口譯二級(jí)實(shí)務(wù)衛(wèi)生與健康練習(xí)試卷1（共8題）

口譯二級(jí)實(shí)務(wù)衛(wèi)生與健康練習(xí)試卷1（共4套）（共8題）口譯二級(jí)實(shí)務(wù)衛(wèi)生與健康練習(xí)試卷第1套一、聽(tīng)力漢譯英(本題共2題，每題1.0分，共2分。)1、自1月27日至3月16日，我國(guó)有16個(gè)省(市、自治區(qū))相繼發(fā)生高致病性禽流感疫情，對(duì)人民群眾的財(cái)產(chǎn)和健康安全構(gòu)成嚴(yán)重威脅。面對(duì)突發(fā)疫情，黨中央、國(guó)務(wù)院高度重視，緊急部署，及時(shí)啟動(dòng)防治高致病性禽流感應(yīng)急預(yù)案，成立全國(guó)防治高致病性禽流感指揮部。//在黨中央、國(guó)務(wù)院的堅(jiān)強(qiáng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，各地區(qū)、各部門加強(qiáng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、密切配合，依靠科學(xué)、依法防治，群防群控、果斷處置，以對(duì)人民群眾高度負(fù)責(zé)的精神，認(rèn)真落實(shí)各項(xiàng)防治措施。//經(jīng)過(guò)一個(gè)多月的努力，高致病性禽流感疫情得到迅速控制。隨著今天廣西南寧市和西藏拉薩市疫區(qū)的解除封鎖，我國(guó)前一階段確診的49起高致病性禽流感疫情已全部撲滅，全國(guó)已有29天沒(méi)有接到新的高致病性禽流感報(bào)告，也沒(méi)有發(fā)生人的感染。高致病性禽流感阻擊戰(zhàn)取得了階段性成果。//這個(gè)成績(jī)來(lái)之不易，是黨中央、國(guó)務(wù)院果斷決策、堅(jiān)強(qiáng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的結(jié)果；是各地區(qū)、各部門密切配合，共同努力的結(jié)果；是人民群眾特別是疫區(qū)廣大干部群眾團(tuán)結(jié)奮戰(zhàn)的結(jié)果；是全國(guó)畜牧獸醫(yī)戰(zhàn)線的同志們無(wú)私奉獻(xiàn)、忘我工作的結(jié)果。//但是，我們應(yīng)該看到，當(dāng)前防治工作形勢(shì)依然嚴(yán)峻。從動(dòng)物傳染病的流行規(guī)律看，如果不加強(qiáng)防范，疫情還有可能出現(xiàn)反復(fù)。//主要有以下幾個(gè)因素：一是水禽帶毒的現(xiàn)象仍然存在；二是隨著北方大部分地區(qū)氣候轉(zhuǎn)暖，候鳥(niǎo)大范圍遷徙，可能造成病源傳播；三是隨著各地家禽的大量補(bǔ)欄和長(zhǎng)途販運(yùn)的增加，跨區(qū)域傳播的可能也在增加；四是我國(guó)周邊國(guó)家和地區(qū)還有疫情，傳入的威脅依然存在；//五是我國(guó)家禽養(yǎng)殖量大，分布面廣，很多地方防疫條件較差，防疫難度大的問(wèn)題沒(méi)有得到根本解決。因此，高致病性禽流感疫情反復(fù)的可能性很大，防治工作絲毫不能松懈。//(節(jié)選自農(nóng)業(yè)部禽流感防治工作新聞發(fā)言人賈幼陵于2004年3月16日在記者招待會(huì)上的講話“中國(guó)防治高致病性禽流感取得階段性成果”)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：FromJan.27toMarch16,HPAI(HighlyPathogenicAvianInfluenza)hit16provinces(municipalities,autonomousregions)ofChina,posingabigthreattopeople’spropertiesandhealth.Confrontedwiththesuddenoutbreakofthedisease,theCentralPartyCommittee(CPC)andtheStateCouncilpaidcloseattentiontoitspreventionandcontrol,madeemergentarrangements,implementedthecontingencyplanandestablishedtheNationalHPAIPreventionandControlHeadquarters.//UnderthestrongleadershipoftheCPCandtheStateCouncil,allgovernmentdepartmentsandlocalitiesactedincompliancewiththeprincipleofstrongleadership,soundcooperation,relianceonscienceandlaws,participatoryapproachanddecisiveintervention,andearnestlyimplementedvariouscontrolmeasures,beatinginmindthegreatresponsibilityforthepeople.//Withtheeffortsformorethanonemonth,HPAIhasbeenbroughtundercontrol.WiththeliftingofthecordonstodayintheinfectedareasinNanning,Guangxi,andinLhasaTibet,all49casesofHPAIconfirmedinthepastinChinahavebeenstampedout.Forthepast29days,neithernewHPAIcasesnorcasesofhumaninfectionhavebeenreported.ThefightagainstHPAIhasachievedaninitialsuccess.//Thisisahard-earnedachievement.ItisattributedtothestrongleadershipandresolutedecisionoftheCPCandtheStateCouncil,totheclosecooperationandjointeffortsofvariousdepartmentsandlocalities,andtotheunityandhardworkofthepeople,especiallythoseintheaffectedareas,andalsototheselflessdevotionandhardworkofthoseinvolvedinanimalhusbandryandhealth.//Weshould,however,awarethatthesituationisstillgraveforthediseasepreventionandcontrol,Inlightofthespreadingpracticeoftheanimalepidemics,wemaysufferarelapseofHPAIunlesspreventivemeasuresareintensified.