高級職業(yè)英語(第二版)全套課件

Unit1ModernAdministration1.Whatdoyouknowabouthowtobeagoodmanager?2.Doyouwishtobecomeamanager?Whyorwhynot?Activity1ReadMoreAboutModernBusinessAdministrationUnit1

ModernAdministrationSection1MoreThingstoDoUnit1

ModernAdministrationSection1MoreThingstoDoHowtoBeaBetterManagerTheneedforgoodmanagersisnotgoingaway.Itisintensifying.Withflatorganizationsandself-directedteamsbecomingcommon,andwithpersonalcomputersandnetworksmakinginformationavailabletomorepeoplemorequickly,therawnumberofmanagersneededisdecreasing.However,theneedforgoodmanagers—peoplewhocanmanagethemselvesandothersinahigh-stressenvironment—isincreasing.Ibelieveanyonecanbeagoodmanager.Itisasmuchtrainableskillasitisinherentability;asmuchscienceasart.Herearesomethingsthatmakeyouabettermanager.intensifyv.強化self-directeda.自我管理inherenta.與生俱來Chinesetranslation:Unit1

ModernAdministrationSection1MoreThingstoDoAsaperson:Youhavecon?denceinyourselfandyourabilities.Youarehappywithwhoyouare,butyouarestilllearningandgettingbetter.Youaresomethingofanextrovert.Youdon’thavetobethelifeoftheparty,butyoucan’tbeawallflower.Managementisapeopleskill—it’snotthejobforsomeonewhodoesn’tenjoypeople.extrovertn.性格外向者wall?owern.局外人Chinesetranslation:Unit1

ModernAdministrationSection1MoreThingstoDoYouarehonestandstraightforward.Yoursuccessdependsheavilyonthetrustofothers.Youareanincludernotanexcluder.Youbringothersintowhatyoudo.Youdon’texcludeothersbecausetheylackcertainattributes.Youhavea“presence”.Managersmustlead.Effectiveleadershaveaqualityaboutthemthatmakespeoplenoticewhentheyenteraroom.includern.吸納者excludern.排斥者bringinto帶入attributen.才能Chinesetranslation:Unit1

ModernAdministrationSection1MoreThingstoDo

Onthejob:Youareconsistent,butnotrigid;dependable,butcanchangeyourmind.Youmakedecisions,buteasilyacceptinputfromothers.Youarealittlebitcrazy.Youthinkout-of-the-box.Youtrynewthingsandiftheyfail,youadmitthemistake,butdon’tapologizeforhavingtried.rigida.僵硬Chinesetranslation:Unit1

ModernAdministrationSection1MoreThingstoDoYouarenotafraidto“dothemath”.Youmakeplansandschedulesandworktowardthem.Youarenimbleandcanchangeplansquickly,butyouarenotflighty.Youseeinformationasatooltobeused,notaspowertobehoarded.Takealookatyourselfagainstthislist.Findtheplaceswhereyoucanimproveandthengetgoing.(342words)nimblea.敏捷?ightya.輕狂hoardv.儲存getgoing著手，進行Chinesetranslation:Unit1

ModernAdministrationTask1Completetheoutlinewiththeinformationfromthepassage.TipsforBeingaBetterManagerAsaperson:1.Have1)

andlearntoimprove;2.Enjoydealingwith2);3.Be3);4.Be4);5.Havea5)

thatmakesyounoticeable.

Activity2Ful?lltheFollowingTasksconfidence(inyourselfandyourabilities)peoplehonestandstraightforwardanincluderpresence(quality)Unit1

ModernAdministrationSection1MoreThingstoDoOnthejob:1.Be6)

butnotrigid;2.Becreativebutdonot7)

forhavingtried;3.Makeplanstosettle8);4.Be9)

butnotflighty;5.Use10)

asatool.

consistentapologizedifficultproblemsnimbleinformationUnit1

ModernAdministrationTask2MatchAwithB.AB1.改變主意2.自我管理的團隊3.可訓練的技能4.承認錯誤5.單層管理組織6.創(chuàng)新思維7.天生的能力8.嘗試新鮮事物9.高壓的環(huán)境10.作出決定a.?atorganizationb.self-directedteamc.ahigh-stressenvironmentd.makeadecisione.atrainableskillf.inherentabilityg.changethemindh.admitthemistakei.thinkout-of-the-boxj.trynewthingsUnit1

ModernAdministrationTask3Fillintheblankswiththerightwordsorphrases.Changetheformwherenecessary.

