采礦英語全冊配套完整課件3

采礦英語全冊配套完整課件32采礦工程英語期刊摘要部分3APreliminaryViewonGeologicalAnomaly初論地質(zhì)異常geologicalanomaly;geologicalbackground;geologicalfield;ore-forminggeologicalfield;evaluationandpredictionofgeologicalanomaly地質(zhì)異常；地質(zhì)背景；地質(zhì)場；成礦地質(zhì)場；地質(zhì)異常評價(jià)和預(yù)測；Preliminary初步的；anomaly異常/不規(guī)則的4Ageologicalanomalyisageologicalbodyorcomplexofbodieswithobviousdifferentcompositions,structuresorordersofgenesisascomparedwiththesurroundingcircumstances.Inthispaper,thepatternsofgeologicalanomalies,andthetypesofthemdividedaccordingtotheirscalesaremainlyintroduced.Delineationofgeologicalanomaliesfromthegeologicalbackgroundisaquitedifficultproblem,butwecandoitbymeansofmathematicalstatistics,fuzzymathematicsandempiricalmethods

5地質(zhì)異常是在成分、結(jié)構(gòu)（構(gòu)造）或成因序次上與周圍環(huán)境有著明顯差異的地質(zhì)體或地質(zhì)體組合。本文主要介紹了地質(zhì)異常的表現(xiàn)形式以及按不同尺度水平劃分的類型。目前,雖然從地質(zhì)背景中圈出地質(zhì)異常是一件較困難的事情,但我們?nèi)钥梢詰?yīng)用數(shù)理統(tǒng)計(jì)、模糊數(shù)學(xué)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)方法對其進(jìn)行圈定和研究。

Delineation

勾畫/圈出/描述；empirical完全根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的6NewDevelopmnetofGeostatistics地質(zhì)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的新進(jìn)展Geostatistics;Newdevelopment;Developingtrend;地質(zhì)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)；新進(jìn)展；發(fā)展趨勢；7Geostatisticswhichdevelopingfastandhavingwidelyuseisanewscienceinmathematicalgeology.Jointedwiththecurrentsituationofgeostatistics,thispaperrevieweditsnewdevelopment.Accordingtothegeostatisticaltheorysystemanditspracticalapplicationandsoftwareexploiting,developingfrontiersofmoderngeostatisticshadbeendiscussed.Review回顧/復(fù)習(xí)/研究；practicalapplication實(shí)際應(yīng)用；softwareexploiting軟件開發(fā)；developingfrontiers發(fā)展前沿；8地質(zhì)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)(空間信息統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué))是數(shù)學(xué)地質(zhì)領(lǐng)域中一門發(fā)展迅速且有著廣泛應(yīng)用前景的新興科學(xué)。結(jié)合地質(zhì)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀,對地質(zhì)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的新進(jìn)展進(jìn)行了研究,從地質(zhì)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)理論體系、應(yīng)用及軟件開發(fā)等方面探討了地質(zhì)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的發(fā)展前緣。9OnTheArtificalGeologicalDisasterAndGeoenvironment

人為地質(zhì)災(zāi)害與地質(zhì)環(huán)境Artificialgeologicaldisaster；人為地質(zhì)災(zāi)害Geoenvironment；地質(zhì)環(huán)境Environmentaldeterioration；環(huán)境惡化Deterioration變壞/退化/墮落（下面譯文中還是存在問題的）10Theconcept(概念)ofartificialgeologicaldisasterisproposedandtypicalexamplesareenumerated(列舉)inthepaper.Theauthorconsiderstheartificialgeologicaldisasterasakindofgeologicaldisastercausedbyhumansengineeringeconomicactivites.Meanwhile,theauthoralsopointsoutthattheartificialgeologicaldisastercandeteriorate(惡化)geologicalenvironmentandthedeterioratedgeoenvironmentcanmakethegeologicaldisasterheavier.11本文論述了人為地質(zhì)災(zāi)害的概念，典型事例以及人為地質(zhì)災(zāi)害與地質(zhì)環(huán)境的相互關(guān)系。指出，人為地質(zhì)災(zāi)害是由于人類的工程經(jīng)濟(jì)活動而引起的地質(zhì)災(zāi)害。人為地質(zhì)災(zāi)害可導(dǎo)致地質(zhì)環(huán)境惡化，使環(huán)境質(zhì)量下降；而地質(zhì)環(huán)境惡化又可導(dǎo)致地質(zhì)災(zāi)害的加重，使災(zāi)害頻度增大，強(qiáng)度增高。（紅色部分為沒有翻譯的部分）

12GeologicRadarAndItsApplicationInEnvironmentalGeology

地質(zhì)雷達(dá)及其在環(huán)境地質(zhì)中的應(yīng)用geologicradar；地質(zhì)雷達(dá)environmentalgeology;環(huán)境地質(zhì)garbagefield;垃圾場soilhumidity;土壤濕度13Combinedwithresearchworkonenvironmentalgeologyperformed(執(zhí)行)inGermanyinrecentyears,thispaperhasbrieflysummedup(總結(jié))thescopeofapplyinggeologicradarintheenvironmentalengineeringfield(領(lǐng)域)andlimitations(局限性)ofthismethod,anddescribedtheprinciple(原理)ofgeologicradartechniqueandtheproblemsthatexist.本文結(jié)合近幾年聯(lián)邦德國在環(huán)境地質(zhì)方面的研究工作對地質(zhì)雷達(dá)在環(huán)境工程領(lǐng)域中的應(yīng)用范圍及其局限性作了簡要總結(jié)，文中并介紹了地質(zhì)雷達(dá)技術(shù)的方法原理及存在問題。

