Devinit-從性別相關(guān)到性別變革的氣候融資：盧旺達(dá)案例研究

POLICYBRIEF

FROMGENDER-RELEVANTTOGENDER-

TRANSFORMATIVE

CLIMATEFINANCE:

RWANDACASESTUDY

SEPTEMBER2024

LISTOFABBREVIATIONS

CRS

CreditorReportingSystem

DAC

DevelopmentAssistanceCommittee

GBV

Gender-basedviolence

GRCF

Gender-relevantclimatefinance

ODA

OfficialDevelopmentAssistance

SRH

Sexualandreproductivehealth

UNFCCC

UnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange

TheKvinnatillKvinnaFoundationhasdefendedwomen’srightssince1993.Foreverywomanandgirl’srighttobesafeandtobeheard.

Today,weareoneoftheworld’sleadingfeministwomen’srights

organisations,workingdirectlyinareasaffectedbywarandconflictto

strengthentheinfluenceandpowerofallwomen.Weworkcloselytogetherwithmorethan100partnerorganisationsin20countriestodefendwomen’srights,achievegenderequalityandjustice,andreachlastingfeministpeace.

DevelopmentInitiatives(DI)unlocksthepowerofdatatoenablepoliciesandinvestmentsthatimprovethelivesofpeopleexperiencingpoverty,inequalityandcrisis.

Ourmissionistoworkcloselywithpartnerstoensuredata-drivenevidenceandanalysisareusedeffectivelyinpolicyandpracticetoendpoverty,reduceinequalityandincreaseresilience.

Whiledataalonecannotbringaboutabetterworld,itisavitalpartof

achievingit.Datahasthepowertounlockinsight,shinealightonprogressandempowerpeopletoincreaseaccountability.

INTRODUCTION

AstheclimatecrisisacceleratesinRwanda,itsrepercussions

disproportionatelyaffectwomen,girls,andothermarginalisedcommunities.Addressingtheinequalitiesrequirestargetedresourcesandpolicies.Ensuringthatgovernmentsandotherkeyactorsprioritisetheinclusionofwomenandothermarginalisedcommunitiesindecision-makingprocessesandresourceallocationisessentialforcomprehensiveandsustainableclimateaction.

Ourresearchanddiscussionswithwomen’srightsorganisationsinRwanda

havehighlightedcriticalgapsincurrentfundingmechanisms.Thesegaps

underscoretheneedformoregenuinelygender-transformativeclimate

finance,ensuringthatfinancialresourcesnotonlyaddressclimatechallenges

butalsotransformgenderdynamicsandempowerwomenandothermarginalisedcommunitiesaskeyagentsofchange.

Women’srightsorganisationsareessentialactorsoftenworkingatthe

forefrontofclimateaction.Itisthereforevitalthattheycanparticipateinclimatefinancingdecisions.Theyhavetheskillsandexperienceto:

?Provideinputinthedesignandimplementationofprojectstoensuretheyconsiderthespecificneedsofwomenandothermarginalised

groupswhoaredisproportionatelyaffectedbyclimatechange.

?Monitorandevaluatetheimpactofclimate-relevantprojectswithagenderandintersectionallenstoensurethattheavailablefinanceisdrivinggender-transformativeclimateactionatthelocallevel.

?Raisetheawarenessoflocalcommunitiesonclimatechangeandgenderinequalityissues.

?Empowerwomenandothermarginalisedcommunitiesthroughcapacity-buildingandmeaningfulparticipationinclimateaction,includingdecision-makingprocesses.

?Bethelinkbetweenlocalcommunitiesandthenationallevelto

establishabottom-upapproachandstrategicalignmentbetweenlocalandnationalpriorities,andensurethatthevoicesandexperiencesofwomenonthefrontlineoftheclimatecrisisareheardandtheright

policiescanbeenacted.

?Advocateforgender-transformativeclimatepoliciesandbudgetallocation.

Evidenceshowsthatfundingwomen'srightsorganisationsandmovementshelpsdelivergenderequality,andthatwomen'srights'organisationsplaya

1

crucialroleinclimateaction

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Why,then,dotheystillstruggletoaccessclimatefinance?