//Itisbecause:a)therearestillwaterfowlsthatcarrythevirus;b)withtheweatherwarmingupinmostpartsofthenorth,migratorybirdswillflynorthwardsonalargescale,whichmayresultinthespreadofthepathogen;c)therewillbemorechancesforthetrans-regionalspreadofthediseaseastherewillbemorelongdistancetransportationofpoultryandsubstantialreplenishmentofbirdsinthepoultryproduction;d)thediseasestillexistsinsomecountriesorregionssurroundingChina,hencethereistheriskofthediseasespreadingintoChina;//e)thetremendousdifficultiesencounteredinthediseasepreventionandcontrolhavenotbeenovercomeattheroot,sincethepoultryproductionisalargeindustryandiswidelydistributedoverthecountry.Manyplacesstillsufferfromverypoorconditionsfordiseasecontrol.Therefore,thereisagreatpossibilityofHPAIcomingagain,andweshouldnotslackoffinitspreventionandcontrol.//(Excerptsfrom"ChinaHasAchievedInitialStageSuccessofHPAIControl",aspeechmadebyJiaYouling,MOASpokesmanforHPAIControlonMarch16,2004)知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無(wú)解析2、針對(duì)當(dāng)前的形勢(shì)，農(nóng)業(yè)部要求各級(jí)畜牧獸醫(yī)行政管理部門一定要按照全國(guó)防治高致病性禽流感指揮部的總體部署，總結(jié)前段防治工作的經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)，將防治工作做得更加深入。//各地要繼續(xù)保持高度戒備，做到思想不麻痹，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)不削弱，工作不松懈，確保機(jī)構(gòu)的繼續(xù)有效運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，確保各項(xiàng)防治措施的落實(shí)，確保出現(xiàn)疫情后具有足夠的快速反應(yīng)能力。同時(shí)，針對(duì)我國(guó)動(dòng)物防疫體系的薄弱環(huán)節(jié)，我們將著手建立動(dòng)物防疫工作的長(zhǎng)效機(jī)制，全面提高我國(guó)動(dòng)物疫病控制能力//在不放松防治工作的同時(shí)，當(dāng)前比較緊迫的是，要抓住有利時(shí)機(jī)，促進(jìn)國(guó)內(nèi)消費(fèi)，幫助消費(fèi)者和生產(chǎn)者樹(shù)立信心，幫助農(nóng)戶和企業(yè)盡快恢復(fù)生產(chǎn)，促進(jìn)家禽業(yè)發(fā)展，努力減少疫情帶來(lái)的損失。//2月份，國(guó)務(wù)院出臺(tái)了扶持家禽生產(chǎn)的8項(xiàng)措施，受到廣大家禽生產(chǎn)者、加工者的熱，烈歡迎，目前各地正在加緊貫徹落實(shí)。在此基礎(chǔ)上，我們還將對(duì)重點(diǎn)種禽場(chǎng)特別是因禽流感疫情受損嚴(yán)重種禽場(chǎng)的建設(shè)加以支持，切實(shí)穩(wěn)定種禽生產(chǎn)能力。//積極引導(dǎo)家禽業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)變生產(chǎn)方式，鼓勵(lì)發(fā)展養(yǎng)殖小區(qū)，推行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、規(guī)范化生產(chǎn)，改善防疫條件。//只要我們統(tǒng)籌兼顧，堅(jiān)持一手抓動(dòng)物疫病防治，一手抓發(fā)展生產(chǎn)，就一定能最大限度地降低這次疫情帶來(lái)的損失，最大限度地維護(hù)農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)和農(nóng)民收入的穩(wěn)定增長(zhǎng)，保護(hù)人民群眾的身體健康//(節(jié)選自農(nóng)業(yè)部禽流感防治工作新聞發(fā)言人賈幼陵于2004年3月16日在記者招待會(huì)上的講話“中國(guó)防治高致病性禽流感取得階段性成果”)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：Inlightofthecurrentsituation,MinistryofAgriculturecallsonthecompetentanimalhusbandryandveterinaryauthoritiestofollowupwiththeplansoftheNationalHPAIPreventionandControlHeadquartersandsumuptheexperiencetheyhaveobtainedinpastfewweekssoastofurtherintensifytheworkforcombatingtheepidemic.//Localagenciesmustkeepvigilanceandavoidlaxinmind,actionandleadershipsoastokeeptheirfunctionsrunningsmoothly,makesureallmeasuresareinplaceandtherewillbequickresponseoncetheepidemicoccursagain.Moreover.asthereareweaknessesintheexistingsystem,aneffectiveandlong-termepizooticpreventionmechanismistobedevelopedinordertoenhancetheoverallcontrolcapacityacrossthecountry.//Whileintensifyingtheeffortsinpreventionandcontrol,thecurrentpressingissueistotaketheopportunitytostimulateconsumption.Wewillhelpproducersandconsumerstoestablishconfidence,helpfarmersandenterprisestoresumetheirproductionandbusinesssoastominimizethelosses.//InFebruary,theStateCouncilreleased8measurestobeefupthepoultryindustry,whichhaswontheheartyapprovalofproducersandprocessors.Now.themeasuresarebeingimplemented.Inaddition,supportwillbegiventothekeybreedingstockfarms,withthosesufferinggravestlossinparticular,soastostabilizethebreedingcapacity.//Effortswillalsobemadetoguidethepoultryindustrytoalterfarmingpatternsbyencouragingtheestablishmentofspecialpoultryfarmingzones,standardizethepoultryfarmingandimprovetheconditionsfordiseasecontrol.