14Discussiononfractalgeology分形地質(zhì)學(xué)初探Abstract：Thefollowingpaperexplainsthedefinition(定義)offractal,discussestheapplication(應(yīng)用)offractaltheoryingeologyfromearthquake,slope,debrisflow(泥石流),joint,crackanddislocation(斷層)，andpointsouttheproblemsneededtobesolvedbyfractaltheoryandthetheory’slongtermpotential(潛力/前景)．摘要：解釋了分形的基本概念，從地震、邊坡、泥石流、節(jié)理、斷裂及斷層等方面探討了分形理論在地質(zhì)學(xué)的應(yīng)用，指出了分形理論還需解決的問題及發(fā)展前景。

15Keywords：fractaltheory,slope,debrisflow,joint,dislocation關(guān)鍵詞：分形理論，邊坡，泥石流，節(jié)理，斷層VirtualRealityTechnologyinEngineeringGeology工程地質(zhì)學(xué)中的虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù)

Keywords：virtualrealitytechnology；虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù)computertechnology；計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)engineeringgeology；工程地質(zhì)學(xué)16Abstract：Focusontheproblemsofengineeringgeologyteaching，theauthorssummarized(總結(jié))theapplicationofVirtualRealitytechnologyinengineeringgeologylessonsbyyears’teachingpractice.Combine(結(jié)合)withsomegood－effectprecedents(案例/引用單元inconstruction，waterconservancy(保護(hù))，disaterandtheconclusion，theVirtualRealitytechnologymusthavecertainpracticalwayforotherengineeringlessonsofcivilengineering(土木專業(yè))．17摘要：針對工程地質(zhì)學(xué)課程教學(xué)中存在的問題，筆者通過多年的教學(xué)實(shí)踐，總結(jié)出虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù)在工程地質(zhì)學(xué)課程中的運(yùn)用，結(jié)合施工、水利、災(zāi)害等效果較好的案例對工程地質(zhì)虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù)進(jìn)行了總結(jié)，對土木專業(yè)其他工程類課程具有一定的實(shí)用意義18GeologyKnowledgeSysteminGemologySpecialtyEstablishmentandExploration

地質(zhì)學(xué)知識體系在寶石學(xué)專業(yè)中的設(shè)置與探索

Gemology寶石學(xué)；Specialty專業(yè)Keywords：關(guān)鍵詞compoundpersonmasters；復(fù)合型人才；gemologyspecialty；寶石專業(yè)；

planofinstruction教學(xué)計(jì)劃19Abstract：Thisauthorsmainlyintroducedtheundergraduatecourseofgem(寶石)specialized(專門的)studypropagate’s(繁殖)sourcestructure(生源結(jié)構(gòu)),theknowledgesystemstructure，thecurriculum(課程)，theemploymentcondition(就業(yè)狀況)，thenanalyzedthegemspecializedcurriculum(寶石專業(yè)課程)andresourcesreconnaissancespecializedcurriculum(資源勘查專業(yè)課程)similaritiesanddifferences．Inordertotraincompoundpersonmastersofmanyskills,emphasizedthespecializedcurriculumandthesocietyrequesttotie(聯(lián)系)．20Theauthorswillsuggestrevision(修訂/修改)gemspecializedplanofinstruction(教學(xué)計(jì)劃)andtheprogramofinstruction(教學(xué)大綱)，carryon(進(jìn)行)theappropriate(適當(dāng)?shù)?readjustment(重新調(diào)整)tothemainspecializedfoundationcurriculumcontent(內(nèi)容)，opensup(拓寬)thegemspecializedstudentaspectofknowledge(知識面)，enduresfor(持續(xù))thestudenttotheresourcesreconnaissancespecializeddirectiondivergence(分流)toprovidethecondition．21摘要：本文介紹了本科寶石專業(yè)學(xué)生生源結(jié)構(gòu)、課程設(shè)置、知識體系結(jié)構(gòu)、就業(yè)狀況，寶石專業(yè)與資源勘查專業(yè)課程的異同點(diǎn)；強(qiáng)調(diào)了為培養(yǎng)一專多能的復(fù)合型人才，專業(yè)課程設(shè)置必須與社會需求相結(jié)合；建議修改寶石專業(yè)教學(xué)計(jì)劃和教學(xué)大綱，對主要專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)課內(nèi)容進(jìn)行適當(dāng)調(diào)整，拓寬寶石專業(yè)學(xué)生地學(xué)知識面，為學(xué)生就業(yè)向資源勘查專業(yè)方向分流提供條件。

