計算機專業(yè)英語03 Computer system

Text1ComputerOrganizationUnit3 ComputerSystemText2SystemBusText3InstructionCycleText4DesignGoalsofComputerArchitectureText1ComputerOrganizationVocabularyandKeywords（生詞和關(guān)鍵詞）Notes（注釋）TermsandTips（術(shù)語和提示信息）Nowlet'slookatourcomputerdefinition:Acomputerisafastandaccuratesystem（Figure3-1）.Itisorganizedtoaccept,store,andprocessdataandproduceoutputresults[1]（Figure3-2）.Thissectionwillexplainwhyacomputerisasystemandhowacomputersystemisorganized[2].Keyelementsinacomputersystemincludeinputdevices,CentralProcessingUnit(CPU),memoryandoutputdevices.Figure3-1ComputerFigure3-2Computerorganization(1)InputDevicesComputersystemsusemanydevicesforinputpurpose.Mostinputdevicesallowdirecthuman/machinecommunication.Directinputdevicesinclude:

keyboard;

mouse;

inputpen;

touchscreen;

microphone.(2)CPUTheheartofanycomputersystemistheCPU.TherearetwomainsectionsfoundintheCPUofatypicalpersonalcomputersystem[3]:

thearithmetic-logicsection;

thecontrolsection.ThesetwosectionsarefoundinCPUsofallsizes.(3)MemoryMemoryisalsoknownasprimarystorage,internalstorage,ittemporarilyholdsdata,programinstructions,andinformation.Oneofthemostimportantfactstoknowaboutmemoryisthatpartofitscontentisheldonlytemporarily.Inotherwords,itisstoredonlyaslongasthecomputeristurnedon.

Whenyouturnthemachineoff,thecontentimmediatelyvanishs.(4)OutputDevicesLikeinputdevices,outputdevicesareinstrumentsofinterpretationandcommunicationbetweenhumansandcomputersystems[4].ThesedevicesconvertoutputresultsfromtheCPUintoaformthatcanbeusedbypeople.

Inpersonalcomputersystems,displayscreenanddesktopprinters（Figure3-3）arepopularoutputdevices[5].

Theinput/outputdevicesaresometimescalledperipheraldevices.

BecausethesedevicesarenotapartoftheCPU,theyareoftenlocatednearit.Figure3-3printerdefinition[

defi'ni

?n]n.定義，解說，精確度，（輪廓、影像等的）清晰度 構(gòu)詞法：definev.定義→definitionaccurate['?kjur?t]adj.正確的，精確的

symbol['simb?l]n.符號，記號

manipulate[m?'nipjuleit]v.（熟練地）操作，使用（機器等），巧妙地處理 例：Hetriedtomanipulatestockprices.他試圖操縱股價。

communication[k?

mju:ni'kei

?n]n.傳達，信息，交通，通信 構(gòu)詞法：communicate→communicationVocabularyandKeywords（生詞和關(guān)鍵詞）magnetically[m?

'netikli]adv.有磁力地，有魅力地 構(gòu)詞法：magneticadj.有吸引力的→magneticallymicrophone['maikr?f?un]n.麥克風interpretation[