//Solongaswemakeoverallplansandtakeallfactorsintoconsiderationwhilepursuingtheintensifiedworkofanimaldiseasecontrolandpreventionontheonehand,andstrengtheningproductionontheother,wewillsurelyminimizethelosses,greatlysafeguardthestablegrowthforruraleconomyandforfarmers’incomeandprotectconsumers’health.//(Excerptsfrom"ChinaHasAchievedInitialStageSuccessofHPAIControl",aspeechmadebyJiaYouling,MOASpokesmanforHPAIControlonMarch16,2004)知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無(wú)解析口譯二級(jí)實(shí)務(wù)衛(wèi)生與健康練習(xí)試卷第2套一、聽(tīng)力漢譯英(本題共2題，每題1.0分，共2分。)1、臺(tái)灣當(dāng)局和少數(shù)國(guó)家宣稱臺(tái)灣因?yàn)槲茨芗尤隬HO影響了防治SARS，這完全違背事實(shí)海峽兩岸中國(guó)人民根連根、心連心。臺(tái)灣發(fā)生SARS疫情后，中國(guó)中央政府十分關(guān)心，迅速采取了一系列加強(qiáng)兩岸交流與合作的措施。//除通過(guò)醫(yī)學(xué)專業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)向臺(tái)灣同行傳送有關(guān)SARS疫情、防治技術(shù)和政策方面的信息外，我們邀請(qǐng)臺(tái)灣專業(yè)人員來(lái)大陸的廣州和北京實(shí)地考察SARS防治工作。//4月下旬，中國(guó)大陸有關(guān)醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生團(tuán)體組織與臺(tái)灣有關(guān)衛(wèi)生團(tuán)體召開(kāi)了“海峽兩岸預(yù)防控制SARS學(xué)術(shù)研討會(huì)”，臺(tái)灣醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生專家出席。5月9日，兩岸以電視電話形式聯(lián)合舉辦SARS研討會(huì)，北京、廣東、臺(tái)灣三地專家參加了會(huì)議。//大陸與臺(tái)灣的同行一起探討了有關(guān)防疫的學(xué)術(shù)問(wèn)題，取得了很好的效果。中國(guó)疾病預(yù)防控制中心還向臺(tái)灣有關(guān)防病部門提供了SARS檢測(cè)試劑。中國(guó)紅十字會(huì)還向臺(tái)灣紅十字會(huì)提出向臺(tái)灣捐贈(zèng)防治SARS的醫(yī)用物資。//與此同時(shí)，中國(guó)中央政府同意WHO派專家赴臺(tái)考察SARS疫情，同意臺(tái)灣醫(yī)學(xué)專家出席WHO將于6月舉行的SARS全球科學(xué)會(huì)議。兩岸同胞，血濃于水。我們多次表示，如果臺(tái)灣方面還需要WHO的其它信息和技術(shù)援助，只要向中央政府提出，我們一定會(huì)積極考慮。//然而，正當(dāng)海峽兩岸醫(yī)務(wù)專家為防治SARS攜手合作之際，臺(tái)灣當(dāng)局卻把SARS作為搞分裂活動(dòng)的政治工具，以金錢為誘餌，鼓動(dòng)少數(shù)國(guó)家為其參與世界衛(wèi)生大會(huì)搖旗吶喊。//它們的根本目的并不在于發(fā)展衛(wèi)生事業(yè)，而是在國(guó)際上制造“兩個(gè)中國(guó)”、“一中一臺(tái)”這種乘人之危的做法是極不道德，也是很不明智的。臺(tái)灣當(dāng)局的政治圖謀六年來(lái)均告失敗，今年也不會(huì)得逞。//(節(jié)選自前副總理吳儀于2003年5月20日第56屆世界衛(wèi)生大會(huì)總務(wù)委員會(huì)審議涉臺(tái)提案時(shí)的發(fā)言)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：TheassertionbytheTaiwanauthoritiesandahandfulofWHOmembersthatSARScontrolinTaiwanisunderminedbyTaiwan’sexclusionfromtheWHOistotallyuntrueandgroundless.TheChinesepeopleonbothsidesoftheTaiwanStraitsareboundbybloodandourheartsreachoutforeachother.SincetheoutbreakofSARSinTaiwan,theChineseCentralGovernmenthasbeendeeplyconcernedaboutthehealthofTaiwancompatriotsandswiftlytakenaseriesofmeasurestoenhanceexchangesandcooperationacrosstheStraits.//WehaveprovidedtoourcounterpartsinTaiwantheinformationaboutthestatusofthedisease,itspreventionandtreatmentmeasuresandrelatedpoliciesthroughprofessionalmedicalagenciesand,inaddition,wehaveinvitedTaiwanprofessionalstoGuangzhouandBeijingforfieldinspectiononthepreventionandtreatmentofthedisease.//InlateApril,healthandmedicalgroupsandorganizationsofthetwosidesconductedthe"SymposiumonthePreventionandControlofSARSonBothSidesoftheTaiwanStraits"whichwasattendedalsobymedicalexpertsfromTaiwan.On9May,thetwosidesjointlyheldatele-videoseminaronSARSwiththeparticipationofexpertsfromBeijing,GuangdongandTaiwan.//Theiracademicdiscussionsonthepreventionofthediseaseyieldedgreatresults.TheChineseCenterforDiseaseControlandPreventionhasalsoprovidedSARStestreagentsfortheTaiwandiseasepreventionauthorities.TheRedCrossSocietyofChinahasproposedtoprovidemedicaldonationstoTaiwanthroughtheTaiwaneseRedCrossOrganizationforthepreventionandtreatmentofSARS.//Inthemeantime,theChineseCentralGovernmenthasagreedthattheWHOdispatchexpertstoTaiwantoinvestigatetheSARSsituationthereandthatthemedicalexpertsfromTaiwancanattendaglobalSARSscienceconferencetobeheldbytheWHOinJunethisyear.PeopleonbothsidesoftheTaiwanStraitsareofthesameblood,andbloodisthickerthanwater.WehavemadeitclearonmanyoccasionsthatifTaiwanneedsadditionalinformationandtechnicalassistancefromtheWHOandsubmitstheirrequeststotheCentralGovernment,wewillreadilyconsidertheirrequests.