22TheConstructionandRealizationoftheGeologicalSpecimenandModelDatabase地質(zhì)學(xué)標(biāo)本模型庫的構(gòu)建與實(shí)現(xiàn)Abstract：Thispaperintroducesthefunction(功能)modules(模塊)andthedesignmethodsoftheGeologicalSpecimenandModelDatabase，anddiscussessomedifficulttechnologiessuchashowtoanalyzehtml(網(wǎng)頁提取)andhowtoconnect(連接)databaseefficiently．23摘要：本文詳細(xì)地介紹了地質(zhì)學(xué)標(biāo)本模型庫的功能模塊和設(shè)計(jì)思路，對網(wǎng)頁提取、數(shù)據(jù)庫連接等技術(shù)難點(diǎn)進(jìn)行了詳盡的闡速。Keywords：thegeologicalspecimenandmodeldatabase；地質(zhì)學(xué)標(biāo)本模型庫theresourcedatabase；資源庫theconnectionpoolofthedatabase數(shù)據(jù)庫連接池24StrategyofYoungTalentinGeologicalFundamentalStudiesinChina我國地質(zhì)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)研究人才戰(zhàn)略DepartmentofEarthScience，NationalNaturalScienceFoundationofChina，Beijing100085，國家自然科學(xué)基金委員會地球科學(xué)部。Keywords：geology；talent；strategy．關(guān)鍵詞：地質(zhì)學(xué)；人才；戰(zhàn)略．

Foundation基金/基金會/基礎(chǔ)25Abstract：TomeettherequirementsofEarthSystemScience(ESS)developmentinchina,astate-of-the-art(藝術(shù)級的)studyhasbeencarriedout．Theaverageage(平均年齡)，academicdegree(學(xué)位)anddiscipline(學(xué)科)distributionofgeologists,andissues(問題)relatedtogeoscience(地球科學(xué))educationhavebeenstatisticallystudied，26basedonreclaimed(回收的)questionnaires(調(diào)查表/問卷)fromover40universities.8researchinstitutes(研究會/研究所)ofChineseAcademyofSciences(中國科學(xué)院)，147personswhohavebeenfunded(資助)bytheNationalNaturalScienceFoundationofChina(NSFC)asoutstanding(杰出的)youngscientists，and407projectprincipals(負(fù)責(zé)人)ofNSFCyouthfund(基金)projects．27InChina,4418peoplearenowengagedinthebasicresearchofgeosciences(地球科學(xué))，withpeakages(峰值年齡)between41and45years．Thenumbersharplydecreasesforgeologistsyoungerthan40years．TheratioofthenumberofPhDgraduatesingeologyoverthetotalnumberofPhDgraduatesinChinadecreasedfrom8.76in1993to4.7in2003．28Ifthedecline(下降)inthenumberofyounggeologistsremainsunchanged，thehumanresource(人才)infundamentalgeologicalresearchwouldbenotenoughtomeettheneedsofthedevelopmentofESSandtheprogressofeconomyandsociety．29Inordertoachieve(完成/達(dá)到)thestrategicgoalforChinatodevelopfasteringeosciencestudies，strategicmeasuresareproposed(提出)onhowtoimprovefunding(基金資助)，thetrainingandevaluationsystemandthesocial--academicenvironment(人文環(huán)境)foryounggeologists．30基于地球系統(tǒng)科學(xué)對地質(zhì)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)研究人才的需求，對我國40余所高校,8個中國科學(xué)院研究所的地質(zhì)學(xué)人才存量、結(jié)構(gòu)、培養(yǎng)狀況和147名國家杰出青年科學(xué)基金獲得者、407名青年基金項(xiàng)目負(fù)責(zé)人進(jìn)行了問卷調(diào)查．調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)全國現(xiàn)有4418人從事地質(zhì)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)研究工作,年齡峰值為41~45歲,人數(shù)隨年齡降低而大幅度減少;地質(zhì)類博士畢業(yè)生占全國當(dāng)年博士畢業(yè)總?cè)藬?shù)的比例從1993年的8.76下降到2003年的4.7。31研究結(jié)果表明,我國現(xiàn)有青年地質(zhì)學(xué)人才數(shù)量呈急劇下降趨勢,未來5～10年地質(zhì)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)研究人才遠(yuǎn)不能適應(yīng)地球系統(tǒng)科學(xué)發(fā)展、國民經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)和人類社會進(jìn)步的需要。為了加強(qiáng)地質(zhì)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)研究人才隊(duì)伍建設(shè)和規(guī)劃,實(shí)現(xiàn)從地學(xué)大國走向地學(xué)強(qiáng)國的戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo),提出了設(shè)立“國家自然科學(xué)育才基金”、創(chuàng)新地質(zhì)學(xué)青年拔尖人才培育模式和改善人文環(huán)境等措施.32SummaryofEngineeringHighSidesofHongjiaduHydropowerStation洪家渡水電站工程高邊坡綜述

Keywords：engineeringgeology；工程地質(zhì)學(xué)basicgeologicalcondition；基本地質(zhì)條件engineeringhighside；工程高邊坡summary；綜述HongjiaduHydropowerStation洪家渡水電站

33Abstract：ThegeologicalconditionsofHongjiaduHydropowerStationontheWujiangRiverarethatthedepthofvalleyisuptomorethan300m,hardrockstrataalternatewithsoftones,slopsofbankarehighandprecipitous(陡峭的),softstratahavedeveloped,geologicalactivities(地質(zhì)作用)areverystrong(強(qiáng)烈)suchasstress-releasing(卸載)，collapsing(崩塌)andetc..烏江洪家渡水電站壩址河谷深切300余m，硬質(zhì)巖與軟質(zhì)巖相間分布，岸坡地形陡峻，軟弱夾層發(fā)育，應(yīng)力釋放、崩塌等物理地質(zhì)作用強(qiáng)烈。

34Therefore,thereexistedsomeengineeringproblemsforexampleaseriesofthestabilityofhighsidesinexcavations(挖掘)ofsomehydraulicstructures.Howtokeepthestabilityofhighsidewasakeyprobleminthisproject．Thisarticlemadeasummaryaboutsuccessfulexperienceoftreatinghighsidesintheproject．因此，工程高邊坡穩(wěn)定問題是本工程的主要工程問題之一，但通過參建各方共同努力，本工程高邊坡處理都取得了圓滿成功。

