英語詞法總結(jié)

詞法總結(jié)一、名詞1．可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)：(1)一般情況在詞尾+S(2)以s，x，ch，sh，結(jié)尾的詞+esbus→buses，class→classes，box→boxes，watch→watches，brush→brushes。★stomach→stomachs(3)以輔音母加y結(jié)尾的詞變“y”為“i”再+esfactory→factories,country→countries,family→families?！镆栽糇帜讣觵結(jié)尾的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式只加sboy→boys,day→days。(4)以o結(jié)尾的詞多數(shù)都+eshero→heroes，negro→negroes,potato→potatoes，tomato→tomatoes?！镌~末為兩個元音字母的詞只+szoo→zoos，radio→radios，★某些外來詞只+s：photo→photos，piano→pianos?！镒⒁猓簔ero→zeros/zeroes－zero既可+s，也可+es。(5)以f或fe結(jié)尾的詞，多數(shù)變f為v再加-es，例如：knife→knives，leaf→leaves,half→halves,shelf→shelves,thief→thieves,但:roof→roofs,chief→chiefs,handkerchief→handkerchiefs(6)少數(shù)名詞有不規(guī)則的復(fù)數(shù)形式，例如：man→men，woman→women，tooth→teeth，foot→feet，child→children，mouse→mice?！飉an和woman構(gòu)成的合成詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式也是-men和-women。anEnglishman，twoEnglishmen?！颎erman不是合成詞，復(fù)數(shù)Germans★man,woman作定語，單復(fù)數(shù)以其所修飾的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定，如：menworkers，womenteachers。其他名詞做定語，不用復(fù)數(shù)，如threegirlstudents★單復(fù)數(shù)一樣：Chinese，Japanese，sheep，deer，fish?！飂ish表示不同種類的魚時，可以加復(fù)數(shù)。(7)哪國人的單復(fù)數(shù)口訣：中日不變英法變，其余s加后面。一樣：Chinese–Chinese，Japanese–Japanese變：Frenchman–Frenchmen，Englishman–Englishmen+s：German–Germans，American–Americans(8)形單實復(fù)：people,police(9)數(shù)詞+名詞作定語時，這個名詞一般保留單數(shù)形式，中間加連字符。ten-minutewalk，an8-year-oldgirl，aseven-dayholiday。(10)合成名詞的復(fù)數(shù)只需把中心詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)：thegirlstudents。man,woman組成的合成詞，就要兩個都變復(fù)數(shù)：thewomenworkers(11)有些名詞僅有復(fù)數(shù)：trousers，clothes，chopsticks，glasses，goods，ashes，scissors，compasses。(12)形復(fù)實單：physics,mathematics/maths,theUnitedStates,NiagaraFalls,news,falls(13)修飾復(fù)數(shù)的詞：many,several,afew,anumberof,both以及不包括“一”的基數(shù)詞,如two,three，后跟可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。(14)人名、地名的復(fù)數(shù)直接+s,字母、符號、數(shù)字的復(fù)數(shù)+’s?TherearethreeJohnsinthisclass.這個班里有三個叫約翰的人。(此時threeJohns=threepersonscalledJohn)?TheteacherhadonlyfourA'sinhisclass.(15)成雙成套的詞：trousers–褲子shorts–短褲glasses–眼鏡gloves–手套compasses–圓規(guī)pants–褲子★單獨做主語，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。★和pair連用，謂語動詞取決于pair的形式。?Theglassesareonyournose.?Thispairofglassesismine.?Thistwopairsofshoesaremine.