托福模擬考試及答案解析16

托福模擬考試及答案解析（16）

（1~6/共56題）閱讀理解

PoeticJusticeinLiterature

Poeticjusticecanbestbedescribedbythephrase"youreapwhatyousow"as,essentially,

gooddeedsarerewardedwhereasbaddeedsarepunished.Asaliterarydevice,itprovides

readerswithasenseofsatisfactionthateverythingultimatelyturnsoutproperlysincegood

emergestriumphantandevilisvanquished.Poeticjusticeappearsthroughouthistoryinthe

literatureinculturesaroundtheworld.Thereisauniversaltrendinwhichpeoplesympathize

withgoodcharacterswhosufferandwishilluponbadindividualswhocausesuffering.By

employingpoeticjustice,anauthorcangivethereadingaudienceexactlywhatitwants.

AncientGreekphilosopherAristotledidnotentirelyagreewithitsusesincehebelieved

tragedy'sprimarypurposewastoevokeemotionsofpityandfearinanaudience,yetpoetic

justicewascommoninGreekpoetryanddrama.Theclassicexampleofitisfoundintheplay

OedipusRexbySophocles.AnoracleprophesizesthatOedipuswillkillhisfatherandmarryhis

mother.Defyingthegodsandrebellingagainsthisfate,Oedipusfleeswhathebelievestobehis

homelandandheadsforthekingdomofThebes.Duringhisjourney,hequarrelswithastranger

onaroadandkillstheman,andthenhewedstheking'swidow.Unbeknownsttohim,the

strangerwashisfatherandthewomanhismother;theyhadabandonedhimasababy,andhe

hadbeenraisedinaforeignland.IntheGreekmind,Oedipuswasrightlypunishedforattempting

toalterhisdestiny,whichonlythegodscoulddetermine.

TheplaysofWilliamShakespeareaboundwithexamplesofpoeticjusticeaswell.Hamlethas

oneinstanceintheguiseofHamlet'suncle,Claudius,whomurdersHamlet'sfather;usurpsthe

throne,andthenmarriesHamlet'smother.Bytheendoftheplay,Claudiusreceiveshisjust

rewardwhenHamletkillshim.InotherShakespearianplays,includingKingLearandMacbeth,

greedandthedesireforpowerresultintragedyforthosewhosemisdeedstriggerterribleevents

andsubsequentlyreceivetheirdeservedfatebytheendoftheplay.

*vanquish:todefeat,ofteninbattle

*prophesize:totellthefuture

第1題

TheauthordiscussesOedipusRexinparagraph2inorderto

A.claimthatitwasdislikedbyAristotlebecauseofitsusageofpoeticjustice

B.pointoutthatitisthemostfamousexampleofpoeticjusticefromancientliterature

C.tellthestoryofOedipusandexplainwhytheGreekpeopleenjoyeditsomuch

0.describetheeventsthatoccurthatresultinOedipusreceivingpoeticjustice

第2題

Inparagraph3,whydoestheauthormentionWilliamShakespeare?

A.Tonamehimasanauthorwhoincludedmanyexamplesofpoeticjusticeinhiswork

B.lbcomparethemannerinwhichheusedpoeticjusticetothewaySophoclesusedit

C.Todescribetheeventsinand,twoofthemostfamousplayshewrote

D.Toascribehiscontinuingpopularitytothefactthathemadeuseofpoeticjustice

第3題

Vocabulary

=tofeelcompassionfor

第4題

=destiny

第5題

=toproduce

第6題

=t。takepowerbyforce

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（7~12/共56題）閱讀理解

TheStructureoftheHumanEye

Comprisedofmorethanthirty,majorparts,thehumaneyeranksamongthebody'smost

intricatelydesignedandcomplexorgans.However,forsimplicity'ssake,thiscomplicatedbody

partcanbereducedtoitsmajorcomponents—thepupil,iris,lens,cornea,retina,andoptic

nerve-andtheirmainfunctions.Eachpartplaysavitalroleingrantingsighttoaperson.

