英語寫作基礎(chǔ)教程

英語寫作基礎(chǔ)教程

ABasicCoursein

Writing

主講：Priscillapan

教學(xué)大綱

一.教學(xué)對(duì)象

本課程的教學(xué)對(duì)象是

高等?？朴⒄Z專業(yè)的

學(xué)生或具有同等水平

的自學(xué)者一

二.教學(xué)目的與要求

通過本課程的教學(xué),

使學(xué)生初步掌握英語

寫作技能，學(xué)會(huì)用英

文寫敘述，說明性的短

文和一般性應(yīng)用文.

(1)用英文寫敘述，說

明性的短文：要求學(xué)

生能根據(jù)命題列出作

文提綱，在1小時(shí)內(nèi)寫

出不少于200詞的短

文，內(nèi)容切題，完整，條

理清楚，語句連貫通順,

語法基本正確.

(2)用英文寫一般性

的應(yīng)用文：要求學(xué)生

能根據(jù)提示寫出知,

賀卡，便條，申請(qǐng)書，邀

請(qǐng)函,簡歷，格式正確,

語言得體

三.教學(xué)安排

本課程3個(gè)學(xué)分，在一

個(gè)學(xué)期內(nèi)開設(shè)，每周3

學(xué)時(shí)，共計(jì)54學(xué)時(shí)._

四.教學(xué)內(nèi)容

本課程主要教學(xué)內(nèi)容

如下:

(1)文稿格式;

(2)句子結(jié)構(gòu);

(3)構(gòu)段方式;

(4)謀篇布局;

(5)摘要；

(6)應(yīng)用文.

五.教學(xué)原則

(1)在教學(xué)過程中,

要充分考慮成人學(xué)習(xí)

的特點(diǎn)和本課程的特

點(diǎn)，注重對(duì)學(xué)生遣詞

造句這兩種能力的培

養(yǎng)；

(2)在教學(xué)過程中,

教師應(yīng)以指導(dǎo)學(xué)生自

學(xué)為主，以電視教學(xué)

和課堂教學(xué)為輔，采

用多種教學(xué)手段對(duì)學(xué)

生進(jìn)行寫作訓(xùn)練._

六.測試_

實(shí)行全國統(tǒng)一的閉卷

考試.考試采用百分

制,60分及格.

實(shí)施方案

一，課時(shí)安排

_____"英語寫作基

礎(chǔ)”課內(nèi)總學(xué)時(shí)為54

小時(shí)，課外練習(xí)時(shí)數(shù)為

54小時(shí).

二，具體學(xué)習(xí)安排—

__（-）基本技能的學(xué)

習(xí)：6課時(shí)，要求掌握標(biāo)

點(diǎn)符號(hào)的用法.

__（二）句子的寫

作：9課時(shí)，要求掌握句

子統(tǒng)一性,連貫性，重點(diǎn)

突出的寫作技巧.

__（三）段落的寫

作：6課時(shí)，要求掌握

段落統(tǒng)一性的寫作，學(xué)

會(huì)主題句和擴(kuò)展句的

運(yùn)用.

__（四）一般性文章和

應(yīng)用文的寫作：30課

時(shí)，要求掌握基本應(yīng)用

文的寫作，這是本課程

的重點(diǎn)部分（具體內(nèi)容

附后）.

__（五）期末復(fù)習(xí)：3

課時(shí)，全面復(fù)習(xí)本學(xué)習(xí)

的教學(xué)內(nèi)容，模擬考試.

三，教學(xué)意見—

___1）作文課應(yīng)該

以教師講解，學(xué)生練習(xí)

為主.

___2）授課重點(diǎn)應(yīng)

該放在寫作技能技巧

的訓(xùn)練上，理論知識(shí)可

以適當(dāng)少講.

___3）有條件的分

?？梢猿浞掷镁W(wǎng)上

資源和現(xiàn)代技術(shù)設(shè)備,

利用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上的英語

寫作網(wǎng)站擴(kuò)大學(xué)生的

閱讀兩;利用視頻展示

臺(tái)把學(xué)生所寫的優(yōu)秀

文章向全班批改，也可

以講普遍性的問題;等

等.

考試題型

一，考試題型與要求

本課程的考試依

據(jù)教學(xué)大綱的要求，重

點(diǎn)考查應(yīng)用文寫作和

一般文體的寫作.考試

為閉卷考試，總分為

100分.