(16)形似復(fù)數(shù)實為新單詞的名詞：work(工作) – works(著作)paper(紙，報紙) – papers(資料，文件)wood(木頭，木材)– woods(樹林，森林)sand(沙) – sands(沙灘)(17)一些詞匯的名詞形式：teach(v，教) –teacher(n，教師)sing(v，唱歌)–singer(n，歌手)wait(v，等待)–waiter(n，服務(wù)員)win(v，獲勝) –winner(n，獲勝者)run(v，跑) –runner(n，跑步者)visit(v，參觀) –visitant(n，參觀者)sunny(adj，陽光充足的，暖和的)–sun(n，太陽)，sunshine(n，陽光)windy(adj，刮風(fēng)的，風(fēng)大的) –wind(n，風(fēng))cloudy(adj，多云的，陰天的) –cloud(n，云)2．不可數(shù)名詞“量”的表示方法十大不可數(shù)名詞：work 工作progress 進(jìn)步news 消息health 健康information 信息advice 建議weather 天氣music 音樂fun 樂趣luck 運氣(1)用much,alittle,little,alotof,lotsof,some,any,abitof,plentyof等表示，例如：Therichmanhasalotofmoney．Thereissomemilkinthebottle．Isthereanywaterintheglass？Idon'tlikewinterbecausethere'stoomuchsnowandice．(2)用“數(shù)詞+名詞(量)+of+不可數(shù)名詞”這類定語，例如：apieceofpaper/wood/bread/news/meatabottle/glassoforange/water/milk/juiceacupoftea/coffeeabagofricetwocupsofteafourpiecesofpaperthreeglassesofwate★謂語動詞看“中心詞”決定單復(fù)數(shù)，中心詞：bottle,cup,bag,piece…名詞的所有格1．單數(shù)+’s，復(fù)數(shù)+s’，復(fù)數(shù)不是s結(jié)尾，也+’sastudent'sroomstudents'roomsChildren'sDay2．以s結(jié)尾的單數(shù)名詞或人名后應(yīng)加-’s構(gòu)成所有格awaitress’sjobCharles’saddress3．在表示時間、距離、長度、重量、價格、世界、國家等名詞時，所有格要用's，例如：atwentyminutes'walk=aten-minutewalktenmiles'journeyaboat'slengthtwopounds'weighttendollars'worthtoday’snewspaper4．如果某物為兩人共有，只在后一個詞尾+’s,如果不是兩人共有，兩個名詞后都要+’sLucyandLily’sbedroom–Lucy和Lily的臥室,Jane’sandTom’sbooks–Jane的書和Tom的書(能分開)5．無生命名詞的所有格則通常用of結(jié)構(gòu)amapofChinatheendofthistermthecapitalofourcountrythecoloroftheflowerstwoboxesofapples–中心詞和of后面的詞都用復(fù)數(shù)?！镏^語單復(fù)數(shù)看“中心詞”，不看of后面的詞。6．雙重所有格：afriendofmyfather's7．表示“某人的家”、“店鋪”等生活、工作場所的所有格后面的名詞通常省略。如：atMrWang’s(在王先生家)atthedoctor’s(在醫(yī)生診所)二、冠詞a,an的區(qū)別是以輔音或元音音素，不是字母。用不定冠詞an的字母有：A.E.F.H.I.L.M.N.O.R.S.X。元音字母開頭用a:ausefulbookauniversity輔音字母開頭用an:anhour,anhonest冠詞+(形容詞+名詞)，冠詞由前面的形容詞確定。1．不定冠詞(1)表示“每一”的意思，=every?Takethemedicinethreetimesaday.(everyday)?Theygotoseetheirparentsonceaweek.(2)用在序數(shù)詞前表示“又一,再一”I’vetriedthreetimes.Letmetryafourthtime.TheyhadadaughtercalledJane.Thentheyhadasecondchild－ason.(3)固定短語afew/littleacup/bottleofcatchacold/bushaveagoodtimehavealookinaminutemakeamistakealotofhavearesthalfanhourakindofanumberofmakeacontributionhaveatalkwith2．定冠詞(1)特指某（些）人或某（些）事物?ThebookonthedeskisanEnglishdictionary.?BeijingisthecapitalofChina.(2)指說話人和聽話人都知道或熟悉的人或事物?Openthedoor,please.?Whereistheteacher??Jackisinthelibrary.(3)上文提到過的人或事物?YesterdayJohn’sfatherboughthimanewbike.Thebikecosthim200yuan.