Themostfamiliarpartsoftheeyearethepupilandtheirisbecausetheyareeasilyvisible

whenlookingataperson'seyes.Thepupilisthecentralholethatallowslighttoentertheeye.It

typicallychangessizetopermitentrytomoreorlesslightbycontractinginbrightlightand

expandingindimlight.Theirisisthecoloredareaoftheeyesurroundingthepupilandisthepart

whichcontrolsthecontractingandexpandingofthepupilthankstomusclesconnectedtoitthat

enabletheiristoopenandclose.

Thecorneaandlenslettheeyefocuslightinparticularwaysafteritenterstheeye.The

corneaislocatedinfrontofthepupilandiriswhilethelensliesbehindthem.Thecorneaisa

curved,transparentstructurethatbendslighttowardthepupil.Onaccountofthisfunction,the

corneahasnobloodvesselsthatcouldpotentiallycloudit,soitreceivesnutrientsfromthe

waterytearsthatcovertheeyewheneverapersonblinks.Asforthelens,ittakesthelight

enteringthepupilandfocusesittowardthebackoftheeyeinthedirectionoftheretina.The

lenshastheabilitytochangeshapestofocusonobjectsatvariousdistances.

Theretinaisformedbysensitivephotoreceptorcellscalledrodsandcones,whichformthe

imagesthatapersonseesthroughthepupil.Therodshandleblackandwhiteimagesandare

usedmostlyinsituationsinvolvingdimlightwhiletheconesareresponsibleforimagesrequiring

coloredlight.Asimagesformontheretina,theyareinstantaneouslysentalongtheopticnerve

tothebrain,wheretheyareinterpretedaswhatapersonsees.

*component:apieceorpadofsomethinglarger

*cloud:tomakeblurry

第7題

Theauthordiscussestheirisinparagraph2inorderto

A.claimitisthemostvisiblepartoftheeye

B.explainthemannerinwhichitworkswiththepupil

C.compareitsfunctionswiththoseofthepupil

D.focusonhowitgivescolortotheeye

第8題

Inparagraph4,theauthorusessensitivephotoreceptorcellsasanexampleof

A.thepartsoftheeyeconnectedtotheopticnerve

B.themostimportantpartsofthehumaneye

C.cellsintheeyethatcancauseblindnesswhendamaged

D.thecomponentsoftheeyethatmakeuptheretina

第9題

Vocabulary

=complexly

第10題

=admittinglight;clear

第11題

=tobecomesmaller

第12題

=instantly;atonce

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（13~27/共56題）閱讀理解

BirdTerritoriality

Likemostanimals,birdspossessthedesiretocontroltheterritoryinwhichtheylive.

Ornithologistsrefertothisarea,wherethebirdconductsitsnormaldailyactivities,asitshome

range.Thesizeofthehomerangedependsonthespecies.Largebirdsofprey,includingeagles

andhawks,maypossesshomerangescoveringdozensofsquarekilometerswhilemanyseabirds

defendonlyasmallspacefoundintheimmediatevicinityoftheirnests.Somebirdsmaybeslack

indefendingtheirhomerangesbutmaybecomequiteaggressiveduringthebreedingseason

andwheneggsareintheirnests.Birdstypicallydefendtheirhomerangesthemostaggressively

againstotherbirdsofthesamespeciesbutmayalsoreactbelligerentlytotransgressionsmade

byotherspeciesofbirdsorothertypesofanimals.

Birdsnormallydefendtheirhomerangesforthreeprimarypurposes:toprotecttheirfood

sources,tocompeteformateswhenbreeding,andtodefendnestsfullofeggsorchicksagainst

predators.Hummingbirds,forinstance,defendprimesourcesofnectarfromotherhummingbirds

aswellasinsectsthatconsumeit.Malegrousesdefendthesmallpatchesofgroundtheyusefor

breedingdisplaystoattractfemalesfromothermalesoftheirspecies.Andpenguinsaggressively

defendthepatchesofseashorewheretheylaytheireggswhenpredatorybirdsapproach.