35AReviewofUrbanGeology城市地質(zhì)學(xué)綜述Keywords：urbangeology；城市地質(zhì)學(xué)3Dgeologicalconditions；3維地質(zhì)條件Geo－h(huán)azards；地質(zhì)災(zāi)害environmentalpollution環(huán)境污染36Abstract：Urbangeologymainlydealswithissuesof3Dgeologicalconditions，geo-hazardsandenvironmentalpollutionincities．(1)Drillingandgeophysicaltechniquesareusedtoobtaindetailed3Dgeologicaldata,buildfullurbandatabasesandfurthersetup3Dmodels．城市三維地質(zhì)條件的調(diào)查主要采用機(jī)械鉆探與地球物理勘探相結(jié)合的方法，通過收集大量資料，建立比較完整的數(shù)據(jù)庫，并借助于地理信息系統(tǒng)，建立三維地質(zhì)模型；37(2)Remotesensing，geologicalandgeophysicaltechniquesareutilizedtodrawmapsofdistributionofurbangeo-hazards，andriskevaluationmethodsareintroducedtopredictfuturegeo-hazards．城市地質(zhì)災(zāi)害調(diào)查需綜合運(yùn)用遙感、地質(zhì)和地球物理勘探方法,以編制城市災(zāi)害分布及預(yù)測圖,并進(jìn)行風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估；38(3)Basedongeochemicalsurveyandconditionalmonitoring(監(jiān)測)formanykindsofgeologicalmarks(指標(biāo))，riskevaluationcanbeusedtopredictfuturetrendofurbanenvironmentalpollution．Allresultsofurbangeologicalsurveyshouldbedigitalizedandvisualizedtobeavailableformorepotentialclients(客戶)，andmakeabetterserviceforurbanplanning,landuseanddevelopment．39城市環(huán)境污染調(diào)查則主要運(yùn)用勘探地球化學(xué)技術(shù),在區(qū)域地球化學(xué)填圖的基礎(chǔ)上,結(jié)合各項(xiàng)地質(zhì)環(huán)境指標(biāo)監(jiān)測,采用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估方法,以評價(jià)和預(yù)測環(huán)境污染狀況及其未來趨勢。城市地質(zhì)各項(xiàng)成果向數(shù)字化、可視化的信息產(chǎn)品轉(zhuǎn)化,為更多用戶提供信息服務(wù),促進(jìn)城市規(guī)劃、土地利用與開發(fā),是現(xiàn)代城市地質(zhì)學(xué)發(fā)展的必由之路。40OutlineofDigitalMineralDeposit數(shù)字礦床概述Keywords:Digitalmineraldeposit;數(shù)字礦床

Digitalization;數(shù)字化

Visualization;可視化

Virtualreality;虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)Knowledgemanagement知識管理

41Abstract:Digitalmineraldeposit(DMD)istosolveinanintegralwaytherapid,all-sidedandprecisecollection,access,process,analysisandexpressionoftheinformationofmineraldepositandrelatedsourcessoastomaximisetheutilizationofknowledgeresource.DMDintegrates(整合)alargeamountofdisordered(無序的)anddiscrete(離散的)informationofmineraldepositintonewknowledgebyinnovation(創(chuàng)新)fortheusersofcomputernetwork．42摘要:數(shù)字礦床的提出是為了整體解決礦床及其相關(guān)資源信息的快速、全面、精確的采集、存取、處理、分析和表達(dá)等問題，最大限度地利用知識資源，將大量無序、分散的礦床信息加以有序集成整合，形成經(jīng)創(chuàng)新的新知識，通過計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)有針對性地提供給使用者。43Geoscienceisitstheoreticalbasiswhilecomputerscienceisthemaintechnologyforitsrealization，withcognizance(認(rèn)知)scienceasthelinkagebetweenthem.TheresearchofDMDincludesmineraldepositdigitalization,mineraldepositvisualization,virtualdepositanddepositknowledgemanagement．?dāng)?shù)字礦床的理論基礎(chǔ)是地質(zhì)學(xué)，實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)字礦床的技術(shù)主要是計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)，認(rèn)知科學(xué)是將理論與實(shí)踐聯(lián)系起來的紐帶。數(shù)字礦床研究的內(nèi)容包括礦床數(shù)字化、礦床可視化、虛擬礦床和礦床知識管理。44BuildingofThree-DimensionalModelsofDepositBasedonSurpac基于Surpac的礦床三維模型構(gòu)建