1.應(yīng)用文寫

作

___根據(jù)提示寫一個(gè)

不少于50詞的通知和

一個(gè)不少于100詞的

便條,要求語言通順，用

詞得體，格式正確.滿分

為30分；

______2.命題作文

___根據(jù)所給題目及

寫作提綱或規(guī)定場景

等,寫一篇不少于200

詞的作文，要求符合文

章類型特點(diǎn)，內(nèi)容切題,

語言通順.滿分為70

分.

二,考試模擬試題

,Writeanotice

intothebox

accordingtothe

following

facts:（10分）

_____乒乓球賽

___地點(diǎn)：1號(hào)球室：

___北京商業(yè)學(xué)校對(duì)

北京語言文化大學(xué)

___時(shí)間：5月8日

用六下午五時(shí)

二,Writeanote

basedonthe

givenfacts:（20

分）：

_____時(shí)間：6月9月

_____對(duì)象:Prof.

Stone_

_____內(nèi)容:對(duì)不起,

不能赴3點(diǎn)的約會(huì).我

的論文由，于被朋友鎖

上了，不能帶來.我不知

他何時(shí)返回.如果方便,

我能在明日下午五時(shí)

在系辦公室見您嗎若

不行，請(qǐng)明早特便條放

在我的信箱里，信箱號(hào)

606.W.

留言者:吳敏

三,Writeanessay

ofnofewerthan

200words:（70分）：

Title:

Qualificationofa

GoodUniversity

Student

Aids:

First

Paragraph:_Your

pointofviewof

beingagood

university

student

Second

Paragraph:What

makesagood

university

student(with

someexampies)

Third

Paragraph:_Conc

lusion

平時(shí)作業(yè)

英語寫作基礎(chǔ)平時(shí)作

業(yè)（大作業(yè)）共四次，主

要檢查同學(xué)們對(duì)英語

應(yīng)用文寫作的掌握情

況

1)完成P125頁

Exercise1

(NoticeWriting)

2)完成P126頁

Exercise3(Note

Writing)

3)完成P126頁

Exercise4

(LettersWriting)

4)完成P126頁

Exercise5

(resumes

Writing)___

另外，任課戴而可以根

據(jù)教學(xué)內(nèi)容，適當(dāng)補(bǔ)充

寫作練習(xí).

GeneralRemarks

onWriting

_Writing_makes

anexactman.

_Greatuseand

popularity

_NeedingMuch

Knowledge

_UsefuIfor

Readingand

Spoken

_Great

DifficuItiesas

well

Targetsofthis

Course

Attheendofthis

course,you

shouldbeable:

_tousethe

punctuation

markscorrectly;

_towritecorrect

sentences;

_towritemore

effective

sentences;

_tocomposea

fullessay;

_towritea

practicalessay

likeanote,a

letter,oranotice

etc.

Arrangement

_IWritingthe

title

IILeavingthe

margins

IIIParagraphing

IVCapitalization

VDividingwords

Writingthetitle

Beplacedinthe

middleofthefirst

line

Everywordofthe

titleshouldbe

capitalized

Nofullstop

shouldbeusedat

theendofatitle

Margins

A.leavemargins

atthetopand

bottomandon

thesideofeach

page.Neverwrite

onafullpage.

B.leftside

marginshouldbe

widerifthework

istobebound.

C.Forstudents,it

isadvisableto

writeonevery

otherline.

Paragraphing

A.Indentation

(Space)

B.Block

Handwriting

Regrettably,an

Englishwriteris

notsoconcerned

withthe

aestheticsin

handwritingasa

Chinesewriteris.

Beneatand

legible.

A.Makeyour"t"s

differentfrom

your"e"s;

B.Makeyour"r"s

differentfrom

your"v“s;

C.Ifcrossouta

word,no

bracketsbuta

thicklineacross

it;

D.Ifaddaword,

writeitabove,

notbelow;

E.Twocommon

waysofwriting

theletters:form

loopsandprint

Syllabification

Whenyou

happennotto

haveenough

roomtowritea

wholewordinat

theendofaline:

A.Ifthewordis

monosyllabic,

pleasewriteitin

anextline;

B.Ifthewordis

polysyllabic,you

maybesyllabifyit

ifyoufeel

necessary

Howtosyllabifya

word

Justsplittinga

wordthena

hyphenthenthe

otherpartofthe

word,

occupation:

oc-cu-pa-tion

(Don'tsplititlike

this:occ-upa-tion)

Nowadays,a

computerdeals

withthis

problems

automatically

Abbreviations

andNumerals

Abbreviations

shortensome

words,titlesand

longnames.They

areusedin

advertisingand

informal

occasions.