Whendefendingterritory,fewbirdsactuallymakephysicalcontactwithoneanotherbut

insteadutilizewarningssuchasthesongsofmalebirds.Thesesongsinformotherbirdsthata

malehasclaimedaspecificareaofland.Ithowever,thesongsareineffective,abirdmaymakea

prominentdisplayofaggressiveposturing,whichmayincludespreadingitswingsandpuffingup

itsbody.Shouldthisnotwork,theaggrievedbirdmaygivechase,andactualfightingsometimes

occurs.Inmostcases,fightinghappenswhenbirdsaredefendingtheirnestsagainstpredators

suchaslizards,snakes,andsmallmammalsintentonconsumingtheireggsorchicks.

*ornithologist:apersonwhostudiesbirds

*belligerently:aggressively

第13題

Inparagraph1,theauthoruseseaglesandhawksasexamplesof

A.someofthebirdsthatdonottypicallypossesshomeranges

B.speciesofbirdsthatprotecttheirhomerangeswhenotherbirdsapproach

C.birdswhichfrequentlyclaimterritoriescoveringlargeamountsofland

D.twotypesofbirdsthatbecomeaggressiveduringthebreedingseason

第14題

Inparagraph2,whydoestheauthormentionMalegrouses?

A.Toexplainthereasonthattheydefendtheirhomerangesfromotherbirds

B.Tocomparethemannerinwhichtheyprotecttheirterritorywiththatofpenguins

C.Tostatethattheydonotusuallyattackotherbirdsoftheirownspecies

D.Todescribethebreedingdisplaysthattheyusetoattractfemalegrouses

第15題

Vocabulary

=toberelaxed

第16題

=noticeable

第17題

=theactoftrespassing

第18題

=distressed;upset

第19題

Mapping

Thefollowingchartshowsthestructureofthepassage.Fillintheblankswiththeappropriate

words.

圖片

第20題

Summary

Thefollowingisasummaryofthepassage.Fillintheblankswiththeappropriatewords.

Birdswanttocontrolthe20inwhichtheylive,sotheyprotecttheirhomeranges.Birds

suchaseaglesandhawkshaveverylargehomerangeswhile21haveverysmallones.

Birdsareusuallythemost22defendingtheirhomerangesduringthebreedingseasonor

whentheyhaveeggsintheirnests.Birdsdefendtheirhomerangesmostlyto23food

sources,tocompetefor24andtodefendnestsfullofeggsorchicks.Birdsoftendonot

makephysical25whendefendingtheirterritory.Instead,theyusewarningssuchas

26.However;theymay27aggressively,chaseotherbirds,andevenfightiftheyhave

to.

第21題

第22題

第23題

第24題

第25題

第26題

第27題

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（28~35/共56題）閱讀理解

AttilatheHun

AttilatheHunwastheleaderofatribeofEurasiannomadsthatinvadedtheRomanEmpirein

themid-fi代hcentury.Around370A.D.,theHunsappearedfromeastoftheVolgaRiverand

settledinthelandthatisHungarytoday.TheywarredagainstRomeandothertribes,andthey

overranpartsoftheEasternRomanEmpirebeforeinvadingtheWesternRomanEmpirewhile

underAttila'scommand.Theyemployedmountedarcherstoengageinmobilewarfare,andthey

developedreputationsforbeingfiercewarriorsfromwhomothersfledinterror.Eventually,the

RomansthemselvesbrandedAttilawiththemoniker"TheScourgeofGod."

Attila'sbirthdateisuncertain,butsomehistoriansplaceitaround406.TwoofAttila'suncles

ruledtogetherastheyfollowedacommonpracticeoftheHunsinvolvingjoint-rulebybrothers.

Duringthatperiod,theHunshadacordialrelationshipwiththeEasternRomans,whoemployed

theHunsasmercenariesfortheirwarswiththebarbarictribespushingagainsttheempire's

northernborders.In434,bothofAttila'sunclesdied,soAttilaandhisolderbrotherBleda

becametheco-rulersoftheHuns.