Keywords:Geologicaldatabase，地質(zhì)數(shù)據(jù)庫Depositmodel，礦床模型Geologicalstatistics，地質(zhì)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)Grademodel，品位模型Surpac45Abstract:Three-dimensionmodelsofdepositarethefoundationof“digitalmine”andthedigitalcharacterizationofdeposit．Theauthorsestablishedthegeologicaldatabaseforamine,basedonwhichthreedimensionalmodelsforthesurface,fault,orebody,cavityandroadwayandthegradeblockmodelwereconstructed．摘要:礦床三維模型是“數(shù)字礦山”的基礎(chǔ)，是礦床的數(shù)字表征。借助國際礦業(yè)軟件Surpae建立了某礦山地質(zhì)數(shù)據(jù)庫，在此基礎(chǔ)上構(gòu)建了礦區(qū)地表、斷層、礦體、空區(qū)和巷道的三維模型以及品位塊體模型。46EstimationwasmadebasedonthegradeblockmodelofthegradeofmetalelementsintheorebodybyKrigingmethod．Theestimationresultswereusedtocalculatethereservesforeachmetalelementandeachsublevel.whichwerethencomparedwiththereservesobtainedintherealexplorationofthemine．ItisshownthatthemodelsestablishedusingSurpacsoftwarearereliableandthecalculationresultsaccurate,andcanbeusedtoassistinmineresourceassessment,miningdesignandscheduling．47針對品位塊體模型采用普通克立格法對礦體金屬元素品位進(jìn)行估值，運(yùn)用估值結(jié)果分別按各金屬元素和中段進(jìn)行了儲量計(jì)算，并與礦山實(shí)際勘探獲得的儲量進(jìn)行了對比。結(jié)果表明，采用Surpac軟件所建模型可靠，計(jì)算結(jié)果準(zhǔn)確，可用于輔助礦山進(jìn)行資源評估、采礦設(shè)計(jì)以及計(jì)劃編制等工作。48DevelopmentOrientationofChina~GoldEnterprisesin21stCentury

21世紀(jì)中國黃金企業(yè)發(fā)展方向

Keywords:Goldindustry,黃金工業(yè)Mineralprecessingandmetallurgicaltechnologies,選冶技術(shù)Developmentorientation發(fā)展方向49Abstract：ThemainfeaturesofChinagoldindustryincludemanytypesofdepositandfewdepositsthathavereservesofaboveonehundredtmetal,resultinginsmallandscatteredminingenterprises．Attheendof2000，thereweremorethan1200goldenterprisesinChina,withover85％ofthembeingsmallandmedium-sizedonesthathavedailycapacityof200torbelow.50摘要:我國黃金工業(yè)的主要特點(diǎn)是礦床類型多，超百噸金屬礦床儲量少，礦山企業(yè)小而分散。2002年末有1200多座黃金企業(yè)，其中85％以上是中小型，即其日處理量在200t或以下。51Afterentering21stcentury,thegoldindustrybegantoorganizegroupsinsmallscale,withnoneofthemabletobecomeoneoftheworldtenbiggestcompaniesineitherproduction,fundortechnology.Thisisincompatiable(不相稱的)withthefactthatChinahasbeentheworldfourthbiggestgoldproducingcountrysince2002.ThepaperdescribesthepresentconditionsofChina’sgoldindustryandgivestheopinionsonitsfuturedevelopment．52進(jìn)入21世紀(jì)黃金企業(yè)開始組建集團(tuán)，但規(guī)模小,產(chǎn)量、資金與技術(shù)沒有一個公司可進(jìn)人世界10大公司之一,這與我國自2002年成為世界第4產(chǎn)金大國很不相稱。就中國黃金企業(yè)今后如何發(fā)展提出了幾點(diǎn)看法。53AStandardizedApproachtoTrenchSamplingandDataProcessinginVisualizationSimulationSystem

礦床可視化仿真系統(tǒng)中刻槽數(shù)據(jù)的規(guī)范處理Keywords：Mineraldepositsimulation,礦床仿真Trenchsamplingdata,刻槽數(shù)據(jù)Standardizedprocessing規(guī)范處理54Abstract:Amineraldepositsimulationsystemthatusessimplythedrillingdataobtainedingeologicalexplorationandproductionexplorationwillresultinasimulationeffectthatisdifficulttomeettheproductionneed.Tosolvethisproblem,itisnecessarytointroducethetrenchsamplingdatawithhighspacesamplingdensityintothesystem．摘要:在礦床仿真系統(tǒng)中，單純采用地質(zhì)勘探和生產(chǎn)勘探中的鉆探數(shù)據(jù)將導(dǎo)致仿真效果難以滿足生產(chǎn)需要。為解決這一問題，需要在仿真系統(tǒng)中引入空間采樣密度高的刻槽數(shù)據(jù)。

55Theeffectofthecharacteristicsoftrenchsamplingdataonthemineraldepositsimulationsystemandthedataprocessingareanalysed.分析了刻槽數(shù)據(jù)的這些特征對礦床仿真系統(tǒng)及數(shù)據(jù)處理的影響，Incombinationwiththetypicaltrenchsamplingmodeanddistributionofminingengineering,astandardizedprocessingapproachfortrenchsamplingdataisproposed,layingafoundationforimprovingtheeffectofvisualizationsimulationandthepracticalityandgeneralityofthemineraldepositvisualizationsimulationsystem．

56結(jié)合采礦工程典型的刻槽方式和刻槽分布，提出了刻槽數(shù)據(jù)的規(guī)范處理方法，為改善礦床可視化仿真效果、提高可視化仿真系統(tǒng)的實(shí)用性和通用性奠定了基礎(chǔ)。DevelopmentandProspectofMiningSystemsEngineering礦業(yè)系統(tǒng)工程的發(fā)展與展望

Keywords:Miningsystemsengineering,礦業(yè)系統(tǒng)工程Historicaldevelopment，歷史發(fā)展Prospectforcast前景展望57Abstract：