//However,whilemedicalexpertsacrosstheStraitsarejoininghandsintheireffortstofightSARS,theTaiwanauthoritiesareusingSARSasthepoliticalployfortheirseparatistactivities.UnderthepretextofSARScontrol,theyhaveusedmoneyandinstigatedasmallnumberofcountriestojointheirclamoringfortheirparticipationintheWorldHealthAssembly.//TheirtruemotiveisnottodevelophealthundertakingsofTaiwanbuttocreate"twoChinas"or"oneChina,oneTaiwan"intheinternationalcommunity.Suchactoftakingadvantageofothers’temporarydifficultiestopursueone’sowninterestsisunwiseandtotallyunacceptablemorally.ThepoliticalattemptsoftheTaiwanauthoritieshaveallmetwithfailureinthepastsixyears.Thisyearwillseethesameresult.//(ExcerptsfromthespeechbyWuYi,formerVicePremierandMinisterofHealth,onTaiwan-relatedProposalatGeneralCommitteeof56thWorldHealthAssemblyonMay20,2003)知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無(wú)解析2、國(guó)際衛(wèi)生領(lǐng)域的合作必須建立在尊重國(guó)家主權(quán)和領(lǐng)土完整基礎(chǔ)上。尊重國(guó)家主權(quán)和領(lǐng)土完整是《聯(lián)合國(guó)憲章》的重要原則。中國(guó)重視國(guó)際衛(wèi)生領(lǐng)域的合作，奉行在國(guó)際合作中尊重他國(guó)主權(quán)和領(lǐng)土完整的原則。我們希望其他國(guó)家也能如此。尊重別人，就是尊重自己。//我相信，世界上任何主權(quán)國(guó)家都不會(huì)同意本國(guó)的一個(gè)省或地區(qū)，參與只有主權(quán)國(guó)家才能參加的聯(lián)合國(guó)機(jī)構(gòu)。否則，世界將失去秩序，國(guó)際法將失去意義，國(guó)際組織也將失去有效開(kāi)展工作的基礎(chǔ)。這不是個(gè)技術(shù)問(wèn)題，而是重大原則問(wèn)題。對(duì)中國(guó)而言，這也是關(guān)系到13億人民感情的問(wèn)題。//少數(shù)國(guó)家年復(fù)一年地提出一個(gè)早在上個(gè)世紀(jì)70年代就已解決的問(wèn)題，一個(gè)根本不屬于本專門機(jī)構(gòu)審議的問(wèn)題，一個(gè)與世界醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生事業(yè)毫不相干的問(wèn)題，這不能不說(shuō)是在浪費(fèi)WHO的寶貴資源和絕大多數(shù)代表的時(shí)間和精力。//這是在公然挑戰(zhàn)聯(lián)合國(guó)大會(huì)的有關(guān)決議和WHO《組織法》，是在嚴(yán)重?fù)p害一個(gè)成員國(guó)的主權(quán)和領(lǐng)土完整。這種做法無(wú)益于各國(guó)在衛(wèi)生領(lǐng)域的合作，也無(wú)益于WHO的健康發(fā)展。//過(guò)去的六年，少數(shù)國(guó)家連續(xù)六次在總務(wù)委員會(huì)上拋出涉臺(tái)提案；過(guò)去的六年，總務(wù)委員會(huì)主持正義，連續(xù)六次拒絕了這一提案。事實(shí)已經(jīng)證明，涉臺(tái)提案無(wú)論以何種面目出現(xiàn)。最終都逃脫不了失敗的結(jié)局。//我們呼吁總務(wù)委員會(huì)全體會(huì)員國(guó)支持中國(guó)代表團(tuán)的立場(chǎng)，堅(jiān)持大會(huì)和總務(wù)委員會(huì)近幾年的正確決定，做出不將涉臺(tái)提案列入大會(huì)臨時(shí)議程的決定。相信總務(wù)委員會(huì)一定會(huì)主持正義，捍衛(wèi)聯(lián)大和世界衛(wèi)生大會(huì)有關(guān)決議的尊嚴(yán)和法律效力。謝謝主席先生。//(節(jié)選自前副總理吳儀于2003年5月20日第56屆世界衛(wèi)生大會(huì)總務(wù)委員會(huì)審議涉臺(tái)提案時(shí)的發(fā)言)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：InternationalcooperationinthefieldofhealthmustbebasedontheimportantprincipleoftheUNCharter—respectforstatesovereigntyandterritorialintegrity.Chinaattachesimportancetointernationalhealthcooperationandpracticestheprincipleofrespectforstatesovereigntyandterritorialintegrityininternationalcooperation.Wehopethatothercountrieswilldothesame.Torespectothersistorespectoneself.//IbelievethatnosovereignstateinthisworldwillallowoneofitsprovincesorareastoparticipateinaUNagencythatisonlyopentosovereignstates.Thisallowed,theworldwouldgooutoforderandtheinternationallawwouldbecomemeaningless.Internationalorganizationswouldalsobedeprivedofthebasisforeffectiveperformanceoftheirfunctions.Itisthereforenotatechnicalissue.Itisanissueofimportantprinciple.ForChina,itisalsoanissuethatbearsonthesentimentsof1.3billionpeople.//Asmallnumberofcountrieshavebeen,yearafteryear,raisingaquestionthatwasalreadysolvedlongagointhe70softhelastcentury,aquestionthatiscompletelyoutofthescopeofdeliberationsofthisspecializedagencyandtotallyirrelevanttotheworldhealthandmedicalundertakings.ItissimplyawasteofthepreciousresourcesoftheWHOandthetimeandenergyoftheoverwhelmingmajorityofthedelegates.