Theevidencepresentedinthispapersuggeststhatwomen’srights

organisationsinRwanda,asinmanyclimate-vulnerablecontexts,face

significantbarrierstoaccessingclimatefinance.Thesechallengesinclude

limitedawarenessofandaccesstoinformationandcapacityandtime

constraints.Moreover,thereisnotenoughclimatefinancetomeetthescaleoftheneed.Itisalsodifficulttodisaggregatewhatisbeingmarkedasclimatefinancetoidentifywhatisspecificallyfocusedondeliveringontheneedsof

womenandgirls.Existingmechanismsfortrackingandallocatinggender-

relevantclimatefinanceareinconsistentanddifferacrossdonors,makingitdifficulttocalculateaholisticpictureofgender-relevantclimatefinance.

Inthisanalysis,wedefinegender-relevantclimatefinance(GRCF)asclimate-relevantofficialdevelopmentassistance(ODA)thatintegratesgenderequalityasasignificantorprincipalobjective.(Seeforthcomingappendixforfull

methodology.)

Thispolicybriefaimstoshedlightontheseissuesandproposeactionablerecommendationsforachievinggender-transformativeclimatefinance.Bytargetingfinancialflowstotherealneedsontheground,wecanfoster

resilientcommunitiesandensurethatwomenandothermarginalisedgroupsarenotonlyprotectedbutalsoempoweredinclimateaction.

1ODI,2022.Women'sorganisationsandfeministmobilisation:supportingthefoundationaldriversofgenderequality

Availableat:

/en/publications/womens-organisations-and-feminist-mobilisation-

supporting-the-foundational-drivers-of-gender-equality/

2KvinnatillKvinna,2021.Gender,Women’sRights,EnvironmentandClimateChangeinRwanda.Availableat:

/publications/gender-womens-rights-environment-and-

climate-change-in-rwanda

3WorldEconomicForum,2022.Whywomen’sleadershipiskeytoclimateaction.Availableat:

/agenda/2022/02/women-gender-equality-climate-change-leadership/

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DEFINITIONS

Whatisclimatefinance?

Climatefinanceencompassesallpublicandprivatesourcesoffundingthat

seektotacklethecausesandconsequencesofenvironmentalandclimate

change,coveringmitigationandadaptationeffortsandlossanddamage.

WhileallclimatefinanceshouldbenewandadditionaltoODA,Rwandais

classifiedasa‘least-developedcountry’,andassuchnearlyallclimatefinanceitreceivesisconcessionalandthereforealsocountedasODA.

Thedifferencebetweengender-relevant,gender-responsiveandgender-transformativeclimateaction

FollowingthedevelopmentoftheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange(UNFCCC)’sGenderActionPlanthatwasadoptedatCOP23,severaltermshavebeenusedtocategorisegenderinclimateaction

:4

?Gender-relatedclimateactionreferstoinitiativeswithintended

outcomesexpectedtosupportgenderequalitytosomeextentbutthatarenotaimedataddressingdeeper,systemicissues.

?Gender-responsiveclimateactiongoesbeyondmeresensitivityto

genderdifferences.Itinvolvesinitiativesthatactivelypromoteequalityandempowerwomenandgirlswithintheircommunitiesand

societies.

?Gender-transformativeclimateactionemphasisestheneedfor

fundamentalchangesinaddressinggenderissues.Thisinvolves

creatingsignificantshiftsinhowgenderisperceivedandaddressed.