Miningsystemsengineeringisanewbranchofdisciplineformedinrecentfortyyearsthroughthecombinationofminingengineeringandsystemsengineering．ThehistoricaldevelopmentofminingsystemsengineeringbothathomeandabroadandthecurrentstatusofitsresearcharediscussedandthetheoreticalbasisofitsresearchandthemethodsadoptedbothinandoutsideChinaaresummarizedandanalysed.Thenewdevelopmentsinsomemajordomainsarepresentedandfinally,itsfuturedevelopmentprospectisforcasted．

58摘要:礦業(yè)系統(tǒng)工程是近40年來礦業(yè)工程學(xué)科與系統(tǒng)工程學(xué)科相結(jié)合而形成的一個新的學(xué)科分支。討論了礦業(yè)系統(tǒng)工程在國內(nèi)外的歷史發(fā)展，以及近年研究領(lǐng)域的拓展現(xiàn)狀。對國內(nèi)外礦業(yè)系統(tǒng)工程研究的理論基礎(chǔ)及采用的方法做了歸納分析。介紹了若干重要領(lǐng)域的新發(fā)展。最后對礦業(yè)系統(tǒng)工程的發(fā)展前景做一展望。

59ReclamationofMinedAreainDepositionTypeBauxiteDepositandEcologicalReconstructionofMineDistrict

堆積型鋁土礦床采空區(qū)復(fù)墾及礦區(qū)生態(tài)重建Keywords：Minedarea;采空區(qū)Reclamation;復(fù)墾Soil;土壤Plantation;植被Ecologicalreconstruction生態(tài)重建60Abstract:Inviewofthecharacteristicsofsuchasdepositiontypebauxitedeposits,rapidlandoccupationintheirminingandlackofthesoilsourceforreclamation.andinaccordancewiththeprincipleofsystematicengineering,anadvancedcombinationofmultipledisciplinesisusedinthereclamationofminedarea.摘要:

針對堆積型鋁土礦床礦區(qū)范圍大,開采該類礦床占地速度快,復(fù)墾土源缺少等特點(diǎn),按照系統(tǒng)工程學(xué)的原理,以多學(xué)科先進(jìn)的組合應(yīng)用于礦山采空區(qū)復(fù)墾工程。61Stripping—mining—reclamationcombinedtechnologicalsystemisestablishedtospeedupthesoilageing，shortentheageingcycleandintegratethemining,biologicaIandecologicaltechnologiesintoone，makingitpossibleforminestoreconstructinashortperiodanartificialecologicalsystemwiththearable(可耕種的)landasthemainandwithoptimizedforest,bushandforage(草料)grass．建立剝離、采礦、復(fù)墾聯(lián)合工藝系統(tǒng),加速土壤熟化,縮短熟化周期,將采礦技術(shù)、生物技術(shù)、生態(tài)技術(shù)融為一體,使礦山在短時期內(nèi)重新建立以農(nóng)業(yè)耕地為主,林灌牧草優(yōu)化的人工生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。62TheComprehensiveEvaluationTechniqueofMillingGradeandIts’Application

合理入選品位綜和評價(jià)技術(shù)及其應(yīng)用Keywords:Industrialindexesoforedeposit,礦床工業(yè)指標(biāo)Lossrate,損失率Dilutionrate,貧化率Millinggrade,入選品位Optimization,優(yōu)化63Abstract：Thefundamentalsandthemainmethodofthecomprehensiveevaluationtechniqueofmillinggradeandsoftwaredesignforimplementing(實(shí)行)thistechniqueandthesoftwarerealizationmethodarepresented.Demonstration(示范)analysisismadeonthebasicprocedureofdeterminingtherationalmillinggradebythissoftware.摘要：介紹了合理入選品位綜和評價(jià)技術(shù)的基本原理、主要方法，以及實(shí)現(xiàn)該項(xiàng)技術(shù)的軟件設(shè)計(jì)和軟件實(shí)現(xiàn)方法，并對應(yīng)用該軟件確定合理入選品位的基本過程進(jìn)行了示例化分析64采礦工程英語

EnglishforMiningEngineering李明2008/8/765Lesson1BlastinginDevelopmentWorkings開拓巷道爆破Manypatternsofholeroundsforblastingareroundinpractice.Thenatureofthegroundtobeblasted,thefunctionofeachhole,thekindofexplosivesused,thewayinwhichtheholesareloadedandfired,theirnumber,diameter,depth,andspacingaretobeconsideredforanyparticularround.Round炮眼組/循環(huán)/擴(kuò)槽；spacing間距/間隔；burden抵抗線；explosive炸藥；beproportionalto與…….成比例。在實(shí)踐中，炮眼組爆破的許多形式是環(huán)形的用于擴(kuò)槽。每一個炮眼組要爆破巖層的性質(zhì),每個炮孔的作用,應(yīng)用的炸藥種類,炮孔裝藥及點(diǎn)火方式,炮眼數(shù)量,直徑,深度,間距都要被考慮到。66However,thefollowingprinciplesareofgeneralapplication:theStrengthoftheexplosiveshouldbeproportionaltothestrengthoftherock;theburdenshouldbeproportionaltothestrengthoftheexplosive.然而，以下規(guī)則普遍應(yīng)用：炸藥的強(qiáng)度應(yīng)與巖石的硬度成比例(相稱),抵抗線應(yīng)該與炸藥的強(qiáng)度成比例(相稱)。67Drift,crosscut,adit,shaftorraisepresentasimilarprobleminbreakingthatonlyonefreefaceisattached.Tohavemorethanonefreeface,mostroundsinitiatethebreakbyapyramidordiamondcut,V-cutandburncut,thenotherholesarefiredinsuccession.平巷、石門、平硐、井筒或天井在爆破過程中都存在一個相同問題，即只有一個自由面。為了形成多個自由面，許多炮眼組開始利用錐形或菱形掏槽，V形掏槽及一字形(直線)掏槽爆破，然后依次起爆周圍(其它)炮孔。68TheV-cutisgenerallylocatedatthecenteroftheface.Oneofexplosivesmostwidelyusedforblastinginundergroundworkisammon-dynamite.Locate位于；ammon-dynamite硝銨炸藥；emulsionexplosive乳化炸藥;