//SuchanactinblatantdefianceofrelevantresolutionsoftheUNGeneralAssemblyandtheConstitutionoftheWHOconstitutesgraveencroachmentonthesovereigntyandterritorialintegrityofamemberstate.ItisofdisservicetothecooperationamongallcountriesinthefieldofhealthandiscertainlynotconducivetothesounddevelopmentoftheWHO.//AfewcountriesdishedoutTaiwan-relatedproposalsintheGeneralCommitteesixtimesinarowinthepastsixyears.Andsixtimes,theGeneralCommitteeupheldjusticeandturnedthemdown.Factshaveproventhatwhateverformstheproposalstake,theycannotavoidendinginfailure.//WecalluponallmemberstatesoftheCommitteetosupportthepositionoftheChinesedelegationandholdbytherighteousdecisionsoftheAssemblyandtheCommitteeanddonotincorporatetheTaiwan-relatedproposalintotheProvisionalAgendaoftheAssembly.WeareconfidentthattheCommitteewilldefendjusticeandsafeguardthedignityandlegaleffectoftheUNGeneralAssemblyandWHAresolutions.//Thankyou,MrChairman.(ExcerptsfromthespeechbyWuYi,formerVicePremierandMinisterofHealth,onTaiwan-relatedProposalatGeneralCommitteeof56thWorldHealthAssemblyonMay20,2003)知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無(wú)解析口譯二級(jí)實(shí)務(wù)衛(wèi)生與健康練習(xí)試卷第3套一、聽(tīng)力英譯漢(本題共2題，每題1.0分，共2分。)1、Betweenthe1950sand1980s,wesawtremendousimprovementsinthesafetyofthefoodweeatinEurope.Whatwecancallthe"firstwave"offoodsafetymeasurescamewiththepasteurizationofmilkandmilkproductsandtheintroductionofrigidandeffectivehygienesystemsintheproductionchain,mainlyfromthedairyandtheabattoirtothesupermarket.//The"secondwave"offoodsafetymeasurescamewiththewidespreadintroductionofHACCP,thehazardcontrolsystemfortheproductionchain.Yet,sincetheearly1980s,wehaveseenamarkedincreaseinthereportsoffood-bornediseases,resultingfromchemicalorpathogeniccontamination.//ThenumberofconfirmedcasesofhumandiseasecausedbySalmonellahasincreasedsignificantlysince1985—asmuchasfive-foldinsomeEuropeancountries.ForCampylobactertheincreasehasinsomecountriesbeenevenhigher.Eventhoughsomeofthiscouldreflectbetterreporting,Ibelieveeverybodywouldagreethattheseproblemsareofasizethatwarrantsaction.//Thissituation,andassociatedlossofpublicconfidence,suggeststhatsomethinghasgonewrong.Weneeda"thirdwave"offoodsafetymeasures.Thisthirdwavemustbeafocusonthedirectrisktohumans.Weneedtobeginwiththeepidemiologyoffood-bornediseasesandtrackthembackthroughthefoodchain,allthewaytothefarm.ThisrepresentsatremendouschallengeforthegovernmentsofEurope.//Itmeansbuildingupthecapacity—andmakingeffectiveuseofexpertiseinassessingriskstohumanhealth.Itmeansbuildingupcapacityforepidemiologicaltrackingandmappingoffood-relateddiseases,somethingthatuntilnowhasheldaratherlowpriorityamongmosthealthauthorities.Itmeansimprovingourdatacollectioneffortsforboththepathogensinthefoodandhumandisease,sothatthedataarecomparablebothalongthewholefoodchainandbetweenregionsandcountries.Wealwayshavetorememberthatfoodchainsareinternational.//Anditwillmeanthatofficialsconcernedwithagriculturalproductivity,andofficialsresponsibleforthehealthofpopulations,worktogether.Notonlymusttheycommunicate.Theymustcollaboratecloselysothattheycanquicklytracebackeachincidentofsuspectedfood-bornediseasetoitssource,analyzethesizeandgeographyoftheproblemandsuggestbothshortandlongtermremedialmeasures.//Thisallcallsforpoliticalaction.People—bothasconsumersandproducers—expecttheirgovernmentofficialstoworktogetherforthecommongood.Theydemandthisofthosewhorepresentthemingovernment.Notonlydotheyexpecttheirpoliticianstomakesurethatgovernmentworksintheprimaryinterestsofthosewhoconsumefood:theyalsoexpectpoliticianstotakeactionbasedonexpertevidence.Thiscallsforpoliticalcourage,andforopennessingovernmentprocesses,sothatriskassessmentandanalysisaretransparentandavailableforpublicscrutiny.Onlythencanpublichealthbemaintained,and—atthesametime—consumerconfidenceberestored.