nt?:pri'tei

?n]n.解釋 構(gòu)詞法：interpret→interpretationinstrument['instrum?nt]n.工具commonly['k

m?nli]adv.普通地，一般地構(gòu)詞法：common→commonlyperipheral[p?'rif?r?l]adj.外圍的n.外圍設(shè)備[1]Itisorganizedtoaccept,store,andprocessdataandproduceoutputresults.data是toaccept,tostore和toprocess共同的賓語，含義是“接收、存儲和處理數(shù)據(jù)”。譯文：這一系統(tǒng)用于接收、存儲、處理數(shù)據(jù)，并可以產(chǎn)生輸出結(jié)果。Notes（注釋）[2]Thissectionwillexplainwhyacomputerisasystemandhowacomputersystemisorganized.why和how分別引導(dǎo)賓語從句，由and連接。譯文：本節(jié)將要說明為什么計算機是一個系統(tǒng)以及計算機系統(tǒng)是如何組成的。[3]TherearetwomainsectionsfoundintheCPUofatypicalpersonalcomputersystem.Thereare…，表示存在；atypicalpersonalcomputersystem，一個典型的個人計算機系統(tǒng)。譯文：一臺典型的個人計算機系統(tǒng)的CPU由兩部分組成。[4]Likeinputdevices,outputdevicesareinstrumentsofinterpretationandcommunicationbetweenhumansandcomputersystems.between后的句子可以看作是解釋instrumentsofinterpretationandcommunication的定語成分。譯文：像輸入設(shè)備一樣，輸出設(shè)備是人與計算機系統(tǒng)之間進行解釋和交流的工具。[5]Inpersonalcomputersystems,displayscreenanddesktopprintersarepopularoutputdevices.displayscreen，顯示屏或顯示器；desktopprinters，臺式打印機。譯文：在個人計算機系統(tǒng)中，常用的輸出設(shè)備是顯示器和臺式打印機。Bluetooth：藍牙（Figure3-4），頻率為2.45GHz的通用無線電通信接口，通過一個特殊的網(wǎng)絡(luò)可以在各種便攜設(shè)備之間建立起無線連接并進行短程通信。TermsandTips（術(shù)語和提示信息）Figure3-4BluetoothlogoInstructionRegister：指令寄存器。StorageRegister：緩沖寄存器。FlagRegister：標志寄存器。Identifier：標識符。InlineProcessing：內(nèi)處理。ISDN：IntegratedServicesDigitalNetwork（綜合業(yè)務(wù)數(shù)字網(wǎng)），從現(xiàn)存的電話服務(wù)系統(tǒng)發(fā)展起來的高速數(shù)字通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)，可以傳送聲音，也能以數(shù)字形式傳輸計算機信息、音樂和視頻。OCR：OpticalCharacterRecognition（光學字符識別），將文字材料通過掃描儀輸入計算機，然后通過軟件識別為中文或英文內(nèi)碼，然后進行文字處理。Text2SystemBusVocabularyandKeywords（生詞和關(guān)鍵詞）Notes（注釋）TermsandTips（術(shù)語和提示信息）Physically,abusisasetofwires.Thesystembus（Figure3-6）isdividedintothreelogicalfunctions[1]:

addressbus;

databus;

controlbus.Figure3-6SystembusWhentheCPUreadsdataorinstructionsfromorwritesdatatomemory,itmustspecifytheaddressofthememorylocationitwishestoaccess[2].Itoutputsthisaddresstotheaddressbus;memoryinputsthisaddressfromtheaddressbusandusesittoaccessthepropermemorylocation.Dataistransferredviathedatabus.

WhentheCPUfetchesdatafrommemory,itfirstoutputsthememoryaddressonitsaddressbus.Thenmemoryoutputsthedataontothedatabus;theCPUcanthenreadthedatafromthedatabus.

Whenwritingdatatomemory,

theCPUfirstoutputstheaddressontotheaddressbus[3],thenoutputsthedataontothedatabus.

Memorythenreadsandstoresthedataattheproperlocation.Thecontrolbusisacollectionofindividualcontrolsignals.ThesesignalsindicatewhetherdataistobereadintoorwrittenoutoftheCPU,whethertheCPUisaccessingmemoryoranI/Odevice,andwhethertheI/Odeviceormemoryisreadytotransferdata[4].asetof一組instruction[in'str

k

?n]n.命令，指令proper['pr

p?]adj.合適的fetch[fet

]v.取來，獲取acollectionofn.一些，一批divide[di'vaid]v.劃分specify['spesifai]v.詳述，指定via['vai?]prep.通過（某人），經(jīng)過store[st

:]v.存放individual[

indi'vidju?l]adj.個別的VocabularyandKeywords（生詞和關(guān)鍵詞）[1]Thesystembusisdividedintothreelogicalfunctions.