4InternationalInstituteforEnvironmentandDevelopment,2023.Gender,climatefinanceand

inclusivelow-carbontransitions.Available

at:-/sites/default/files/pdfs/2023

09/21601IIED.pdf

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THEGENDEREDIMPACTOFCLIMATEANDENVIRONMENTALCRISESINRWANDA

Rwandaisconsideredhighlyvulnerabletotheimpactsofclimatechange.It

hasahighdependenceonrain-fedagricultureandneedsimprovementsinitsroadnetworks,healthsectorandwaterresourcemanagement

.5

In2023,

Rwanda’sdebtasapercentageofGDPstoodat73.5%.Indebtednessalreadyimpactsthecountry’sabilitytofinancecriticalinfrastructure.TheimpactsofclimatechangecouldworsenRwanda’sdebtdistressrisksiffutureclimate

changeadaptationormitigationinterventionsrelyheavilyonloansinsteadofgrants(therebyincreasingcostsandleadingtofurtherdebt)

.67

ClimateandenvironmentalcrisesinRwandahavedisproportionatelyaffectedwomenandgirls,exacerbatingexistinggenderinequalities.Thisisevidentinvarious

socioeconomicimpactsasoutlinedinapreviousreportbytheKvinnatill

KvinnaFoundationwhichformsthebasisofthissection

.8

Furtherresearchisneededforamorecomprehensiveevidencebase.

Agricultureandlivelihoods:WomeninRwandaconstitute86%ofthe

agriculturalworkforce,andarepredominantlysmallholderfarmers.Climatechangehassignificantlydisruptedagriculturalproductivitydueto

unpredictableweatherpatterns,flooding,erosion,anddrought.Asagriculturebecomesuntenableandotherlivelihoodopportunitiesarelimited,women

faceimmensepressuretosustaintheirfamilies,especiallyincaseswheremenmigratetourbanareasforemployment.

Unpaiddomesticwork:ClimatechangehasintensifiedtheburdenofunpaiddomesticlabouronwomeninRwanda,whoperformatleasttwo-and-a-half

timesmoreunpaidhouseholdandcareworkthanmen.Traditionalgender

rolesassignwomentheresponsibilityofcooking,cleaning,fetchingwaterandfirewood,andcaringforchildrenandotherdependentrelatives.Climate

impactsmeanthatwomenhavetowalkfurthertocollectfirewoodorwater,

meaningthesetaskstakelongerandcanbemorehazardoustocarryout.This

5WorldBank,2021.ClimateChangeKnowledgePortal-Rwanda.Availableat:

/country/rwanda

6InternationalMonetaryFund,2024.IMFcountryreports24/141.Availableat:

/10.5089/9798400277511.002

7InternationalMonetaryFund,2023.IMFcountryreportNo.23/422.Availableat:

/10.5089/9798400260995.002.A000

8KvinnatillKvinna,2021.Gender,Women’sRights,EnvironmentandClimateChangeinRwanda.Availableat:

/publications/gender-womens-rights-environment-and-

climate-change-in-rwanda

4

resultsinmoretimespentonunpaidworkandlimitstheirtimeforpaidemploymentoreducation.

Gender-basedviolence(GBV):EnvironmentalcriseshavebeenlinkedtoariseinGBVinRwanda.Thestrainonnaturalresourcesandeconomic

instabilityleadstoincreasedhouseholdandcommunityconflicts,whichin

turnincreaseincidencesofintimatesexual,emotional,andeconomicviolenceagainstwomenandgirls.Duringperiodsofenvironmentalstress,girlsare

oftenforcedtodropoutofschoolorenterintoearlymarriages.

Sexualandreproductivehealth(SRH):AccesstoSRHservicesisessentialforwomen,girlsandhouseholdsattemptingtoremainresilienttocrisisandis

acknowledgedasabasichumanright.However,itisoftenoneofthefirst

componentsofhealthcaretobedeprioritisedduringanemergency,leavingwomenandgirlsextremelyvulnerable.

Furthermore,thereissignificantevidencethatincidencesofGBVincrease

duringenvironmentalandclimatecriseswhich,coupledwithpooraccesstoSRHservices,isdevastatingforthephysicalandmentalhealthofsurvivors.

Womencanbeatincreasedriskofsexuallytransmittedinfections,contractedasaresultofhavingtorelyontransactionalsexforsurvivalduring

environmentalcrises,orfrommenwhoreturnaftermigratingfor

employmentopportunities.Limitedaccesstocontraceptionandawareness

aboutreproductivehealthservicesresultsinearlyandunwantedpregnancies,exacerbatedbyanincreasedriskofGBV.