//Thiswillmeanarestructuringofagriculturalministriessothattheymovebeyondaprimaryfocusoneconomicissues.Theyneedtorepresenttheinterestsofthewholecommunity—producers,processorsandconsumers.Thiskindoftransformationwillmakeforahealthierbaseforthefutureoftheindustry:thisisalreadytakingplaceinseveralEuropeancountries.ThecurrenteffortsoftheEuropeanCommissiontostrengthenandfocusthescientificadviceforfoodsafetyareanimportantcontributiontothereformsalreadytakingplaceinseveralcountries.//Itwillalsomeanthatministriesofhealthhavetotakeinterestin,andgivepriorityto,actiontomonitorandpreventfood-borneillness.Theywouldneedtostrengthentheirfoodsafetyresourcesandimprovecollaborationwithotherministries.Anincidentofsuspectedfoodpoisoningshouldnolongerjustbeseenbydoctorsasatemporaryhealthproblem.Itshouldbeconsideredasapossiblesymptomofbreak-downinthefood-safetysystem,andthosewhoseepatientsneedmorehelptodecidewhatkindofeventtoreporttopublichealthauthorities.//(Excerptsfromthespeech"FoodSafety—aWorld-wideChallenge"byDr.GroHarlemBrundtland,formerDirector-GeneralofWorldHealthOrganization,Uppsala,Sweden)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：從上個(gè)世紀(jì)50年代年到80年代，歐洲食品安全有了極大的改進(jìn)。我們稱之為食品安全措施的“第一次浪潮”是伴隨牛奶和奶制品巴氏滅菌法的出現(xiàn)而產(chǎn)生的，從奶牛場(chǎng)及屠宰場(chǎng)到超市的生產(chǎn)鏈中我們引入了嚴(yán)格而有效的衛(wèi)生檢測(cè)系統(tǒng)。//由于在生產(chǎn)鏈中廣泛使用了有害物檢測(cè)系統(tǒng)，即“HACCP”，食品安全措施的“第二次浪潮”隨之出現(xiàn)了然而從80年代初開(kāi)始，我們看到由化學(xué)污染和病原性污染引起的食源性疾病的報(bào)道明顯增多。//從1985年起，由沙門氏菌引起的確診病例顯著增加——在歐洲的一些國(guó)家該病例數(shù)已增至5倍。由空腸彎曲菌引起的疾病增幅甚至更大盡管部分原因是更多的病例得以報(bào)告，但我相信我們每個(gè)人都會(huì)同意：這些問(wèn)題已經(jīng)到了必須采取行動(dòng)的地步。//這種局面以及與之相關(guān)的公眾信心的喪失，表明我們?cè)谑称穯?wèn)題上已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了紕漏。我們需要食品安全措施的“第三次浪潮”第三次浪潮必須將重點(diǎn)放在對(duì)人體產(chǎn)生直接危害的環(huán)節(jié)上。我們需要以食源性疾病的流行病學(xué)為開(kāi)端，沿著食物鏈的各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)一直追蹤到養(yǎng)殖場(chǎng)。這將是對(duì)歐洲各國(guó)政府的巨大挑戰(zhàn)。//這意味著建立一種能力——有效運(yùn)用專業(yè)知識(shí)對(duì)殃及人類健康的危險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行評(píng)估；意味著建立起流行病學(xué)追蹤和解釋食源性疾病的能力，因?yàn)橹钡浆F(xiàn)在許多衛(wèi)生機(jī)構(gòu)并未對(duì)此予以重視；還意味著提高我們采集食物及人類疾病病原體數(shù)據(jù)的能力，使得數(shù)據(jù)在食物鏈的各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)、不同國(guó)家和地區(qū)之間具有可比性，我們必須時(shí)刻記住食物鏈?zhǔn)菄?guó)際性的。//這將意味著主管農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)和負(fù)責(zé)人口健康的政府官員們要攜手合作。他們必須相互交流，不僅如此，還必須密切合作，這樣才能快速地對(duì)每一例疑似食源性疾病進(jìn)行追根溯源，分析其規(guī)模和地域分布情況，并提出近期和遠(yuǎn)期的治療方案。//所有這些需要我們采取政治行動(dòng)。作為消費(fèi)者和生產(chǎn)商，他們希望政府官員們?yōu)榱斯娎媸聵I(yè)能攜手合作，要求代表他們利益的政府官員們這樣做。他們不僅希望政治家們確保政府能為消費(fèi)者的根本利益而工作，同樣他們也希望政治家們依據(jù)專家的證據(jù)采取行動(dòng)。這需要政治膽量，需要政府將工作程序公開(kāi)化，對(duì)危險(xiǎn)的評(píng)估和分析做到透明，便于公眾進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)。只有這樣，才能維護(hù)公眾健康，同時(shí)重樹(shù)消費(fèi)者的信心。//這將意味著對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)部進(jìn)行改革，使他們工作的首要目標(biāo)不只是局限在經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題上。他們需要代表整個(gè)社會(huì)的利益——生產(chǎn)商、加工者和消費(fèi)者的利益。這種轉(zhuǎn)變將會(huì)為食品行業(yè)的未來(lái)奠定更加健康的基礎(chǔ)：這種變化已經(jīng)在歐洲的一些國(guó)家發(fā)生了。目前歐洲委員會(huì)正致力于加強(qiáng)和重視對(duì)食品安全提出科學(xué)性建議，這種努力對(duì)正在進(jìn)行改革的國(guó)家是一個(gè)重要的貢獻(xiàn)。//這也將意味著各國(guó)衛(wèi)生部必須對(duì)食源性疾病給予關(guān)注和重視，采取監(jiān)控和預(yù)防行動(dòng)，增加食品安全的資源，同時(shí)加強(qiáng)與其他部委的合作。醫(yī)生不應(yīng)該視疑似食物中毒的突發(fā)事件為暫時(shí)的健康問(wèn)題，而是要想到這可能是食品安全系統(tǒng)遭遇癱瘓的征兆，對(duì)此醫(yī)生需要更多的幫助來(lái)決定什么樣的事件應(yīng)上報(bào)公共衛(wèi)生權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)。