該句是一個典型的被動句。譯文：系統(tǒng)總線的功能在邏輯上被劃分為三部分。Notes（注釋）[2]WhentheCPUreadsdataorinstructionsfromorwritesdatatomemory,itmustspecifytheaddressofthememorylocationitwishestoaccess.readsdataorinstructionsfrom和writesdatato是并列結(jié)構(gòu)，介詞from和to的賓語都是memory，前者的含義是從存儲器中讀取數(shù)據(jù)或指令，后者的含義是把數(shù)據(jù)寫入存儲器。譯文：當CPU從存儲器讀取數(shù)據(jù)或指令，或?qū)憯?shù)據(jù)到存儲器時，它必須指明將要訪問的存儲器單元地址。[3]Whenwritingdatatomemory,theCPUfirstoutputstheaddressontotheaddressbus.Whenwritingdatatomemory是時間狀語從句，whendoingsth是一種常用結(jié)構(gòu)。譯文：當CPU向存儲器中寫數(shù)據(jù)時，它首先將地址輸出到地址總線上。[4]ThesesignalsindicatewhetherdataistobereadintoorwrittenoutoftheCPU,whethertheCPUisaccessingmemoryoranI/Odevice,andwhethertheI/Odeviceormemoryisreadytotransferdata.

這一句中3個whether引導(dǎo)的賓語從句構(gòu)成并列結(jié)構(gòu)，作為indicate的賓語。譯文：這些信號用來指示數(shù)據(jù)是要讀入CPU還是要從CPU寫出，CPU是要訪問存儲器還是要訪問I/O設(shè)備，是I/O設(shè)備還是存儲器準備就緒傳送數(shù)據(jù)等等? Macroname：宏名稱。宏是一種抽象的，根據(jù)一系列預(yù)定義的規(guī)則進行替換一定的文本模式。例如Excel辦公軟件中編制的程序就叫“宏”。? memorymodel：內(nèi)存模式。? menubar：菜單條。? menucommand：菜單命令。TermsandTips（術(shù)語和提示信息）? SystemBus：系統(tǒng)總線，將微機各功能部件連接成一個完整微機系統(tǒng)，包括數(shù)據(jù)總線DB（DataBus）、地址總線AB（AddressBus）和控制總線CB（ControlBus）。? MEMORY：存儲器是存儲各種信息（如程序和數(shù)據(jù)等）的部件或裝置。存儲器分為主存儲器（內(nèi)存）和輔助存儲器（外存）。? I/O：輸入或輸出設(shè)備。計算機常用的輸入設(shè)備有鍵盤、鼠標、掃描儀等，常用的輸出設(shè)備有顯示器和打印機等。? MemoryLocation：存儲單元，一般應(yīng)具有存儲數(shù)據(jù)和讀寫數(shù)據(jù)的功能，一般以8位二進制作為一個存儲單元，也就是一個字節(jié)。每個單元有一個地址，是一個整數(shù)編碼，可以表示為二進制整數(shù)。Text3InstructionCycleVocabularyandKeywords（生詞和關(guān)鍵詞）Notes（注釋）TermsandTips（術(shù)語和提示信息）Theinstructioncycle（Figure3-8）istheprocedureamicroprocessorgoesthroughtoprocessaninstruction[1].Thestepsinclude:

Fetch;

Decode;

Execute.Let'sstartwherethecomputerstarts,withthemicroprocessorfetchingtheinstructionfrommemory[2].

First,themicroprocessorplacestheaddressoftheinstructionontotheaddressbus.Thememorysubsysteminputsthisaddressanddecodesittoaccessthedesiredmemorylocation[3].

Atthispoint,themicroprocessorhasfetchedtheinstruction.Next,themicroprocessordecodestheinstruction.Eachinstructionmayrequireadifferentsequenceofoperationstoexecutetheinstruction.Whenthemicroprocessordecodestheinstruction,itdetermineswhichinstructionitisinordertoselectthecorrectsequenceofoperationstoperform[4].Thisisdoneentirelywithinthemicroprocessor;itdoesnotusethesystembuses.Finally,themicroprocessorexecutestheinstruction.Thesequenceofoperationstoexecutetheinstructionvariesfrominstructiontoinstruction.instructioncycle指令周期

place[pleis]v.

放置

atthispoint這時候，此時此刻

require[ri'kwai?]v.

要求

inorderto為了

entirely[in‘tai?li]adv.

完全地

include[in'klu:d]v.

包括

access['?kses]v.

進入

decode[

di:'k?ud]v.

譯碼

execute['eksikju:t]v.

執(zhí)行

perform[p?'f

:m]v.