Thestressescausedbyenvironmentalandclimatecrisescanleadtofamily

conflicts.Womenmightusefamilyplanningtolimitfamilysize,inresponsetoclimatechangeimpactingtheirabilitytosupportlargerfamilies.GBVhasbeenreportedwhenmenfindoutaboutwomenusingfamilyplanninginthisway.

Economicconstraints,suchasaninabilitytoaffordhealthinsuranceduetoenvironmentaldisasters,alsolimitaccesstohealthservices,includingfamilyplanningandmenstrualhygieneproducts.

Disability:Personswithdisabilities,especiallywomen,aredisproportionatelyaffectedbytheimpactsofclimatechangeandenvironmentaldegradation.

Thisincludesaccesstofood,water,sanitation,housingandforced

displacementwhichcarriesanincreasedriskofGBV.Limitedknowledgeof

climatechangeinitiatives,togetherwithalackofaccessibleanduser-friendlyenvironmentalandclimatechangeeducationmaterialsforpeoplewith

disabilities,furtherexacerbatestheirvulnerability.

Infrastructureandsafety:Poorlyplannedurbaninfrastructure

disproportionatelyaffectswomen,increasingtheirexposuretohealthand

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safetyrisksindisaster-proneareas.Examplesincludewomenneedingtowalklongdistancestoaccessenergysources,andlackofstreetlighting.

Limitedaccesstoinformation:Womenaresometimesunawareofthe

environmentalimpactoftheirfarmingpractices,believingthatonlylarge-scaleagricultureemitssignificantgreenhousegases.However,small-scalefarmersmayusechemicalfertilisers,relyonpesticides,andfollowtraditionalfarmingmethodsthatlacksustainability.Forexample,manywomenareunawareof

regulationsprohibitingtree-cuttingwithoutapproval.Womencuttreesdowntouseasanenergysource,butdoingsocontributestodeforestationandsoilerosionandimpactshowsustainabletheirfarmis.

Underrepresentationinenvironmentalandclimatechangedecision-

making:Womenareoftenoverlookedindecision-makingprocesses,leavingtheirneedsunnoticedandexcludingthemfromdistrictandlocalplanning

relatedtoenvironmentalandclimatechangeissues.Forexample,responsestofloodingandprolongeddroughtoftenlackagenderperspectivewhen

womenandothermarginalisedgroupsarenotconsultedinanalysesofclimatecrisisimpacts.

Representativesofwomen’srightsorganisationsechoedtheimpactsof

climateandenvironmentalcrisesmentionedaboveduringafocusgroup

discussion.Theconversationhighlightedtheneedforinclusiveclimateaction,asunderrepresentationindecision-makingextendstowomen’srights

organisations,whichfacesignificantbarriersinaccessingclimatefinance,thusimpedingtheirabilitytocontributeeffectivelytoclimateaction.

WOMEN’SRIGHTSORGANISATIONS’ACCESSTOCLIMATEFINANCE

Thissectionwasinformedbywomenfoundersandexecutivedirectorsof

severalRwandanwomen’srightsorganisations.Whileanumberofthese

organisationsdonotworkdirectlyonenvironmentalandclimatechange,theyallidentifiedthisasimpactingthewomenandcommunitiestheyworkwith.

Theseorganisationssupportwomen,girlsandotherhistoricallymarginalisedpeoplesuchaschildren,personswithdisabilitiesandmigrants.Theydoso

throughawiderangeofinterventions,includingeconomicempowerment,education,sexualandreproductivehealthandrights,preventingsexualandgender-basedviolence,environmentalprotectionandclimatechange

resilience.Whilewomen’srightsorganisationsareessentialactorsinclimate

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actionthatistrulygendertransformative,multiplebarriershindertheiraccesstofunding:

Barrier#1:Beingawareofclimatefinanceopportunities

Wherecanweknocktogetthissupport?

DativeNakabonye,FounderandExecutiveDirector,FamilyCircleofLoveLabOrganization

Women’srightsorganisationswhosefocusisnottheenvironmentorclimatechangehavelimitedawarenessoffundingavailabletorespondto

environmentalandclimateissues.Women’srightsorganisationscannotapplyforproposalsandfundingiftheydonotknowwhenthecallsforproposals

comeoutorwheretheycomefrom.