//(節(jié)選自世界衛(wèi)生組織前總干事布倫特蘭博士在瑞典烏普薩拉發(fā)表的演講“食品安全——世界范圍的挑戰(zhàn)”。)知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無(wú)解析2、Thebirthofachildisatimeofhope.Itsnewlifeisasymbolofpotentialforgrowth.Itsdeathisadenialofprogress.WhenIwasbornin1945,thechildmortalityrateinKoreawas152per1000livebirths.That’sroughlytheequivalenttodayofthedeathratesinBenin,orMozambique,Swaziland,Cameroon,orEthiopia.//Tremendousprogressispossible.Themortalityrateinmycountryhasnowdroppedtojust5childrenper1,000.That’soneofthelowestratesintheworld,lowerthantheratesinNewZealand,theUnitedStates,ortheUnitedKingdom.//Ourgoals—partoftheMillenniumDevelopmentGoals—aretocutchilddeathsbytwothirdsby2015from1990rates,andmaternaldeathsbythreequarters.Everyminute20childrenundertheageoffivedie.Morethan70%ofallchilddeathsarecausedbypreventableandtreatableconditions,likemalaria,measles,HIVordiarrhea.Thegreatestriskisintheirfirstfourweeksoflifewhenbabiesdiefromconditionslikelowbirth-weight,birthtrauma,asphyxia,andsevereinfectionslikepneumonia,meningitisortetanus.//ThisisElizabeth.ShelivesinEthiopia.Malariaisendemic,yetonly17%ofchildrenunderfiveinthiscountrysleepundermosquitonets.Elizabeth’sfamilycanonlyaffordonenet,whichsheandhermothersleepunder.Manyofthelocalchildrenhavediedfromthedisease.//Nine-month-oldLanglivesintheLaoDemocraticPeople’sRepublic.Like82%ofchildreninhercountry,shesleepsunderabednet.Thefamilyhastwonets,buttheinsecticidetreatmentworethemoffalongtimeago,andtheyarefullofholes.Manypeopleintheirdistrictfallillfrommalaria,includingLang’sfather,whoisunabletoworkattimes.//Simplerandeffectiveprotectionmeasures,liketreatedbednets,makethedifference.Butonlyifeveryfamilyusesone.ElizabethandLang’smotherstrytomaketheirhomeasprotectedaspossiblefortheirchildren.It’snaturaltoseehomeasasafeplace.Sadlyit’snot.//JustlastmonthWHOlaunchedareportondomesticviolence.Oneofthemoreshockingfactsrevealedbythatreportwastheextentofviolenceagainstwomenduringpregnancy.Onequartertoonehalfofthewomenwhoreportedthisabuse,saidthattheyhadbeendeliberatelykickedorpunchedintheabdomen.Unsurprisingly,womeninviolentrelationshipsaresignificantlymorelikelytosuffermiscarriages,ortoundergoabortion.//Thestudyalsofoundthat,insomesettings,asignificantproportionofwomenthoughtitwasacceptableforamantobeathiswifeundercertaincircumstances.Womenintheseviolenthouseholdshavemorehealthproblemsthanothers,yetoftenfeelunabletotalktoanyoneabouttheirsituationorseekhelp.Thisviolenceisalsoassociatedwithlowbirthweight,andwithhigherinfantandunder-fivemortality.//Everyminuteawomanisdyingfromcomplicationsinpregnancyandchildbirth.Almostallofthesedeaths—99%—aretakingplaceinlowandmiddleincomecountries.MothersandchildrenfromthepoorestfamiliesinSub-SaharanAfricaandsouthAsiaarethemostlikelytodie.Malnutritioncontributesstronglytothesedeaths,increasingtheriskofdyingfromothercauses.Lackofaccesstofoodisonereasonformalnourishment,butpoorfeedingpracticesandinfectionalsocontribute.//("MakeEveryMotherandChildCount—TrackingProgressinChildSurvival"byLEEJong-wook,formerDirector-generalofWHOinLondon,UnitedKingdom,13December2005)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：嬰兒降生之日就是希望之時(shí)，其新生象征著發(fā)展的潛力，其死亡意味著對(duì)進(jìn)步的否定。在我1945年出生時(shí)，韓國(guó)嬰兒的死亡率為每1000名活產(chǎn)兒死亡152名。這一數(shù)字與今天的貝寧、莫桑比克、斯成士蘭喀麥隆或埃塞俄比亞的死亡率大致相同。//取得巨大進(jìn)步的可能性是存在的。在韓國(guó)，嬰兒死亡率目前已下降至每1000名活產(chǎn)兒里只有5名死亡。這是世界上最低的新生兒死亡率，比新西蘭、美國(guó)和英國(guó)的還要低。作為《千年發(fā)展目標(biāo)》的一部分，我們的目標(biāo)是到2015年，兒童死亡率在90年代基礎(chǔ)上減少三分之二，產(chǎn)婦死亡率減少四分之三。//每分鐘就有20名不到5歲的兒童死亡。