AftertheinitiationofsometroubleswiththeEasternRomanempire,thebrothersnegotiated

apeacethatbroughttheHunsagreatamountofwealthintheformoftributeandtheransoming

ofRomanprisoners.Butthispeaceonlylasteduntil440,whentheHunsandtheEasternRoman

Empirebeganbattlingeachotheragain.?By443,theHunarmyhadmarchedtothewallsof

Constantinople,thecapitaloftheEasternRomanEmpire,butthesoldierscouldnotgetpastthe

prominentdefenses;however,theyhaddefeatedRomanfieldarmies,so,onceagain,theRomans

negotiatedapeacerequiringthemtopayamuchlargertributeofgoldandhigherransomsfor

prisoners.?Satisfied,theHunsreturnedtotheirhomelands.?Then,in445,Bledadied,leaving

Attilaasthesoleruler.?

Attilathensetoutonhisgreatestcampaign:theinvasionoftheWesternRomanEmpire.The

impetusfortheinvasionwasamarriage.In450,Honoria,thesisterofValentinian,theemperor

oftheWesternRomanEmpire,hadwrittentoAttilaandrequestedhisassistancebecauseshe

wishedtoavoidanarrangedmarriagetoaRomansenator.Attilainterpretedherpleaasa

marriageproposal,claimedHonoriaashisbrideandhalfherbrother'sempireasherdowry,and

invadedthewest.TheHunsmarchedthroughtheGermaniclandsandinvadedGaulwhileallying

withothertribesalongtheway.

Attila'svasthostmettheRomansandtheirVisigothalliesattheBattleofChalonsin451.The

battleendedinastalematebuteffectivelyterminatedtheHuns'invasionofGaul.Ayearlater,a

problemwithsuppliesresultedinafailedinvasionofnorthernItaly,whichledtoadeclineinthe

Huns'fortunes.ThwartedinhisattempttomarryHonoria,Attilatookanewbridefroma

Germanictribein453.However,duringhisweddingnightfeast,Attilasufferedaseizureanddied.

Somehistoriansspeculatethatpoisonwasthecausewhileothersattributehisdeathtoheavy

drinking.Whateverthecase,Attila'sheirsfoughtoverwhowouldruletheHuns,whichdivided

themandresultedintheultimatedefeatoftheHunsatthehandsofaconfederationof

Germanictribes.

*cordial:friendly

*dowry:moneyorotheritemsofvalueabridegivestoherhusbandwhentheyaremarried

第28題

Vocabulary

=toname

第29題

=averylargegroup

第30題

=astimulation;amotivation

第31題

=atie

第32題

InferenceQuestion

Inparagraph3,theauthorimpliesthattheHuns

A.frequentlyviolatedthetermsoftheiragreementswiththeRomans

B.carriedoutraidsagainstmanysmalltownsintheEasternRomanEmpire

C.wereoccasionallydefeatedinfull-scalebattlesbyRomantroops

0.possessednoweaponsabletobreachthewallsofConstantinople

第33題

RhetoricalPurposeQuestion

Inparagraph5,whydoestheauthormentiontheBattleofChalons?

A.ToclaimthattheRomansconsidereditagreattriumph

B.IbstatehowtheHunsmanagedtolosesomeallies

C.ToexplaintheeffectthatithadontheHuns

D.ToarguethatithelpedimprovethepositionoftheHuns

第34題

InsertTextQuestion

Lookatthefoursquares[?]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothe

passage.

Howexactlythishappenedisunknown,butsomehavesuggestedthatAttilamurderedhisown

brother.

Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?

第35題

ProseSummaryQuestion

Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.Completethe

summarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasofthe

passage.Somesentencesdonotbelongbecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthe

passageorareminorideasinthepassage.

AttilatheHunsuccessfullyledhismeninbattlefirstagainsttheEasternRomanEmpireandthen

againsttheWesternRomanEmpireuntilhisdeath,

ANSWERCHOICES

?AttilamanagedtoattractmanyalliesashemarchedthroughGaulandthenwentontofight

theRomansbothinGaulandItaly.

②TheHunshadatraditioninwhichtwobrothersruledthetribetogether,soAttilabeganhis

leadershipoftheHunswithhisbrotherBleda.