1)Besuretouse

thembeforeyou

know.

2)Besureofthe

dots(.).

Abbreviations

1)Before

names(family

names),titlesare

abbreviated:

Mr.GreenMs.

AdellaDr.

Bethune

2)Titlesof

academics,

government

officials,and

priestcanbe

abbreviated,

followedbythe

fullname:

Prof.LiGov.

HenryFordSen.

Robert

3)______

Academic

degreesand

family

designations

precededbyfull

namescanbe

abbreviated:

RobertSmith,Ph.

D.JohnJones

Jr./Sr.

4)Namesof

well-known

organizations,

firms,places,and

longtechnical

termscanbe

abbreviatedby

usingtheinitial

lettersofthe

words:

UNESCOFBI

WHOTOEFLGATT

5)Time

designations

whenusedwith

specificnumbers

areabbreviated:

135B.C.6:00a.m.

6)Words

referringto

portionsof

addresscanbe

abbreviated

whenthey

appearinaddress

onenvelopes,

letterheadings,

orinside

addresses:

Rd.Dept.Pro.

P.R.C.

Capitalization

1)Theuseof

capitalizationis

uniqueand

importantin

writing.

(1)Thechina

madeinChinais

firstclass.

(2)hebought

thatarticleof

japaninJapan.

(3)Theirchild

wasshanghaied

inShanghai.

(4)Johnwanted

togotothejohn.

(5)Theturkey

hereisnotas

goodasinTurkey.

2)The

capitalizationis

usedinthe

following10

aspects:

(1)thebeginning

ofasentence

Wonderful!

Wherethereisa

will,thereisa

way.

Canyouhearme

attheback

Capitalization

(2)Forthefirst

letterineachline

ofapoem.

TheArrowand

theSong

Ishotanarrow

intothesky,

(3)Thefirst

letterofa

directed

quotation/

speech:

"Whoisonduty

today"the

teacherasked.

“Don'tworry,”

hesaid,tryingto

comfortme.MWe

willhelpyou

makeupforthe

lessons."

(cf.HTobefrank

withyou/1he

said,"youshould

nothavetoldhim

that."

Capitalization

(4)Thefirst

lettersofthe

essentialwords

■inpropernouns

(namesofpeople,

countries,

organizations

historicalevents,

planes,etc.)

Darwin

Shakespeare

ChinaJesus

Christ

theGreatWall

theRedCross

Boeing747

(5)Thefirst

lettersof

designationof

relativesbefore

familynames:

UncleGeogeAunt

Maggie

NieceMary

GrandmaLee

Capitalization

(6)Almostall

abbreviations

excepta.mp.m

etc.,e.gc/o,i.e.,

tec

(7)thefirstletter

ofessentialword

intrademarks,

servicesigns,

posts,greetings,

etc.

InformationDesk

HandsOff

OpenStrictlyNo

Smoking

(祝你生日快樂!)

Happybirthday

toyou!

HappyBirthday

toyou!

(8)thetitleofall

significantwords

inthetitleofa

theme,article,

essay.

newspaper,

periodical.Buta

formwordofless

thanfiveletters

isnotcapitalized

unlessitbegins

thetitle.

JaneEyreGone

withtheWind

MyCollegeLife

Capitalization

(9)thefirstletter

ofthesalutation

and

complimentary

closeinaletter:

DearSir,DearMr.

Evans,

Sincerelyyours,

Yours,

(10)thefirst

letterofthe

wordsofthedays

ofaweek,the

month,andthe

majorwordsof

holidays:

Punctuation

MainPunctuation

marks

1.theperiod(.)

2.thequestion

mark()

3.the

exclamation

point(!)

4.thecomma(,)

5.thesemicolon

(；)

6.thecolon(:)

7.brackets([])

8.thequotation

marks()

9.parentheses

(())

10.Thedash(一)

11.ellipsispoints

(-)

ThePeriod(.)

1.Theperiod(full

stop)isusedat

theendofa

declarative

sentence,a

mildlyimperative

sentence,andan

indirectquestion.

Honestyisthe

bestpolicy.