在所有死亡的兒童中，70%以上是由一些可預(yù)防和治療的疾病造成，例如瘧疾、麻疹、艾滋病毒或腹瀉等。嬰兒出生后的前4個(gè)周最易造成死亡，他們大都死于體重低、分娩時(shí)的創(chuàng)傷、窒息，以及由肺炎、腦膜炎或破傷風(fēng)引起的嚴(yán)重感染。//她名叫伊麗莎白，生活在埃塞俄比亞。這個(gè)國(guó)家瘧疾流行，卻只有17%不足5歲的兒童能夠睡在蚊帳里。伊麗莎白的家里只買得起一頂蚊帳，供她和母親使用。當(dāng)?shù)赜性S多兒童都死于瘧疾。//9個(gè)月的蘭生活在老撾人民民主共和國(guó)，同該國(guó)82%的兒童一樣，蘭睡覺(jué)時(shí)也有一頂蚊帳。蘭全家有兩頂蚊帳，但很早前由于殺蟲(chóng)劑的腐蝕而到處都是窟窿。他們居住的地區(qū)有很多人得了瘧疾，蘭的父親也不例外，以致時(shí)常不能工作。//其實(shí)類似蚊帳這樣簡(jiǎn)單而有效的保護(hù)措施就能起到預(yù)防作用。假如每個(gè)家庭都能用上蚊帳該多好。伊麗莎白和蘭的母親盡力為她們的孩子提供家庭保護(hù)。家本應(yīng)是安全的庇護(hù)之地，然而遺憾的是現(xiàn)實(shí)并非如此。//就在上個(gè)月世界衛(wèi)生組織發(fā)表了一份關(guān)于家庭暴力的報(bào)告，其中最令人震驚的事實(shí)之一是婦女在懷孕期間遭遇暴力襲擊。差不多有四分之一或一半受此虐待的婦女說(shuō)她們的腹部曾遭到故意踢打。當(dāng)然受到暴力虐待的婦女更易造成自然流產(chǎn)或人工流產(chǎn)。//這項(xiàng)研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)，有相當(dāng)多的婦女認(rèn)為男人毒打自己的妻子在某些情況下是可以接受的。處于這種暴力家庭中的婦女較其他人有更多的健康問(wèn)題，然而她們通常認(rèn)為不能向任何人述說(shuō)她們的境遇或?qū)で髱椭?。這種暴力導(dǎo)致嬰兒出生體重輕，并與嬰兒及5歲以下兒童死亡率高有關(guān)。//每分鐘就有一名婦女死于懷孕和分娩并發(fā)癥。幾乎所有這些死亡——99%——發(fā)生在低收入和中等收入國(guó)家。撒哈拉南部非洲和南亞最貧困家庭的母親和兒童最容易死亡。營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良是造成這些死亡的重要原因，它也增加了死于其他原因的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。缺乏食物是造成營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良的一個(gè)原因，但是不良的喂養(yǎng)方法和感染也起著作用。//(選自前世界衛(wèi)生組織總干事李鐘郁2005年12月13日在英國(guó)倫敦的講話“珍愛(ài)每一個(gè)母親和兒童——跟蹤兒童生存方面的進(jìn)展”)知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無(wú)解析口譯二級(jí)實(shí)務(wù)衛(wèi)生與健康練習(xí)試卷第4套一、聽(tīng)力英譯漢(本題共2題，每題1.0分，共2分。)1、HonorableMinisters，YourExcellencies，LadiesandGentlemen,ItisagreatpleasuretowelcomeyoutothefirstsessionoftheConferenceofthePartiestotheWHOFrameworkConventiononTobaccoControl.OnehundredandtwentyonecountriesarenowcontractingpartiestotheConvention.Ofthese,110areheretoday,withfullpowersofparticipation.Yourepresentnearlythreequartersoftheworld’spopulation.Yourepresentnationsatalllevelsofincomeandallstagesofdevelopment.//Inthispowerfulgathering,wehavethreeofthefivetoptobacco-leafexportingcountries,andfourofthefivetopcigarette-exportingcountries.Thisgroupofcountriesrepresents69%oftheworld’scigaretteconsumption.Itmightseemastonishingthatthisgroupisalsopreparingtoputintoactiontheroadmapforcountriestocontroltobacco.Butthisgrouphasalreadychangedhistory.//Whentheprocessbegantherewassomeskepticismoveritssuccess.Theskepticswerewrong.Youaredrivingchangeforward.Tonamesomeexamples:Indiahasintroducedcomprehensivetobaccoadvertisingbans.Australia,Brazil,Canada,SingaporeandThailandhaveintroducedhighlyvisiblegraphicwarningsoncigarettepackets.TheEuropeanUnionisonitswaytodoingthesame.InIreland,Norway,andnowinSpain,smokinghasbeenbannedinindoorpublicplaces.These,andothersimilarsteps,willresultinamajorreductionintobaccodeaths.//NewYorkStatepassedasmokingban.Ittermedthisactits"strongestpublichealthpolicyever".Ironically,nowit’ssaidthattheonlyplaceyoucansmokewithimpunityinNewYorkCityistheUnitedNationsBuilding.BothAnnVenemanandIhavesaidthatthisiswrong.//SmokingshouldbebannedinallUNpremises.Also,cigarettesalesshouldbebannedinallUnitedNationspremises.Afterall,thepeoplewhoaresmokingintheUNbuildingsometimesaretherepresentativesofthesameMemberStateswhohavesigneduptotheFrameworkConvention.Butitcanbehardtoputagreementsintopractice.Wewillallfacethis.//Ladiesandgentlemen,whenweknowthat,inanIrishpub,asmokingbancanreallywork,thenweknowthatanythingispossible.Smokingisanadvancecontract.Thosewhosmokedon’tpaynow,butwilldoso30to40yearslater,whentheirhealthfails.Theypaywithlungcancer,withobstructiveairwaysdisorders,withcardiovasculardiseases.Oneintwosmokerspayswiththeirlife.Wehavetohelpthemstopsmoking.Wehavetopreventthemfromstarting.//Thisc