③ThesisteroftheRomanemperorwrotetoAttilatobeghimforassistancesinceshewasbeing

forcedtomarryapersonshedidnotwantto.

④Attiladiedonhisweddingnightforsomereasonthatremainsunknowntohistoriansuptothe

presentday.

?WhiletheHunscouldnotforcetheirwayintoConstantinople,theyreceivedgoldandtribute

andwereabletoransomRomanprisoners.

⑥AttilaclaimedthatHonoria,theemperor'ssister,proposedtohim,sohebeganhisinvasionof

theRomanEmpireinthehopeofgainingmoreterritory.

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（36~43/共56題）閱讀理解

TheFirstTalkies

Motionpictureswereinventedlateinthenineteenthcentury,yetitwasnotuntilthe1920s

thattheyfeaturedsound.Priortothen,moviesweresilentbutwereusuallyaccompaniedby

printedwordsorsubtitlesonthescreentoserveasdialogueordescriptions.Manytheaters

additionallyemployedapianoplayerormusicrecordplayertoprovidelivemusicduringthe

showingofafilm.Silentfilmactorswerefamedfortheirabilitytoshowexpressiveemotions

ratherthantorecitedialogue,suchaswhatwasdoneduringstageddramaticperformances.

Whenthefirstsoundmotionpictures-talkies-cameout,however,thelandscapeofthemotion

pictureindustrychangedforever.

Sincemotionpictureswereinvented,peopledesiredtoincludesoundalongwiththemoving

images.Someearlydevicesutilizedsounddiscs,whichweresimilartorecordalbums,toproduce

soundsforshortfilms;however,thedifficultywasgettingthesoundsandimagestosynchronize.

Thiswasaproblematictaskbecausebothhadtobestartedatpreciselythesamemomentforthe

soundsandimagestomatch.Duetothisproblem,themotionpictureindustrysearchedfora

waytoputsoundsandimagesontoasinglemedium.By1920,severalEuropeaninventorshad

experiencedminorsuccessinputtingsoundwavesoncelluloidfilmstrips,butthetechnology

wasdeemedinadequateforlarge-scalemotionpictures.

Meanwhile,intheUnitedStates,inventorLeedeForreststrivedtoperfectrecordingsoundon

celluloid,and,bythemid-1920s,hehadsolvedtheproblem.Hestartedproducingshortsound

filmsforpublicexhibition.Atthesametime,otherinventorssuccessfullyworkedonsoundon

disctechnology,whichsynchronizedsoundsonarecorddiscwiththeimagesinafilm.Thefirst

majormotionpicturetotakeadvantageofthissystemwasDonJuan,whichpremieredinAugust

1926.Itusedrecordedmusicandsoundeffects,yetithadnorecordeddialogue,soitisusually

notconsideredthefirsttalkie.ThathonorwenttoTheJazzSinger,whichwasreleasedinOctober

1927.Itwasthefirstmajormotionpicturewithprerecordedmusic,effects,and,insomescenes,

singinganddialogue.TheJazzSingerusedsoundondisctechnology,butthestandardsoon

becamesoundoncelluloid,orfilm,duetothebettersynchronizationbetweensoundsand

imagesthatitprovided.

Atfirst,thebigHollywoodstudiosresistedchangingfromsilentmoviestotalkies.Amajor

issuewasthattheaters,whichwereownedbymanyofthemajorstudiosthen,wereunequipped

toprojecttalkies,soconvertingthemwouldbeexpensive.Therewerealsodifficultiesonmovie

setsasdirectorsandactorsstruggledwiththenewsoundrecordingtechnology.Neverthelessthe

successofTheJazzSingerandothertalkieschangedtheirminds.InJuly1928,LightsofNewYork,

thefirstfilmwithallitsdialoguerecordedandplayedfortheaudience,becameasmashhit.

Audienceswereamazedbythenewtechnologyandclamoredformoreastheywantedtosee

theirfavoritestarssingingandtalkingonthesilverscreen.Forthenextfewyears,studios

continuedtoproducebothsilentmoviesandtalkies.However,bythemid-1930s,moststudios

wereonlyproducingtalkiesassilentmoviespracticallydisappeared.