Handinyour

homework5

please..

Theperiodmarks

theendofa

sentence.The

wordafterit

beginsanew

sentenceandhas

tobecapitalized.

Shegraduated

fromOxford

University.She

achievedgreat

successinher

studiesthere.

2.Theperiodis

usedwithmost

abbreviations.

Butsomepeople

prefernottouse

theperiodwith

abbreviations.

Theyjustwrite

Mr,Ms,etc.

Namesof

well-known

organizations,

broadcasting

corporationsare

oftenwritten

withoutperiods,

likeUN,UNESCO,

NATO,VOA,BBC.

3.Threespaced

periodmakethe

ellipsismark,

whichindicates

theomissionof

oneormore

wordswithina

quotedpassage,

orpausesin

speech;

Um…Ithink,

um...sheisum...

prettyum...

hardworking.

TheComma(,)

1.Acommais

usedtojoin

coordinate.11is

putbeforethe

conjunction(and,

but,or,for,so,

nor,or,yet,):

Wewantedtogo

on,butother

people

disappeared.

Hetriedhard,yet

hefailedto

convinceher.

Weshould

rememberthat

coordinate

clauseshaveto

bejoinedwitha

commaanda

conjunction.One

commaalone

cannotdothejob

thoughitis

possiblein

Chinese.

Samisfouryears

old,heisquite

bright.

Samisfouryears

old,andheis

quitebright.

Usingacommato

linktwoclauses

■

isacommon

mistake5which

hasaname:the

commafaultor

thecommasplice.

Butwecanusea

semicolon,adash,

oracolon

betweentwo

coordinate

clauses.

Samisfouryears

old;heisquite

bright.

Samisvery

happy:he'sgot

thefirstprize.

TheComma(,)

2.Acommais

usedafteran

adverbialclause

orphrase.

Whentherain

stopped,we

continuedto

workinthefields.

Onhearingthe

news,shewent

faint.

Somelisteners,

boredbythe

lengthytalk,

closedtheireyes

anddozed.

3.Commasare

usedtoseparate

aseriesofwords

orphraseswith

thesame

functioninthe

sentence.

Thecomma

beforethe

conjunctionand

lastitemis

optional.11can

beomittedthere

isnodangerof

misreading.

Thechildrensang,

danced,jumped,

andchasedeach

other.

4.Nonrestrictive

clausesand

phrasesareset

offbycommas.

Restrictive

clausesand

phrasesarenot

setoffby

commas.

Thespeaker,

afterglancingat

hisnotes,began

totalkaboutthe

nextpoint.

TheComma(,)

5.Indates,a

commaisusedto

separatetheday

andtheyearif

the

orderis

month-day-year;

nocommaneed

beusedifthe

orderis

day-month-year.

HongKongwas

returnedtoChina

onJuly1,1997.

Shewasbornon

15September

1980.

6.Withnumbers

over1,000or

more,commasor

littleblank

spacesmaybe

usedtoseparate

digitsby

thousands.From

righttoleft,a

commaisplaced

aftereverythree

numerals.

12,221,548

53,507,214

Thequestion

Marks()

1.Thequestion

markisused

afteradirect

question.

DoyouknowMr.

Smith

"Couldyou

pleaseexplainto

methemeaning

ofthissentence”

sheasked.

2.Thequestion

markisused

afterastatement

turnedintoa

question(saidin

arisingtune).

YoulikeitYou

wanttobuyit

Thefirsttimeto

theUnitedStates

3.Aquestion

markput

between

parentheses

indicatesthe

writer's

uncertainty

aboutthe

correctnessof

thepreceding

word5figureor

date.

CaoXueqingwas

bornin1715(),

anddiedin

povertyin1764

().

TheExclamation

Mark(!)

1.The

exclamation

markisused

afteran

exclamatory

sentence,oran

emphatic

interjection,ora

phrase

expressing

strongemotion.

Wow!What

beautifulflowers!

Help!

11isonfire!

Theexclamation

markindicates

strongemphasis

andthereforeit

shouldbeused

sparingly.11is

preferableto

closeamild

interjectionwith

acommaora

period.

(Donotuseit

frequently!)

2.Sometimesthe

exclamation

markisused

afteraslogan.

Longlivethe

PeoplesRepublic

ofChina!

NATOOut!