V形掏槽一般位于工作面中心。地下礦山爆破工作中應(yīng)用最廣泛的炸藥之一是硝銨炸藥。Modernminingpracticeindicates

theshortdelayblastingismoreandmorewidelyusedforbreakingrocks.Indicate指出/預(yù)示/暗示/象征；theshortdelayblasting毫秒延期爆破；現(xiàn)代采礦實(shí)踐中毫秒延期(微差)爆破越來越廣泛地應(yīng)用于爆破巖石。69Apartfromtheinitialfracturingoftherockbytheexplosive,thefragmentationindelayblastingisfurtherinfluencedbythetimeintervalbetweentheshots.Aninstantaneousblastcausedallrocktomovetogether.Thedifferencebetweenthesetwotypesofblastsisadelayperiodwhichresultsinabetterfragmentation.

Apartfrom除….以外；

initial最初的；fragmentation爆炸/碎裂；fracture破裂/斷面；instantaneous瞬時的/立即的；apparently顯然/儼然；除了炸藥爆炸所造成的最初的破裂外，借助于炮眼間時間間隔形成的延期爆炸所引起地破碎進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)了，瞬時爆破導(dǎo)致所有的巖石一起拋擲，這兩種爆破的區(qū)別是延遲時間，其能導(dǎo)致較好的破碎。70Thisdelayperiodwillapparentlydependonthreefactors:thetypeofrock,theburdenoftheshothole,theshotholespacing.Theoptimumdelayperiodismainlyinfluencedbythetypeofrock。Optimum最佳條件/最適度；shot爆破/炮眼；shothole炮眼；顯然，延期時間取決于三個因素：巖石類型，炮眼的最小抵抗線，炮眼間距，最佳延期時間主要受巖石類型影響。71Itisacommonimpressionthatthe15-to-25milliseconddelayatpresentavailablewithshortdelaydetonation

isasuitabledelayinterval.Millisecond毫秒；available可用的/合用的/通用的；impression印象/認(rèn)為；detonation雷管；通常認(rèn)為目前，15－25毫秒的延期時間是合適的間隔時間，其與微差電雷管通用。72Readingmaterial:

DrillingandBlasting鉆眼爆破Therearetwo-approachestothisphaseofshaftsinking.Oneconsistsofdrillingandblastingthecompleteshaftbottominoneoperationandistermedfull-bottom.Thesecondknownasthebenchingmethodinvolvesdrillingandblastingone-halftheshaftatatime.Approach途徑/方法/接近；phase階段/局面/狀態(tài)；bench把…分成臺階形；shaftsinking井筒掘進(jìn)；shaftbottom井底。井筒掘進(jìn)有兩種方法，一種方法是由一次鉆眼爆破整個井底叫做全井底方法(可譯為：一種方法是井筒全斷面一次爆破)，第二種方法被稱作臺階法，一次鉆眼爆破井筒斷面的一半。73Theadvantagesofthebenchingmethodare:臺階法的優(yōu)點(diǎn)：1、Aconstantlargecapacitysumpisprovidedwhichisofconsiderablebenefitwhensinkingawetshaft.Sump水倉/水窩；constant經(jīng)常的/不斷的/經(jīng)久的；benefit利益/好處；wet濕的；當(dāng)掘進(jìn)有涌水的井筒時，提供一個大容量的永久水倉是有利的。742、Thetimerequiredtocleanbottomaftermuckingisminimized;theremainingrockbeingblownintothesump.Mucking裝巖/抓巖;minimize減少到最低限度；blow放炮/爆破/(風(fēng))吹/噴水/噴氣；；裝巖后需要清理井底的時間減少到最低值，剩余的巖石可被清理(吹)到水窩里去。3、Flyrockuptheshaftisminimized,Astheshotrockisthrownagainsttheoppositesideoftheshaft,Therefore,itisnotnormallynecessarytomovethestagebeforeblasting.stage階段/吊盤；shotrock爆落巖石；向上的飛石減到了最少，因?yàn)楸涞膸r石被拋向井筒對面，因此爆破前通常不必移動吊盤。75Whenusingafull-bottomround,extremecaremustbetakentominimizetheamountofpowderperdelayinthecut,Thisisdonetoavoiddamagetothestage.Thestageisusuallywithdrawnaminimumof150feetfromthebottomforblasting.Thiscaninvolveadelayof30minutesormorebecause,asasafetyprecaution,thestageisnotmovedwithmenonthebottom.76Extreme極度的/極端的/非常的；withdraw撤離/縮回；precaution警惕/預(yù)防措施；當(dāng)采用全斷面爆破時，必須非常小心地把掏槽眼的每段裝藥量減到最低。這樣做為了避免破壞吊盤，吊盤通常撤離到距井底最少150英尺以躲避爆破，這可以包括在30分鐘甚至更多的延期里，因?yàn)樽鳛橐豁?xiàng)安全預(yù)防措施，人員在井底時，吊盤不能移動。77Lesson2SupportofMineWorkings礦山巷道的支護(hù)Priortominingoperations,Strataaresubjecttoaverticalcompressiveforceduetotheweightoftheoverlyingbeds.Inaddition,therocksaresubjecttoalateralorsidewaysforce,duetothefactthattheyareexternally