Barrier#2:Havingthecapacitytoapply

Itiscomplexandtimeconsuming,especiallyforsmalllocalorganisationswithlimitedresources.

FeliciteRwemarika,FounderoftheAssociationofKigaliWomeninSports

Thecomplexityofclimatefinancemechanismsandapplicationprocessescanposeasignificantbarrier.Applyingforclimatefinanceisnotstraightforwardfororganisationswithoutpriorexperience.Theymaylackthenecessary

resources,technicalexpertiseorstaffingandinfrastructure.Timeandcapacityareneededtoputtogetherastrongapplicationthatshowcasesan

organisation’svalue-add,andexperienceandtechnicalknowledgeareneededtoestablishclearandconvincingmethodologies.Grantscanoftentakealongtimetobeagreed?uptosevenyears–andsmallerorganisationsmaynot

havethecapacitytoengagewithsuchalongtimeframe.

Barrier#3:Meetingthecriteria

Sometimesweapplyandapplyandapplyandareunsuccessful.

YvonneMusabyimana,FounderandExecutiveDirector,StriveforInclusion

Thecriteriaforaccessingfundingsometimesexcludewomen’sorganisations

thatdonotfocusontheenvironmentorclimatechange.Moreover,

unsuccessfulapplicantsdonotusuallybenefitfromfeedback,makingit

difficultfororganisationstoknowhowtoimproveforfutureapplications.

Barrier#4:Accessingsustainablefunding

Continuityoftheinitiativeisreallyanissuesometimes.

YvetteNyinawumuntu,FounderandExecutiveDirector,SaveGenerations

Thelackofaccesstostablefundinghinderswomen’srightsorganisations’abilitytofunctioneffectivelyandachievelastingimpact.One-offfunding

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opportunitiesrestrictprogrammesandprojectstoshort-termoutcomesanddisrupteffortstoprovideservicesandadvocateeffectivelyforsystemic

change.

Barrier#5:Meaningfulparticipation

Womenareunderrepresentedindecision-makingandnegotiationsaboutclimatefinancemechanismsandpriorities.Thisisanunderlyingbarrier

exacerbatingtheotherobstacles.

Whilewomen’srightsorganisationsfacesignificantbarriersinaccessing

climatefinance,understandingthebroaderlandscapeofgender-relevant

climatefundingiscrucialtoaddressingthesechallenges.Byexaminingthe

flowofclimatefinancetoRwanda,wecanbetterassesshowcurrentfunding

mechanismsalignwiththeneedsofwomenandothermarginalisedcommunities.

GENDER-RELEVANTCLIMATEFUNDINGTORWANDA

Thissectionlooksatthespecificsofhowgender-relevantclimatefinanceis

beingallocatedinRwanda.Itprovidesacriticallensthroughwhichtoevaluatetheeffectivenessofthesefinancialflowsinfosteringgenderequalityand

resiliencetoclimatechange.Acomprehensiveassessmentofwhethera

programmeisgender-responsiveorgender-transformativerequiresdelvingintoimpactevaluationandisbeyondthescopeofthisbriefing.Therefore,theterm‘gender-relevant’willbeusedbydefault.

Gender-relevantclimatefinance

Currently,genderorclimatefinanceismeasuredby"marking"thefinance

witheithertheDevelopmentAssistanceCommittee's(DAC)gendermarker,itsclimatemarker(Riomarkers),orboth.However,thesemarkerscannotbe

reliedontoaccuratelyassesswhetherfundingisdirectedtowardsgender-

transformativeclimateprojects.Thisisbecause,despiteimprovementsinthegeneraluptakeofgenderandclimatemarkers,severaldonorsstilllagin

applyingthesemarkerstosomeoralltheirflows.Forexample,multilateral

developmentbanks(MDBs),includingtheWorldBank,whichisthelargest

climatefinancefunder,donotusethesamemarkersastheDAC.Thisis

becauseMDBshavetheirownmethodologyforcalculatingandtrackingtheir

8

climatefinance

.9

TheWorldBank,forexample,onlymarksthesectors

singularly,makingitdifficulttoquantifywheretheyoverlapacrossgenderand

climate.Breakingdownthesesilosisessentialtoensuringintegrated

programmingthatdeliversatrulyholisticapproachtomeettheneedsofwomenandgirls.