*subtitle:wordsinafilmthatareprintedatthebottomofascreen

*synchronize:tomatch;tocoordinate

*smashhit:ahugesuccess;abestseller

第36題

Vocabulary

=torepeatsomethingfrommemory

第37題

=totakeplaceforthefirsttime;toopen

第38題

=toconsider;tobelieve

第39題

=tocallfor

第40題

VocabularyQuestion

Thewordproblematicinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.challenging

B.dismaying

C.impossible

0.questionable

第41題

RhetoricalPurposeQuestion

TheauthordiscussesDonJuaninparagraph3inorderto

A.claimthatitshouldbeacknowledgedasthefirstfull-lengthtalkie

B.comparethedialogueusedinittothedialogueusedinr

C.mentionthatitlackedthedialoguethatmadeothertalkiessuccessful

D.pointoutthetechnologythatitwasthefirstfilmevertomakeuseof

第42題

NegativeFactualInformationQuestion

Inparagraph4,theauthor'sdescriptionoftalkiesmentionsallofthefollowingEXCEPT:

A.howprofitabletheywereincomparisontothesilentfilmsmadeinthe1920s

B.thetitleofthefilmthatencouragedaudiencestodemandmoretalkiesbemade

C.oneofthereasonsthattherewassomeinitialresistancetoproducingthem

D.whysomeperformershadtroubleduringthefilmingprocessofthemovies

第43題

ProseSummaryQuestion

Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.Completethe

summarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasofthe

passage.Somesentencesdonotbelongbecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthe

passageorareminorideasinthepassage.

Oncethetechnicalrequirementsformakingtalkieswereperfected,studiosbegantofilmthem,

andtheybecamepopularwithaudiences.

ANSWERCHOICES

?LeedeForrestandotherinventorslearnedtheprocessofhowtoputsoundonbothcelluloid

anddisc.

②Manyactorsinsilentfilmscouldnotmakethetransitiontotalkiessincefilmingthemrequired

acompletelydifferenttypeofacting.

?LightsofNewYorkwasatalkiewithallitsdialoguerecorded,anditwassosuccessfulthatit

convincedstudiostocreatemoretalkies.

④DonJuanandTheJazzSingerweretwoofthefirstfilmsthatusedsoundondisctechnology,

andthelatterisconsideredthefirsttalkie.

⑤Manymovietheatershiredpianoplayerstoplaylivemusicfortheiraudienceswhiletheywere

watchingfilms.

⑥Moststudiosreleasedbothtalkiesandsilentmoviesinthe1930ssincetheywereabletoprofit

frombothofthem.

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（44~56/共56題）閱讀理解

TheUnsaturatedandSaturatedZones

ThetwoprimarydivisionsintheupperlayersoftheEartharecalledtheunsaturatedand

saturatedzones.Thesetwotermsrefertotheamountofwaterthateachzoneholdsinaddition

totheabilityofthatwatertomove.Eachzonehasspecialcharacteristicsthatmakethe

movementofwaterpossibleornotbasedprimarilyontheamountofsoilandthetypesofrocks

foundintheground.Thesezonesdonothavedefinedlimits,theirdepthsmayvaryconsiderably,

andtheyarebothvitalforagricultureandforuseassourcesoffreshwaterforanimals,plants,

andpeople.

Theunsaturatedzoneisfoundintheupperlevelofthesoil,wherewatermaybeconfinedin

smallspacesbetweenparticlesofsoilandrocks.Becauseofthegreateramountofsoilandrock

comparedtowater;waterhasadifficulttimemovingthroughtheunsaturatedzone.Itismore

restrainedandcompressedthanwaterlocatedinthesaturatedzonebeneathit.Moresolidrock,

suchasgranite,permitswaterlittlemovementwhilemoreporousrocksandsoil,suchassand

andclay,allowwatergreatermovement.Nevertheless,despitethesolidityoftheunsaturated

zone,watercanstillmovethroughitbyflowingbothupwardanddownward.Rainwaterseeps

throughittothesaturatedzonewhileplantrootsystemsdrawwaterfromthiszone,which

makesitacrucialcomponentforplantsurvivability.

