后根據(jù)平面圖形的特征直接進(jìn)行判斷;二是“數(shù)化”,即利用平面向量的坐標(biāo)運(yùn)算,先把問(wèn)題轉(zhuǎn)化為代數(shù)中的函數(shù)最值與值域、不等式的解集、方程的有解等問(wèn)題,然后利用函數(shù)、不等式、方程有關(guān)知識(shí)來(lái)解決.二、極化恒等式設(shè)a,b是平面內(nèi)的兩個(gè)向量,則有SKIPIF1<0證明:SKIPIF1<0,①SKIPIF1<0,②將兩式相減可得SKIPIF1<0,這個(gè)等式在數(shù)學(xué)上我們稱(chēng)為極化恒等式.①幾何解釋1(平行四邊形模型)以SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0為一組鄰邊構(gòu)造平行四邊形SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,由SKIPIF1<0,得SKIPIF1<0.即“從平行四邊形一個(gè)頂點(diǎn)出發(fā)的兩個(gè)邊向量的數(shù)量積是和對(duì)角線長(zhǎng)與差對(duì)角線長(zhǎng)平方差的SKIPIF1<0”.②幾何解釋2(三角形模型)在平行四邊形模型結(jié)論的基礎(chǔ)上,若設(shè)M為對(duì)角線的交點(diǎn),則由SKIPIF1<0變形為SKIPIF1<0,得SKIPIF1<0,該等式即是極化恒等式在三角形中的體現(xiàn),也是我們最常用的極化恒等式的幾何模型.注:具有三角幾何背景的數(shù)學(xué)問(wèn)題利用極化恒等式考慮尤為簡(jiǎn)單,讓“秒殺”向量成為另一種可能;我們從極化恒等式看到向量的數(shù)量積可轉(zhuǎn)化為中線長(zhǎng)與半底邊長(zhǎng)的平方差,此恒等式的精妙之處在于建立向量與幾何長(zhǎng)度(數(shù)量)之間的橋梁,實(shí)現(xiàn)向量與幾何、代數(shù)的巧妙結(jié)合.二、題型精講精練二、題型精講精練【典例1】(極化恒等式的應(yīng)用)已知SKIPIF1<0中,SKIPIF1<0,且SKIPIF1<0的最小值為SKIPIF1<0,若SKIPIF1<0為邊SKIPIF1<0上任意一點(diǎn),求SKIPIF1<0的最小值.【典例2】(數(shù)量積的最值(范圍))已知SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0,若點(diǎn)M是SKIPIF1<0所在平面內(nèi)的一點(diǎn),且SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0的最小值為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【典例3】(模的最值(范圍))已知向量SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,滿足SKIPIF1<0,記SKIPIF1<0的最大值為SKIPIF1<0,最小值為SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.2 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.1【典例4】(夾角的最值(范圍))平面向量SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0滿足SKIPIF1<0,且SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0與SKIPIF1<0夾角的余弦值的最大值是(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【題型訓(xùn)練-刷模擬】1.極化恒等式的應(yīng)用1.如圖,BC、DE是半徑為1的圓O的兩條直徑,,則SKIPIF1<0A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<02.如圖,在SKIPIF1<0中SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0點(diǎn)是線段SKIPIF1<0上一動(dòng)點(diǎn).若以SKIPIF1<0為圓心?半徑為1的圓與線段SKIPIF1<0交于SKIPIF1<0兩點(diǎn),則SKIPIF1<0的最小值為(