TheSemicolon(;)

1.Thesemicolon

isusedbetween

twocoordinate

clauseswhichare

notlinkedbya

conjunotion.

Wewantedtogo

on,butother

people

disappeared.

Shewas

interestedin

historyyearsago;

todayhermain

interestisart.

Eachoftheabove

twosentences

canbeturned

intotwoseparate

sentences

withoutany

changein

meaningexcept

somelackof

closenessinthem.

2.Conjunctive

adverbslike

therefore,

however,

nonetheless,

hence,otherwise5

besides,

moreover5etc.5

shouldnotbe

usedas

conjunctionsto

linktwo

coordinate

clauses.Before

themthere

shouldbea

semicolon,nota

comma.

Hepromisedto

comethe

meeting;

however,she

wouldbeen

caughtinthe

storm.

3.Thesemicolon

isusedwith

conjunctions

whentheclauses

containinternal

punctuation.

4.Acommais

usedtoseparate

aseriesofitems

withinternal

commas.

TheColon(:)

1.Thecolonis

usedtointroduce

aquotationora

statement.

11willdo

everyonegoodto

rememberthis

oldsaying:"One

willknowthathe

doesnotknow

enoughafterhe

beginstolearn

2.Th

s

entenceWriting

Requirementsfor

acorrect

sentence:

11shouldbe

structurally

complete.

11should

beginwitha

capitalletter.

11shouldend

withafullstop,

oraquestion

mark,oran

exclamation

mark.

11should

expressasingle

completeidea.

orrectSentences

Completenessin

Structure

Agrammatically

complete

sentenceisone

thatcontainsat

leastasubject

andapredicate

verb（謂語動(dòng)詞）and

itbeginswitha

capitalletterand

endswithafull

stop.

Iftheverbis

transitive（及物動(dòng)

詞），theremust

beanobject;if

theverbisalink

verb（系動(dòng)詞），

theremustbea

predicative（表語）

or

complement（補(bǔ)

語）.

E

xampies

(V)Wehavea

lessonon

Mondaynight.

(V)Tothink

aboutthegift

makesmehappy.

(V)Afterthis

meal,theywere

readytosetout.

(x)Hopingshe

wouldaccepthis

apology.

(x)Aschoolthat

wasabad

experience.

(x)Withno

differenceexcept

thecolor.

T

heRightSubject

1)Notknowing

hisname,itwas

difficuItto

introducehim.

2)Tolookata

map,the

importanceof

theroadisseen.

3)Stuckinthe

mud,theyhadto

pushthecar.

Intheabove

sentencesthe

subjectsarenot

properlyrelated

tothegerunds,

participlesor

infinitiveinthe

firstpartsofthe

sentences.

A

greement

BetweenS.

(subject)&P.

(predicateverb)

Thepredicate

verbofa

sentencehasto

agreewiththe

subjectinperson

andnumber.

Collectivenouns

likefamilyand

audiencemaybe

eithersingularor

plural,

dependingonthe

meaningin

whichtheyare

used.Ifyouthink

offamily,

government,etc.

asonewhole,a

singularverbis

needed.Ifyou

thinkofthemas

madeupofa

numberofpeople,

apluralverbis

needed.

Thewholefamily

aregoingoutfor

BBQ.

Thisfamilyisthe

happiestonein

ourtown.

Thereisagreat

audienceinthe

playground.

Theaudienceare

shockedbythe

news.

Whentwo

subjectsreferto

differentpersons

oraredifferentin

number5theverb

shouldagree

withthesubject

closetoit.

Neitherhenor

youarearriIviIng

attherighttime.

Thereisapen

andfourbooks

onthedesk.

Wordsafter

togetherwith5in

additionto,

besides,etc.5are

objectsof

prepositions;

theydonotaffect

thenumberof

thesubject.

Theplays,aswell

asthecaptain5

wantverymuch

towin.

Asubjectclause

generallytakesa

singularverb,

buta

what-clause

whichclearly

referstomany

thingscantakea

pluralverb.

Howhemanages

todoitremainsa

mystery.

Whathewanted

toknowwerethe

pay,theliving

andworking

conditions.

Agreement

Between

Pronoun&

Antecedent

Justasthe

predicateverbof

asentencehasto

agreewiththe

subjectinperson

andnumber,soa

pronounhasto

agreewithits

antecedent.

Aftera

compound

antecedentwith

or,nor,

either...or,

neither...nor5not

only...butalso,a

pronounagrees

withthenearer

partofthe

antecedent.