constrainedandarethusunabletoexpandsideways,Theseverticalandlateralforcesareinequilibriumorinotherwordstheybalanceeachotherandthestrataremainatrestintheirnaturalposition.78采礦作業(yè)之前，由于上覆巖層的重力作用，地層受到垂直壓力。另外，巖層還受到水平(橫向)的或側(cè)向力。由于這個緣故，巖層表面上被抑制，不能側(cè)向擴(kuò)張(膨脹)，這些垂直的和橫向的壓力保持平衡，換句話說，它們相互平衡，地層在原位置靜止不動。priorto在….之前；sideways橫的(地)/斜的;excavation挖掘/采掘/巷道;Full-face～全斷面掘進(jìn)；shaftanddrift～井巷掘進(jìn)；winning~采掘空間/工作；79excavator挖掘機(jī)/電鏟；single-bucket~單斗挖掘機(jī)；walking~邁步式挖掘機(jī)；dragline~索斗挖掘機(jī)；bucket－wheel~輪斗挖掘機(jī)；clamp~抓斗挖掘機(jī)；externally外面/表面上；compressive有壓力的/壓縮的；lateral側(cè)面的/旁邊的/橫向的；constrain強(qiáng)迫/抑制/阻止；sink挖掘/沉降；roadway巷道/路；subjectto遭受/受到/根據(jù)；overlyingbeds上覆巖層；inaddition另外/還有；equilibrium平衡；beinequilibrium保持平衡；80atrest靜止/安靜；avolcanoatrest靜止的火山；setaquestionatrest把問題解決；operation操作/工作運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)；expand使膨脹/使擴(kuò)張；81Oncewemakeanexcavation,however,asinsinkingashaftordrivingaroadway,Wedisturbthisstateofequilibriumorbalanceandtheverticalandlateralforceareredistributed,sothatnewforcesareinducedwhichoperateinamannertorestoreequilibrium.我們掘進(jìn)一條巷道，如掘進(jìn)一條井筒或開掘一條平巷，我們打破(破壞)了這種平衡狀態(tài)，，垂直的和橫向的壓力重新分布，以致誘發(fā)了新的壓力，其以某種方式起作用，促使恢復(fù)新的平衡。82Thisredistributionoftheforcestendstocausethestratatomoveintotheexcavation.Thegreaterthedepthoftheexcavationthegreateristhepressureuponthesurroundingstrata,Iftherockarestrong,andtheexcavationnarrow,themovementwillbeslightandtheexcavationmayremainopen.壓力的重新分布往往導(dǎo)致地層向巷道內(nèi)移動，巷道所處深度越大，圍巖的壓力就越大，如果圍巖穩(wěn)固且巷道斷面跨度小，圍巖的移動是輕微的，巷道可不用支護(hù)(保持敞空)。83Inmostcases,however,especiallyinwideexcavations,thestratabreakandsupportshavetobeused,Insuchcases,Ifthesupportsaresetearlyenoughandarestrongenough,theymaypreventthestratafrombreaking,orIffracturehasoccurred,theywillpreventthebrokenrocksfromfallingwherethestratabreak。然而，在多數(shù)情況下，尤其是巷道斷面跨度大，地層破碎必須應(yīng)用支護(hù)，在這種情況下，如果支護(hù)安裝的及時且強(qiáng)度足夠大，支護(hù)可以防止巖層破碎或者出現(xiàn)破裂(斷面)?；蛟诘貙訑嗔烟?，可防止破碎巖石冒落。84itisimpossibletopreventthemfromsubsidingsothattherealproblemofsupportisoneofroofcontrol.Thetermroofcontrolnotonly

coverstheactualsettingofsupports,butincludesastudyoftheforcesactinginthestrata.阻止巖層下沉是不可能的，如此支護(hù)的真正問題是頂板管理之一，頂板管理這個術(shù)語不但包括了實(shí)際的安裝支護(hù)，而且包括了作用在地層中壓力的研究。85andtheapplicationofsupportssuitablefortheparticularconditionsexistinginthemine,Theseconditionsvarywidelywiththenatureoftherocksandthesystemofworkingemployed.以及礦山中適合于特殊條件的支護(hù)的應(yīng)用，這些情況(條件)隨著巖石性質(zhì)及使用的工作系統(tǒng)的變動很大。86Thebedformingtheroofofanynarrowexcavationmayberegardedasaverylargeslabofstonerestingupontheroadsidepillarsandcarryingtheweightoftheoverlyingrocks.Theforcesactingonandinthisslabwillbemostlycompressivedownwardforcesbutothertypesofforcealsoariseintherocksaroundtheroadway.形成任何小斷面巷道頂板的地層，可看作是一塊很大的石板被支撐在路旁礦柱上，承載/托著上覆巖層的重量.作用在平板上面的和內(nèi)部的壓力，多數(shù)是向下的壓力，但是巷道圍巖中也產(chǎn)生了其它類型的壓力。87Thesectionoftheroofbedimmediatelyabovetheseammayberegardedasabeamfixedatbothendshavingaspanequaltothewidthoftheroadway