)A.1 B.2 C.3 D.43.如圖,在SKIPIF1<0中,SKIPIF1<0是SKIPIF1<0的中點(diǎn),SKIPIF1<0在邊SKIPIF1<0上,且,SKIPIF1<0與SKIPIF1<0交于點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,若SKIPIF1<0,則的值是A. B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.34.已知SKIPIF1<0的斜邊SKIPIF1<0的長(zhǎng)為4,設(shè)SKIPIF1<0是以SKIPIF1<0為圓心,1為半徑的圓上的任意一點(diǎn),則SKIPIF1<0的取值范圍是().A.SKIPIF1<0B.SKIPIF1<0C.SKIPIF1<0D.SKIPIF1<05.已知圖中正六邊形SKIPIF1<0的邊長(zhǎng)為6,圓O的圓心為正六邊形的中心,直徑為4,若點(diǎn)P在正六邊形的邊上運(yùn)動(dòng),SKIPIF1<0為圓O的直徑,則SKIPIF1<0的取值范圍是(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<06.已知邊長(zhǎng)為2的正方形ABCD內(nèi)接于圓O,點(diǎn)P是正方形ABCD四條邊上的動(dòng)點(diǎn),MN是圓O的一條直徑,則SKIPIF1<0的取值范圍是(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<07.在SKIPIF1<0中,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0為鈍角,SKIPIF1<0是邊SKIPIF1<0上的兩個(gè)動(dòng)點(diǎn),且SKIPIF1<0,若SKIPIF1<0的最小值為SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0__________.8.如圖,圓SKIPIF1<0為SKIPIF1<0的內(nèi)切圓,已知SKIPIF1<0,過(guò)圓心SKIPIF1<0的直線SKIPIF1<0交圓SKIPIF1<0于SKIPIF1<0兩點(diǎn),則SKIPIF1<0的取值范圍是_________.2.數(shù)量積的最值(范圍)問(wèn)題一、單選題1.已知菱形SKIPIF1<0的邊長(zhǎng)為SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0為菱形的中心,SKIPIF1<0是線段SKIPIF1<0上的動(dòng)點(diǎn),則SKIPIF1<0的最小值為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<02.如圖,已知SKIPIF1<0是半徑為2,圓心角為SKIPIF1<0的扇形,點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0分別在SKIPIF1<0上,且SKIPIF1<0,點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0是圓弧SKIPIF1<0上的動(dòng)點(diǎn)(包括端點(diǎn)),則SKIPIF1<0的最小值為(

A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<03.在SKIPIF1<0中,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0的取值范圍為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<04.已知半徑為1的圓O上有三個(gè)動(dòng)點(diǎn)A,B,C,且SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0的最小值為()A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<05.已知△ABC是單位圓O的內(nèi)接三角形,若SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0的最大值為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.2 D.SKIPIF1<06.已知邊長(zhǎng)為2的菱形SKIPIF1<0中,點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0為SKIPIF1<0上一動(dòng)點(diǎn),點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0滿足SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0的最小值為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<07.已知菱形ABCD的邊長(zhǎng)為2,SKIPIF1<0,點(diǎn)E在邊BC上,SKIPIF1<0,若G為線段DC上的動(dòng)點(diǎn),則SKIPIF1<0的最大值為(

)A.2 B.SKIPIF1<0C.SKIPIF1<0 D.48.圓SKIPIF1<0為銳角SKIPIF1<0的外接圓,SKIPIF1<0,點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0在圓SKIPIF1<0上,則SKIPIF1<0的取值范圍為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0二、填空題9.在SKIPIF1<0中,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0的取值范圍是.10.如圖所示,△ABC是邊長(zhǎng)為8的等邊三角形,點(diǎn)P為AC邊上的一個(gè)動(dòng)點(diǎn),長(zhǎng)度為6的線段EF的中點(diǎn)為點(diǎn)B,則SKIPIF1<0的取值范圍是.11.如圖,SKIPIF1<0中,SKIPIF1<0為SKIPIF1<0中點(diǎn),SKIPIF1<0為圓心為SKIPIF1<0、半徑為1的圓的動(dòng)直徑,則SKIPIF1<0的取值范圍是.12.如圖,在SKIPIF1<0中,已知SKIPIF1<0,點(diǎn)D,E分別在邊AB,AC上,且SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0,點(diǎn)F為線段DE上的動(dòng)點(diǎn),則SKIPIF1<0的取值范圍是.13.在SKIPIF1<0中,SKIPIF1<0是其外心,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0.邊SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0上分別有兩動(dòng)點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,線段SKIPIF1<0恰好將SKIPIF1<0分為面積相等的兩部分.則SKIPIF1<0的最大值為.14.如圖,在邊長(zhǎng)為2的正方形SKIPIF1<0中.以SKIPIF1<0為圓心,1為半徑的圓分別交SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0于點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0.當(dāng)點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0在劣弧SKIPIF1<0上運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí),SKIPIF1<0的最小值為.3.模的最值(范圍)問(wèn)題一、單選題1.已知向量SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0滿足SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0的取值范圍為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<02.已知向量SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0滿足SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0(θ為SKIPIF1<0與SKIPIF1<0的夾角),則SKIPIF1<0的最小值為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.1 D.23.已知SKIPIF1<0為單位向量,向量SKIPIF1<0滿足SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0的最大值為(