(4)表示世界上獨一無二的事物?Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.(5)用在序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級之前?ShanghaiisthebiggestcityinChina.?Januaryisthefirstmonthoftheyear.(6)用在某些形容詞之前，表示某一類人或事物?Thenurseiskindtothesick.?Weshouldtakegoodcareoftheold.(7)用在某些由普通名詞構(gòu)成的專有名詞之前theGreatWalltheSummerthePeople’sRepublicofChinainthemorningintheopenair(8)用在姓氏復(fù)數(shù)之前，表示“某某一家人”，“某某夫婦”theBrownstheWhites(9)用在器樂名稱和方位詞前?Heisplayingthepiano.ontheright/left,intheeast/south,inthefrontof(和infrontof的區(qū)別)[注意](1)moon，sun，morning/afternoon/evening之前有形容詞時，可用a/anafullmoon,onacoldmorning(2)被ofthetwo修飾的比較級前要用定冠詞?Tomisthetallerofthetwo.(3)在表示“越….,越….”句型中,比較級前要用定冠詞Thebusierthefarmersare，thehappiertheywillbe。(4)the+spring/summer…+of具體的某個階段里的季節(jié)?ThescientistcamebacktoChinainthespringof1984.(5)a/an+adj+supper/lunch…表示某一頓飯?YesterdayBillhadaverynicesupper.3．不用冠詞(1)專有名詞，抽象名詞和物質(zhì)名詞前一般不用冠詞China,Canada,London,Japanese,Tom,glass,water,wood,love(2)名詞前已有作定語用的this,that,my,your,whose,some,any,no,each,every等代詞時，不用冠詞?Thatismycap.(3)復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示一類人或事物時，不用冠詞?Theyareworkers.?Wearestudents.(4)稱呼語前不用冠詞，表示頭銜和職務(wù)的名詞前也不加冠詞?Idon’tfeelwelltoday,Mother.?OurEnglishteacherisMissGao.(5)三餐名稱前，球類活動，學(xué)科和節(jié)目名詞前，常不用冠詞?Ihavelunchathome.?Heoftenplaysfootballafterclass.?WehaveEnglishandmathseveryday.(6)在季節(jié)、月份、星期、節(jié)日前不加冠詞?Everythingbeginstocomeoutinspring.但如果這些詞前面有修飾詞，要加定冠詞the?HejoinedtheArmyinthespringof1982.(7)某些固定詞組，名詞之前常不用冠詞①與by連用的交通工具名稱前：bybus,bybike,byplane/air,byship/sea,bytrain,bycar②名詞詞組：dayandnight,brotherandsister,hourafterhour,hereandthere③介詞詞組athome,inbed/hospital,intime,ontime,atonce,infrontof,onfoot,atnoon,onduty,atnight等④常用詞組gotobed,gotoschool/class/work,gohome,goshopping/swimming/fishing/boating等。4.冠詞的位置(1)通常情況：冠詞位于名詞前，若名詞前有形容詞修飾，冠詞要放在形容詞之前。thebook，thebeautifulflower(2)特殊情況：①不定冠詞在half,such,what,many之后suchanicegirl(=soniceagirl)halfanhour?Manyastudenthaspassedtheexam.(=Manystudentshavepassedtheexam.)?Whatabeautifulflower!(=Howbeautiful!)②不定冠詞在as,so,how,too修飾的形容詞之后?Howcoldadayitis!(=Whatacolddayitis!)③副詞quite和rather可置于不定冠詞之前?It’squiteanicehorse.(=It’saverynicehorse)?It’sratherahotdaytoday.(=It’saveryhotdaytoday)④當(dāng)名詞由both或all,whole修飾時，定冠詞須放在both或all之后,whole之前allthestudents,boththechildren,thewholestory5.