Thesaturatedzoneliesbeneaththeunsaturatedzone,anditsupperleveliscommonlycalled

thewatertable,inthesaturatedzone,waterflowsmorefreelybecausethereislesssolidrockto

interferewithit.Thedepthofthesaturatedzonedependsuponavarietyoffactors,including

whattypeofrockandsoilareunderneathit,theamountofrainfalltheareagets,thepresenceof

nearbyriversandlakes,andtheamountofwaterthatisconsumedbyhumans.Layersofsolid

bedrockbeneaththesaturatedzonelimititsdepthwhilethepresenceofmoreporousrocksand

soilcausesittobedeeper.Heavyrainfallmeansthatmorewaterseepsintoitandthatwater

existsingreaterconcentrations.Riversandlakes,however,tendtodrainwaterfromthe

saturatedzoneassomegeologistsestimatethatuptothirtypercentofthewaterinsomerivers

comesfromthesaturatedzone.Finally,whenhumansdigwellstotakewaterfromtheground,

thesaturatedzonegetsdepletedofwater.

Theareabetweentheunsaturatedandsaturatedzonesisanarrowregionthathasbeen

termedthecapillaryfringezone.Inthisplace,whichvariesinthicknessfromafewcentimetersto

morethanhalfameter;thewaterinthesaturatedzoneisdrawnupbycapillaryactionintothe

unsaturatedzone.Thedistancethewatermovesupwarddependsuponthetypesofrocksand

soil.Iftherocksandsoiltherehavelargepores,onlyasmallamountofwaterwillbedrawnupa

relativelysmalldistance.Iftherocksandsoilhavesmallerpores,however,morewaterwillbe

drawnup,anditwilltravelagreaterdistanceintotheunsaturatedzone.Thereasonisthat

capillaryactionworksbetterinobjectswithsmallerporesduetothepropertiesofliquidsurface

tension,whichisrequiredforcapillaryaction.

Thehumanusageofwaterfromthesaturatedzonecanhavetremendouseffectsonthe

environmentastakingtoomuchwaterforbothagricultureandhumanconsumptioncanhave

disastrousresults.Insomeplaces,thelossofwaterfromthesaturatedzonecausesthe

subsidenceoftheunsaturatedzone,resultinginlargedepressionsinthesurfaceoftheland.In

othercases,overconsumptioncancausethedisruptionofagriculture.Forexample,oneofthe

largestsaturatedzonesintheUnitedStates,theOgallalaAquiferintheMidwest,has170,000

wellspumpingtwentytrillioncubicmetersofwatertothesurfaceannually.Theresultofthis

extractionhasbeenanaveragedropinthedepthofthewatertableofalmostfourmetersinthe

pastfewdecades,andtherehavebeenextremedropsofasmuchassixtymetersinsomeregions

inKansas.Thishasledtoadeclineinagricultureandanincreaseinthecostofpumpingwaterup

fromthesaturatedzone.

第44題

Thewordtheyinthepassagerefersto

A.theamountofsoilandthetypesofrocks

B.thesezones

C.definedlimits

D.theirdepths

第45題

Accordingtoparagraph1,whichofthefollowingistrueoftheunsaturatedandsaturatedzones?

A.Theirpositionscansometimesbereverseddependinguponhowmuchmoistureisinthesoil.

B.Eachofthesetworegionsiscapableofholdingroughlythesameamountofwater.

C.Howdeepintothegroundtheydescendisconsistentinregionsallaroundtheplanet.

D.Watercanbeextractedfrombothofthemforusagebyvarioustypesoforganisms.

第46題

Thephraseconfinedininthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.movedtoward

B.suckedfrom

C.elevatedto

0.restrictedto

第47題

Inparagraph2,theauthorusessandandclayasexamplesof

A.soilthatletswatermovefreelythroughitonaccountofitsphysi