)A.1 B.2 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.44.已知向量SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0都是單位向量,若SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0的最大值為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.2 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<05.已知平面向量SKIPIF1<0、SKIPIF1<0、SKIPIF1<0滿足SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0的最大值為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<06.已知在三角形ABC中,SKIPIF1<0,點(diǎn)M,N分別為邊AB,AC上的動(dòng)點(diǎn),SKIPIF1<0,其中SKIPIF1<0,點(diǎn)P,Q分別為MN,BC的中點(diǎn),則SKIPIF1<0的最小值為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<07.在長(zhǎng)方形SKIPIF1<0中,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0在邊SKIPIF1<0上運(yùn)動(dòng),點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0在邊SKIPIF1<0上運(yùn)動(dòng),且保持SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0的最大值為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<08.已知平面向量SKIPIF1<0滿足SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0的最小值為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<09.已知單位向量SKIPIF1<0與向量SKIPIF1<0垂直,若向量SKIPIF1<0滿足SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0的取值范圍為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<010.已知SKIPIF1<0均為單位向量,且?jiàn)A角為SKIPIF1<0,若向量SKIPIF1<0滿足SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0的最大值為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0二、填空題11.已知向量SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0的最大值為.12.已知SKIPIF1<0是平面內(nèi)兩個(gè)互相垂直的單位向量,若向量SKIPIF1<0滿足SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0的最大值是.13.平面向量SKIPIF1<0滿足SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0與SKIPIF1<0的夾角為SKIPIF1<0,且SKIPIF1<0則SKIPIF1<0的最小值是.14.已知向量SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,滿足SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,若SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0的最小值為.15.已知平面向量SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,且滿足SKIPIF1<0,若SKIPIF1<0為平面單位向量,則SKIPIF1<0的最大值16.已知SKIPIF1<0為正交基底,且SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0分別為SKIPIF1<0的中點(diǎn),若SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0的最小值為.17.已知SKIPIF1<0為坐標(biāo)原點(diǎn),向量SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,滿足SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,若SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0的取值范圍是4.夾角的最值(范圍)問(wèn)題一、單選題1.已知向量SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,若向量SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0的夾角是銳角,則SKIPIF1<0的取值范圍是(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<02.已知非零向量SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0的夾角為SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,且SKIPIF1<0,則夾角SKIPIF1<0的最小值為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<03.已知SKIPIF1<0與SKIPIF1<0均為單位向量,其夾角為SKIPIF1<0.若SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0的取值范圍是(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<04.已知單位向量SKIPIF1<0,若對(duì)任意實(shí)數(shù)x,SKIPIF1<0恒成立,則向量SKIPIF1<0的夾角的取值范圍為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<05.已知平面向量SKIPIF1<0,滿足SKIPIF1<0,記SKIPIF1<0與SKIPIF1<0夾角為SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0的最小值是(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<06.平面向量SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0滿足SKIPIF1<0,且SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0與SKIPIF1<0夾角的正弦值的最大值為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<07.已知向量SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0滿足SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0與SKIPIF1<0的夾角的最大值為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<08.若平面向量SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0滿足SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0夾角的取值范圍是(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<09.平面向量SKIPIF1<0滿足SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0與SKIPIF1<0夾角最大值時(shí)SKIPIF1<0為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<010.已知不共線的平面向量SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0

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