有無冠詞的詞語辨析?Lindawasillinhospital.?Thewomanworksinthehospital.?Don’treadinbed.?Youcanputitonthebed.?Don’ttalkinclass.?Theyoftenhavepartiesintheclass.?TheGreensareattablenow.?Sheiswritingaletteratthetable.?She’stooyoungtogotoschool.?Theyaregoingtotheschooltohaveameeting.?Bothofmychildrenareatschool.?IteachEnglishattheschool.?It’slate.I’llgotobed.?Gotothebed,andyou’llfindabox.?Shewassoillthatshehadtogotohospital.?Mymotherhasgonetothehospitaltoseemygrandmother.?We’llstudysixsubjectsnextterm.?Theyarrivedatthesmallvillagethenextmorning.?Putthisbookontopoftheothers.?Therearesomehousesatthetopofthehill.?Wheredidyougoonearth??Wearelivingontheearth.三、代詞1．人稱代詞在than之后與其他人或事物進(jìn)行比較時，用主格和賓格都可以。 ?Heisolderthanme.?HeisolderthanIam.★人稱代詞的排列順序：一般情況或受表揚：you,heandI----自己放最后承認(rèn)錯誤，受批評：I,heandyou----自己放前面?You,heandIareworkers.2．指示代詞包括：this，that，these，those。(1)this和these一般用來指在時間或空間上較近的事物或人，that和those則指時間和空間上較遠(yuǎn)的事物或人。?Thisisapenandthatisapencil．?Wearebusythesedays．?Inthosedaystheworkershadahardtime．(2)有時that和those指前面講到過的事物，this和these則是指下面將要講到的事物。?Ihadacold.That'swhyIdidn'tcome.?WhatIwanttosayisthis：pronunciationisveryimportantinlearningEnglish．(3)有時為了避免重復(fù)提到的名詞，?？捎胻hat或those代替。?TheweatherinBeijingiscolderthanthatinGuangzhou.?Televisionsets(電視機(jī))madeinBeijingarejustasgoodasthosemadeinShanghai．(4)★在電話用語中this代表自己，that則代表對方。但都可以用it代替。?Hello!ThisisMary.IsthatJackspeaking?(5)★it指代不明人和物:–敲門、照片、電話等?Whotaughtyoumathslastterm??WasitMr.Smith?(6)★one,that,it,ones,those,them用法區(qū)別：one(ones)表示泛指，that(those)和it(them)表示特指，that(those)與所代表名詞同類，但不是同一個；it(them)與所代表名詞為同一個。?Ican’tfindmyhat,IthinkImustbuyone.(不定)?ThehatyouboughtisbiggerthanthatIbought.(同類但不同個)?Ican'tfindmyhat.Idon'tknowwhereIputit.(同一物)?Ican’tfindmypens,IthinkImustbuyones.(不定)?ThepensyouboughtisbiggerthanthoseIbought.(同類但不同個)?Ican'tfindmypens.Idon'tknowwhereIputthem.(同一物)3．反身代詞(1)表示親自，本人的意思。?Shetoldmethenewsherself.?Isawthegirlherself.(2)下列短語中必須用反身代詞：helpyourself/yourselvesto ----別客氣(口語)，請自便enjoyoneself ----玩得高興，過得快樂leaveonebyoneself ----把某人單獨留下allbyoneself ----獨立，全靠自己第一人稱第二人稱第三人稱人稱代詞單數(shù)主格Iyouhesheit賓格meyouhimherit復(fù)數(shù)主格weyouthey賓格usyouthem形容詞性物主代詞單數(shù)myyourhisherits復(fù)數(shù)ouryourtheir名詞性物主代詞單數(shù)mineyourshishersits復(fù)數(shù)oursyourstheirs反身代詞單數(shù)myselfyourselfhimselfherselfitself復(fù)數(shù)ourselvesyourselvesthemselves4．不定代詞(1)some和anysome多用于肯定句，any多用于疑問句、條件句和否定句中。?Look!Somestudentsarecleaningthelibrary.?Somericeinthebaghasbeensoldout.?Ifyouhaveanyquestions,pleaseaskme.?Thereisn'tanyorangeinthebottle.?Haveyougotanytea?