執(zhí)行VocabularyandKeywords（生詞和關(guān)鍵詞）[1]Theinstructioncycleistheprocedureamicroprocessorgoesthroughtoprocessaninstruction.amicroprocessorgoesthroughtoprocessaninstruction是定語從句，省略了引導(dǎo)詞that。譯文：指令周期是微處理器完成一條指令處理的步驟。Notes（注釋）[2]Let'sstartwherethecomputerstarts,withthemicroprocessorfetchingtheinstructionfrommemory.wherethecomputerstarts為地點狀語從句，表示“我們從計算機開始工作的地方講起”。譯文：我們從微處理器從存儲器中讀取指令開始講述。[3]Thememorysubsysteminputsthisaddressanddecodesittoaccessthedesiredmemorylocation.inputsthisaddress（輸入地址）和decodesit（譯碼）是兩個并列的動作。

toaccessthedesiredmemorylocation是目的狀語。譯文：存儲器子系統(tǒng)從總線上輸入該地址并予以譯碼，去訪問指定的存儲單元。[4]Whenthemicroprocessordecodestheinstruction,itdetermineswhichinstructionitisinordertoselectthecorrectsequenceofoperationstoperform.whichinstructionitis是賓語從句。inorderto表達一種目的。譯文：當微處理器對該指令譯碼時，它確定處理的是哪一條指令以便選擇正確的操作序列去執(zhí)行。? microprocessor：微處理器。

用一片或少數(shù)幾片大規(guī)模集成電路組成的中央處理器。這些電路執(zhí)行控制部件和算術(shù)邏輯部件的功能，能完成獲取指令、執(zhí)行指令，以及與外界存儲器和邏輯部件交換信息等操作。? decode：指令進入CPU之后，控制元件會先進行指令解碼（decode），執(zhí)行對應(yīng)的微程序，發(fā)出不同的信號完成該指令所需要完成的各項功能。TermsandTips（術(shù)語和提示信息）? deletepartitionorlogicaldosdrive：刪除分區(qū)或邏輯DOS驅(qū)動器。? deletesadirectoryandallthesubdirectoriesandfilesinit：刪除一個目錄和所有的子目錄及其中的所有文件。? devicedriver：設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序。? dialogbox：對話框。? directorystructure：目錄結(jié)構(gòu)。? diskaccess：磁盤存取。Text4DesignGoalsofComputerArchitectureVocabularyandKeywords（生詞和關(guān)鍵詞）Notes（注釋）TermsandTips（術(shù)語和提示信息）Themostcommongoalsincomputerarchitecture（Figure3-7）revolvearoundthetradeoffsbetweencostandperformance(i.e.speed),althoughotherconsiderations,suchassize,weight,reliability,featureset,expandabilityandpowerconsumption,maybefactorsaswell[1].Generallycostisheldconstant,determinedbyeithersystemorcommercialrequirement[2].Figure3-7ComputerarchitectureComputerperformanceisoftendescribedintermofclockspeed(usuallyinGHz).ThisreferstothecyclespersecondofthemainclockoftheCPU.

However,thismetricissomewhatmisleading,asamachinewithahigherclockratemaynotnecessarilyhavehigherperformance[3].AsaresultmanufacturerslikeAMDhavemovedawayfromclockspeedasameasureofperformance.ModernCPUscanexecutemultipleinstructionsperclockcycle,whichdramaticallyspeedupaprogram[4].Otherfactorsinfluencespeed,suchasbusspeeds,availablememory,andthetypeandorderofinstructionsinprogramsbeingrun.architecture['

:kitekt

?]n.結(jié)構(gòu)

revolvearound圍繞

tradeoff['treid

:f]n.平衡

consideration[k?n

sid?'rei

?n]n.考慮

reliability[ri

lai?'bil?ti]n.可靠性

consumption[k?n's

mp

?n]n.消耗

clockspeed時鐘速度VocabularyandKeywords（生詞和關(guān)鍵詞）metric['metrik]n.計量

somewhat['s

mhw

t]adv.有點

mislead[

mis'li:d]v.誤導(dǎo)

manufacturer[

m?nju'f?kt

?r?]n.制造商

multiple['m

ltipl]adj.多樣的

dramatically[dr?'m?tik?li]adv.極大地[1]Themostcommongoalsincomputerarchitecturerevolvearoundthetradeoffsbetweencostandperformance(i.e.speed),althoughotherconsiderations,suchassize