Additionally,somedonorsadoptamoreliberalapproachinapplyingthe

markers,oftencategorisingprojectsas'significant'ratherthan'principal'.Thiscategorisationindicatesthattheprojectscouldonlybetangentiallyrelatedtogenderequalityorclimateissues,diminishingthevalueofanalysesthat

aggregatedatawithoutdeeperscrutinyofprojectdetails.Gender

measurementisoftenaprojectionofintentratherthanarigoroustrackingofaccountabilityandresults.

Whilepublicmultilateralclimatefundshavecontinuedtoincreasegender

mainstreamingthroughpolicyimplementationand/orpractice,theyarenotnecessarilyensuringthatitispossibletotrackallclimatefinancethatis

genderrelevant

.10

Welookedatanumberofthesefunds?theAdaptationFund,theClimateInvestmentFunds,GreenClimateFundandGlobal

EnvironmentFacility.Forexample,wefoundthatdisbursementsfromthe

ClimateInvestmentFundswerenotgender-tagged,makingitdifficultto

assesstheextenttowhichthefundingintegratedgenderequalityobjectives.

TheGreenClimateFundalsodoesnotusethegenderequalitymarkerconsistentlytotagallitsprojects/activities.Ofthe23activitiesthatweretargetedbytheGreenClimateFund,14werenotgendertagged.

ClimatefinancedisbursementstoRwanda

IntheDACCreditorReportingSystem(CRS),ODAflows(whichincludeswhatwerefertoas‘climatefinance’)toRwandaamountedtoUS$12.7billion

between2013and2022.ThisconsistedofUS$6.9billionfrommultilateraldonorsandUS$5.8billionfrombilateraldonors.

Multilateraldonorsprovidedoverhalf(54%)oftotalaidtoRwandaover

2013?2022.GiventhedifferencesinhowtheWorldBankusesitsownmarkers,andthefactthatsomeothermultilateraldevelopmentbanksdonotmark

9EuropeanInvestmentBank,2023.2022jointreportonmultilateraldevelopmentbanks’climatefinance.Availableat:

/en/doc/3258e1d4c1e84fd961b79fe54e7df85c-

0020012023/original/2023-0128-MDB-Report-2022-NEW.pdf

10Women’sEnvironmentandDevelopmentOrganization,2019.Women’sOrganizationsandClimateFinance:EngaginginProcessesandAccessingResources.Availableat:

/guidance/womens-organizations-and-climate-finance-engaging-in-

processes-and-accessing-resources/

9

climatefinanceatall,thismakesitevenmoredifficulttomeasurehowmuch

isgender-relevant.TheIDA21replenishment,aseriesofnegotiations

throughout2024,willdeterminetheWorldBank'sfinancingandpolicy

packageforthenextthreeyears.TheIDA21replenishmentcurrentlyhasnoinformationshowinghowtargetsandprogresswillbemeasured.Giventhis,thereisariskthatifgenderequalityisdeprioritisedinthereplenishmentitisnotclearhowclimateprogresswouldbemeasured,letalonewhatmetric

wouldbeusedtomeasurethegenderimpactofclimatefinance

.11

IfweonlycountODA,64.1%ofclimate-relatedODAtoRwandaintegrated

genderequalityasasignificantobjective.However,justafurther3.6%was

markedashavinggenderequalityasaprincipalfocus.ThisisconsistentwithapreviouspieceofresearchundertakenbyDevelopmentInitiativesinwhichwefoundtheglobalclimateODAfigurewithaprincipalgenderfocusstoodat

3.0%in2021

.12

Between2013and2022,theWorldBankdisbursedUS$2.1billioninODAto

Rwandatosupporttheachievementofvariousdevelopmentobjectives.Of

this,US$307.4million(14.8%)(seeFigure1)wasearmarkedforclimatechangeadaptationandmitigation,whileUS$157.8million(7.6%)wenttointerventionsthatpromote/supportgenderequalityobjectives.Althoughwecannotknow

theexactoverlapbetweengenderandclimatefinanceduetothewayitis

reported,outofatotalof32WorldBankprojectsinRwandaduringtheperiod2013?2022,13hadaclimatecomponent,9hadagendercomponent,and6

hadbothgenderandclimatecomponents.