★any和some也可以作代詞用，表示“一些”?----Howmanypeoplecanyouseeinthepicture?----Ican'tseeany.?Ifyouhavenomoney,I'lllendyousome.★Some用于表示邀請或請求的問句中,希望對方給予肯定回答?Wouldyoulikesomebananas??MayIaskyousomequestions?★Any用于肯定句當(dāng)中，表示任何一個，后面跟單數(shù)名詞。?Youmaycomeatanytime.?Jimistallerthananyotherboyinhisclass.【注意】與some,any結(jié)合的詞如something,somebody,someone,anything,anyone,anybody在肯定句、否定句、疑問句、條件句中的用法，大致和some,any的用法相同。(2)few,afew,little,alittle在用法上的區(qū)別含義用法表示肯定表示否定用于可數(shù)名詞afew雖少，但有幾個few不多，幾乎沒有用于不可數(shù)名詞alittle，雖少，但有一點little不多，沒有什么(3)other,theother,others,theothers,another。用法代名詞形容詞單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)不定another另一個others別人，其他人another(boy)另一個(男孩)other(boys)其他男孩特定theother另一個theothers其余那些人、物theother(boy)另一個男孩theother(boys)其余那些男孩1．other：泛指。+可數(shù)(單/復(fù))/不可數(shù)，otherpencils,otherstudentsothertea.?Putitinyourotherhand.?Doyouhaveanyotherquestion(s)?2.theother：定指其它的…,+可數(shù)(單/復(fù)),theotherbook,theotherteachers.?Hehastwodaughters.Oneisanurse,theotherisaworker.?Maryismuchtallerthantheothergirls.3.others：泛指另外的，其余的,復(fù)數(shù)名詞.?Someofuslikesinginganddancing,othersgoinforsports.?Givemesomeothers,please.4．4.theothers：特指其它的…,+可數(shù)(單/復(fù)).?Twoboyswillgotothezoo,andtheotherswillstayathome.theothers=theother+復(fù)數(shù)名詞5.another=an+other：泛指同類事物中的三者或三者以上的“另一個”，只能代替或修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞?Idon’tlikethisone.Pleaseshowmeanother.?Ihavethreedaughters.Oneisanurse,anotherisateacherandanotherisaworker.(4)every與each的區(qū)別eachchild,eachstudent：想到的是一個人的情況。everychild和everystudent：想到的是全體的情況。Theteachergaveatoytoeachchild.Eachballhasadifferentcolour.EverystudentlovestheEnglishteacher.=AllthestudentslovetheEnglishteacher.Everychildlikesplaying.=Allthechildrenlikeplaying.(5)Everyone與everyone的區(qū)別everyone“每人，人人”，只指人，不指物，后面不能與of連用。everyone意為“每個”通常用來指物，后面可以與of連用。(6)everythreedays(每隔兩天),everythirdday(每三天）。5．a(chǎn)ll,both(1)both和all都可直接修飾名詞，如果名詞前有限定詞時其前只能用bothof或allof。(2)both和all在句中的位置是位于be動詞、助動詞、情態(tài)動詞之后，行為動詞之前。Bothofthetwonewbooksareinteresting.Weareallhere.★both的反義詞是neither，all的反義詞是noneBothofusaredoctors. (全部肯定)Bothofusarenotdoctors. (部分否定)Neitherofusisadoctor. (全部否定)Allofusaredoctors. (全部肯定)Noneofusisadoctor. (全部否定)(3)all放前，whole后置：allthestudents allthefoodthewholeschool thewholestory6．