Asingular

pronounfollows

acollectivenoun

antecedentwhen

themembersof

thegroupare

consideredasa

unit;aplural

pronoun,when

theyarethought

ofindividually.

Thejurywas

askedtoreturn

totheirseats.

Forsuchsingular

antecedentsas

each,either,

neither,one,no

one,everyone,

someone,

anyone,nobody,

everybody,

somebody,and

anybody,which

mayrefertoboth

maleandfemale,

sheorhe,hisor

her5himorher5

orthepreferred

pluralpronouns

they,theiror

themareused.

ClearPronoun

Reference

1)Shetoldmy

sisterthather

ideawas

practical.

2)Leaveoutthe

wordinthat

sentence

becauseitistoo

difficult.

Weusepersonal

pronounsvery

often.Theyseem

tobeeasy,but

theyshouldbe

usedwithcare.

Webeginners

oftenmake

mistakesinusing

"it".

Ending

sentences

withfullstops

Tojointwoor

morecomplete

sentenceswith

commasmaybe

possiblein

Chinese,butitis

wronginEnglish.

Whenasentence

isstructurally

complete,

whetherlongor

short,itshould

endwithafull

stop.

Forexampie:

Hewentouton

Sunday.Hemet

hisfriendinthe

street.Theytalk

forawhile.Then

theysaid

"goodbye".

Whenhewent

outonSunday,

hemethisfriend

inthestreet.

Theytalkfora

whileandthen

theysaid

"goodbye".

Joiningclauses

withconjunction

Whentwoor

moresentences

areclosely

connectedin

meaning,itmay

bebettertoput

themintoone

sentencethan

separatethem.

Thenthose

sentenceswill

becomeclauses

whichshouldbe

joinedtogether

withproper

conjunctionsor

otherwords,like

relative

pronouns.

Weshould

distinguish

between

conjunctionsand

adverbs,suchas

butandhowever,

soandtherefore.

Wecanjoin

coordinate

clauseswitha

commaanda

conjunction,or

withasemicolon,

orwitha

semicolonandan

adverb.

Momwashedthe

dishes;andI

driedandput

themaway.

Someofthefood

cropsfailed,but

thecottondid

quitewell.

Someofthefood

cropsfailed;

however,the

cottondidquite

well.

Amainclausein

acomplex

sentence

Inacomplex

sentencethere

mustbeamain

clause,whether

itisatthe

beginning,inthe

middleoratthe

endofthe

sentence.

Properuseof

comparisons

Adjectivesor

adverbsofthe

comparative

degreeshouldbe

usedonlywhen

thereisa

comparison.

Weshouldnot

useadjectivesor

adverbsofthe

comparative

degreewhen

thereisno

comparison,

explicitor

implied.

Inaddition5we

should

rememberthat

onlythingsofthe

samekindcanbe

compared.

Forexampie:

Thiscourse

seemsmore

difficult.

China's

populationis

largerthan

India's.

Aftermanyyears

Billremembered

mebetterthan

Carldid.

CorrectUseof

Tense

Wheneverwe

makeasentence,

weshouldask

ourselveswhen

thething

mentioned

happens,andthe

righttenseto

reportit.

1)Hetold/tells

methatheis

muchbetternow.

2)Shereturned

thebookI

lend/lenttoher

yesterday.

3)Lasttimewe

sawafilm,andit

is/wasagood

one.

Typesof

Sentence

Accordingto

theiruse,we

have-

1）declarative

sentences.（陳述

句）

2）interrogative

sentences.

（疑問句）

3）imperative

sentences.

（祈使句）

4）exclamation

sentences.（感嘆

句）

Accordingto

theirstructure,

wehave—

simpiesentences.

（簡單句）

2）compound

sentences.（并歹U

句）

3）complex

sentences.（復(fù)合

句）

4）

compound-compl

exsentences.

（并列復(fù)合句）

Typesof

Sentence

Froma

rhetorical修辭）

pointofview,we

have—

1）loose

sentences.（松散

句）

2）periodic

sentences.（工整

句）

3）balanced

sentences.（對(duì)杖

句）

4）Shortandlong

sentences（長短句）

Coordination（并

歹!J）and

Subordination（從

屬）

Whenwe

mentiontwoor

morethingsor

ideasofequal

importance,we

oftenuse

coordinate

clausesjoined

witha

coordinating

conjunction(and,

but,or,nor,yet,

so,orfor).