11YoucanreadmoreabouttheIDA21replenishmenthere:

/en/replenishments/road-to-IDA21

12DevelopmentInitiatives,2023.Whenthedatadoesn’ttellthefullstory:improvinggender-responsiveclimatefinance.Availableat:

/blog/data-improving-gender-

responsive-climate-finance

10

Figure1:AbreakdownoftheWorldBank’sfundingbyobjective/priority,2013?2022

Climate

change,

14.8%

Other

objectives,

77.6%

Gender

equality,7.6%

Source:DIbasedonIATIdata

Gender-relevantclimatefinancebysector

Whilegenderequalityissometimesconsideredinclimate-relatedODA

disbursementstoagricultureandenergy,othersectorsidentifiedbywomenascriticalforwomen’sandgirls’resiliencerarelyincorporateagenderlens.Theseincludehealth,waterandsanitation,disasterriskmanagement,

populationpolicies/programmesandreproductivehealth(seeFigure2).

Figure2:Gender-relevantclimatefinancebysector,2013?2022

Agriculture,forestryandfishingEnergy

Othersocialinfrastructureand…Othermultisector

WatersupplyandsanitationGeneralenvironmentprotection Government,CSO,peaceHealth

Businessandbanking

TradepoliciesandregulationsDisasterriskmanagement

Education

Populationpoliciesand…

MiningandindustryOther

19.2%

7mm6.4.74.2%mm3.3%mm3.2%3.1%1.6%

1.1%1.0%

0.6%0.6%0.4%

.1%3%%

43.4%

0%10%20%30%40%50%

Source:DIbasedonOECD-DACCRSdata.

11

BreakingdownGRCFbypurposecodesrelevanttowomenandgirlsrevealsanevenstarkerpictureofhowtheirspecificneedsarebeingaddressed.As

highlightedintheKvinnatillKvinnaFoundation’sreport,theclimate

emergencyincreasestheriskofGBV

.13

Despitethis,theamountofclimate

financethatincludestheGBVpurposecodeisminuscule–just0.01%(see

Table1).Thismeansthatinterventionsfundedbyclimatefinancestreamsarenotrecognisingormitigatingagainsttheincreasedriskstowomenandgirls.

Thisiscompoundedbythepaucityoffundingtokeyareassuchasfamily

planningandreproductivehealth?eachaccountedforjust0.2%oftotal

GRCF.Thisisdespitethenowwidelyrecognisedthreatsthatclimatechangeposestomaternalandnewbornhealth

,14

aswellasissuesidentifiedbythewomenconsultedfortheKvinnatillKvinnaFoundation’spaper.

Table1:Gender-relevantclimatefinancebyselectpurposecodes

Purpose

Volumes

2013?2022(US$

millions)

Fundingas%oftotalGRCF

2013?2022

Socialprotection

73.6

6.9

Basicnutrition

7.4

0.7

Women’srightsorganisationsandmovements,andgovernment

institutions

3.0

0.3

Familyplanning

2.3

0.2

Reproductivehealthcare

1.9

0.2

Endingviolenceagainstwomenandgirls

0.1

0.01

Source:DIbasedonOECD-DACCRSdata

13KvinnatillKvinna,2021.Gender,Women’sRights,EnvironmentandClimateChangeinRwanda.Availableat:

/publications/gender-womens-rights-environment-and-

climate-change-in-rwanda

14Conway,F.,Portela,A.,Filippi,V.,Chou,D.,andKovats,S.Climatechange,airpollutionand

maternalandnewbornhealth:Anoverviewofreviewsofhealthoutcom