no和none誤：NobodyofthemcanspeakEnglish.正：NobodycanspeakEnglish.正：NoneofthemcanspeakEnglish.四、數(shù)詞1．基數(shù)詞(1)十位與個位之間用連字符，百位與十位之間用and：258–twohundredandfifty-eight(2)inone’sforties：在某人40多歲的時候in1930s：20世紀(jì)30年代(3)時間：10:10 tenpastten,9:15 12:30 halfpasttwelve8:40 twentytonine(4)“基數(shù)詞+名詞”構(gòu)成的合成形容詞做定語時，其中的名詞用單數(shù)。seven-dayholiday --7天假期five-minutewalk --5分鐘步行thirty-year-oldgirl --30歲的女孩子(5)年齡表示4歲大： four-year-oldfouryearsold2．序數(shù)詞(1)the+序數(shù)詞：表示“第幾個”?Thefirsttruckiscarryingafoodbaskets.(2)序數(shù)詞有時前面可加不定冠詞來表示“再一”，“又一”這樣的意思?We'llhavetodoitasecondtime．我們不得不再來一次。?ShallIaskhimathirdtime？我可以第三次問他嗎？?WhenIsatdown，afourthmanrosetospeak.當(dāng)我坐下來，第四個男人起來發(fā)言。(3)世紀(jì)、年份、日期世紀(jì)：theeighteenthcentury=the18thcentury公元十八世紀(jì)the1900's二十世紀(jì)★某某世紀(jì)比阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字本身多一個世紀(jì)。年代：年：月份是專有名詞，要記憶，包括簡寫。日：五月五日：May5（讀作Mayfifth）或the5thofMay。(4)分?jǐn)?shù)：子基母序，分子是1，分母用單數(shù)，分子大于1時，分母+s1/3:onethird 3/4:threefourths(5)序數(shù)詞的縮寫：first→1stsecond→2ndthird→3rdfourth→4thtwenty-second→22ndthirty-first→31st五、形容詞副詞形容詞：1．形容詞修飾不定代詞something,anything,nothing,everything等時后置。?Ihavesomethingimportanttotellyou.?Isthereanythinginterestinginthefilm.2．用and或or連接起來的兩個形容詞作定語時一般把它們放在被修飾的名詞后面，起進(jìn)一步解釋的作用。?Everybody,manandwoman,oldandyoung,shouldattendthemeeting.?Youcantakeanyboxaway,bigorsmall.3．the＋形容詞表示一類人或物?Therichshouldhelpthepoor.4．多個形容詞修飾一個名詞的順序排列★美小圓舊黃，法國木書房一張小的圓木桌 －asmallroundwoodtable一件臟的棕色舊大衣 －adirtyoldbrowncoat5．像副詞的形容詞：lovely，friendly副詞：1．very和muchvery修飾原級，much修飾比較級。?Sheisaverynicegirl?I’mfeelingmuchbetternow.Much可以修飾動詞，而very則不能。例如：?Idon’tliketheideamuch.?Theydidnottalkmuch.2．too和either★too 意思是也，只能放在句尾，用于肯定句★either 意思是也，只能放在句尾，用于否定句★also 意思是也，一般放在句中，也可以放在句首?Shecandance,andIcandance,too.?Ihaven’treadthebookandmybrotherhasn’teither.3．a(chǎn)lready和yetalready一般用于語肯定句，yet一般用于否定句和疑問句?Hehasalreadyleft.?Haveyouheardfromhimyet??Hehasn’tansweredyet.4．so和neitherso和neither都可用于倒裝句，但so表示肯定，neither表示否定?MybrotherlikesfootballandsodoI.我哥哥喜歡足球，我也喜歡。?Mybrotherdoesn’tlikedancingandneitherdoI.我哥哥不喜歡舞蹈，我也不喜歡。5．good和wellgood是形容詞，well是形容詞、副詞。?HespeaksgoodEnglish.?HespeaksEnglishwell.【注意】①形容詞最高級前通常必須用定冠詞the，副詞最高級前可不用。?TheSaharaisthebiggestdesertintheworld.

②形容詞most前面沒有the，不表示最高級的含義，只表示“非?！?。?Itisamostimportantproblem.=Itisaveryimportantproblem.★兩者比較用比較級；三者以上比較用最高級。?Whichonedoyoulikebetter,theredoneortheblueone??Whichonedoyoulikethebest,there