(coordination)

Whenwe

expressan

importantideain

amainclause

andoneormore

lessimportant

ideasin

subordinate

clauses,weare

usingthemethod

ofsubordination.

Thechoiceof

coordinationor

subordinations

mainlydecided

bythe

relationship

betweenthe

ideastobe

expressed.

Effective

Sentences

Unity（統(tǒng)一性）

Coherence（連貫性）

Conciseness（簡潔

性）

Emphasis（有重點(diǎn)

性）

Variety（多樣性）

Unity（統(tǒng)一性）

Unityisthefirst

qualityofan

effective

sentence.11

referstotwo

qualities:thereis

onlyonemain

ideaina

sentence,and

thatideais

complete.

Ideasthatare

closely

connectedcanbe

expressedinone

sentence,while

ideasthatarenot

closely

connected

shouldnotbeput

intoone

sentence.

1)_Bornina

smalltownin

SouthChinain

theearly50s,he

grewuptobea

famousmusician.

(X)

2)_Heisfrom

Hebei,andIam

22yearsold

now.(x)

Coherence(連貫性)

Coherence

meansclearand

reasonable

connection

betweenparts.A

sentenceis

coherencewhen

itswordsorparts

areproperly

connectedand

theirrelationship

clear.

Donotseparate

wordsthatare

closelyrelated;

Donotusea

pronounwith

ambiguous

reference;

Donotusea

dangling

modifier;

Donotmake

confusingshiftin

personand

number;

Donotmake

unnecessary

changesintense,

voice,ormood.

Donotuse

differentforms

toexpress

parallelideas.

Forexampie:

1)Amanis

judgednotonly

bywhathesays

butalsobyhis

deeds(bywhat

hedoes).

2)Wethought

shewas

charming,

intelligent,anda

verycapable

youngwoman(a

charming,

intelligentand

capableyoung

woman).

3)Afterlistening

tothespeaker's

inspiringspeech,

manyquestions

wereraised.(we

raisedmany

questions.)

4)_Shetoldmy

sisterthat

she(whoisshe)

waswrong.

5)_Hewas

knockeddownby

abike,butit()

wasnotserious.

6)_readan

interestingstory

inamagazine

aboutsportsmen.

(notasentence

atall)

Conciseness(簡潔

性)

Asentence

shouldcontain

nounnecessary

words.Ifthe

ideaiffully

expressed,the

fewerwordsare

used,thebetter.

Useapronoun

insteadof

repeatinganoun.

Useaword

insteadofa

phrasewiththe

samemean■mg,

anduseaphrase

insteadofa

clausewiththe

samemeaning.

Donotrepeat

wordsorphrases,

ifpossible,ina

sentenceorin

onethatfollow.

Donotuse

differentwords

orphraseswith

similarmeanings

inthesame

sentence.

Donotrepeatthe

sameideain

different

sentencesexcept

foremphasis.

Wordysentences

andredundant

wordscanonly

makethe

meaninghazy

andthemain

points

inconspicuous.11

isalways

necessaryforus

torereadwhat

wehavewritten

andtryto

improveitby

simplifyingitand

makingitmore

concise.

Forexampie:

1)Myfatherhas

returnedback

fromBeijing.

2)11isbluein

colour.

3)Inmyopinion,

Ithinkyouare

right.

4)Maryisaquiet

andcareful

woman.

5)Mr.Smithlikes

todrinkallkinds

ofwinethatare

producedin

France.(French

wine)

6)Thelanguage

labisopento

studentsnotonly

fromEnglish

Departmentbut

alsofromother

departmentof

theuniversity.

7)Myfatheris65

yearsold,andhe

isaprofessorin

HunanUniversity.

Hehasahealthy

bodyofhisage.

Myfather,a

professorof65

yearsoldin

HunanUniversity,

enjoysthebest

of_health._（用同

位語改寫）

Emphasis（有重點(diǎn)

性）

Placing:

Theendandthe

beginning,

especiallythe

end,ofa

sentenceusually

attractreaders'

attention,so

important

elementsofa

sentenceshould

beputatthese

twoplaces,

especiallythe

end.

Forexampie:

1)Theteacher

noddedwith

satisfaction

whenhewas

listeningtoher.

Theteacher,

whilelisteningto

her5kept

nodd