Therearemorewordsthanyouneed.goawayintensifydecreaseinherentbringintoasmuch…aslackconsistentgetgoingdependable1.Thesetraditionalvaluesseemtobeout-datedandare.2.Heseemsto

everythingbutmoney.3.Onceyou’vemadeupyourmind,youmustimmediately.4.Asamanager,whatyoudomustbe

withwhatsay.5.Managing,liketeaching,is

science

art.6.Ourmarketsurveyrevealsthatthedemandforthisproduct.7.Somemusicandsportstalentsseemtobe

thoughtheycanbetrainable.8.Theirfearofbeingunemployed

asthenationaleconomicsituationbecameworse.goingawaylackgetgoingconsistentasmuchasisdecreasing/hasdecreasedinherentintensifiedUnit1

ModernAdministrationActivity3MakeaSurveyInterviewacompanymanagerto?ndoutwhathe/shethinksofthedo’sanddon’tsinthedailyadministration.ThentickYesforagreementandNofordisagreement.1.Don’tscrimp(吝嗇)onresources.(Yes/No)2.Don’tignoreaccomplishments.(Yes/No)3.Don’tplayfavorites.(Yes/No)4.Don’tbelievethatcriticismalonehelpsanemployeeunderstandwhatyouwant.Say“thanks”onceinawhile.(Yes/No)5.Don’tletemployees?ndoutaboutraiseswhentheygettheirchecks.(Yes/No)6.Don’tmakeinsensitiveremarksregardingsex,religion,orrace.(Yes/No)Unit1

ModernAdministrationSection1MoreThingstoDo7.Don’tcallameetingwithoutlettinganyoneknowwhatthesubjectwillbe.(Yes/No)8.Docommunicate,evenifit’sbadnews.(Yes/No)9.Dokeepyourpromises.(Yes/No)10.Dorecognizethestrengthsandweaknessesofeachindividualwhoispartofyourteam.(Yes/No)11.Doencouragetraining,andnotjusttechnicaltraining.(Yes/No)12.Doencouragefeedback,evenifyoudon’tlikewhatyouhear.(Yes/No)13.Doreprehend(責備)inprivateandcompliment(贊揚)inpublic.(Yes/No)14.Dotakesmallyeteffectiveopportunitiestointeractwithindividuals.(Yes/No)Unit1

ModernAdministrationActivity4WriteaPassageWriteashortpassagetodescribehowtheadministrativeskillsareusedbasedontheinformationyougetinActivity3.Unit1

ModernAdministrationActivity5TranslateaParagraphTranslatethefollowingintoChinese.Workgroupmanagementisnotaneasytask.Herearesomesuggestions:1.Timescheduletobemaintainedreligiously.Flexibilitycanbeallowedbutonlyonspecialinstances.Asmilinglookatthelatecomerwillputhimrightnexttime.2.Walkingaroundandsupervisingtheworkofthestaffisagoodpracticetokeepthemingoodtune.Thiswillenablethemtocleartheirdoubtsonthespot.3.Askthestafftorecordtheirperformanceonadailybasis.Assesseachemployeeandidentifythemformoreresponsibleassignments.Unit1

ModernAdministrationActivity5TranslateaParagraphTranslatethefollowingintoChinese.管理一個工作團隊不是件容易的事，這里有一些建議：1.嚴格遵循工作時間安排。有特殊情況時可以靈活處理。給遲到的人一個笑臉，這會使他下次變得準時。2.走到員工中去，探討問題，指導工作。這不僅可以確保他們的工作按照正確的方向進行，還可以及時解決工作中出現(xiàn)的問題。3.要求員工記錄每日工作表現(xiàn)。對員工表現(xiàn)進行評估，并據此來分配工作任務。Unit1

ModernAdministrationSection2ReadingSkillExploration:UnderstandingWordFormation分析構詞法(UnderstandingWordFormation)英語的派生詞通常由詞綴構成。詞綴分前綴和后綴。后綴常顯示單詞的詞性。通過后綴判斷詞性對閱讀理解很有幫助。下表是一些常見的表達詞性的后綴。名詞(n.)動詞(v.)形容詞(a.)副詞(ad.)-age-ate-able-ally-er,-or-en-al-ly-hood-ify-ic,-ical-wards-ist-ize,-ise-ful,-less-wise-ness-ing-ment-ive-ship-lessUnit1

ModernAdministrationSection2ReadingSkillExploration:UnderstandingWordFormation

Practice:Underlinethesuffixesandwriten.intheblanksbeforethenouns,v.beforeverbs,a.beforeadjectives,andad.beforeadverbs.1.especially2.natural3.partnership4.accelerate5.scenery6.encouraging7.simply8.otherwise9.instructive10.sharpen11.standardize12.safety13.operate14.simplify15.generally16.possibly17.geographical18.upwards19.weaken20.beautify21.improvement22.friendship23.security24.brotherhood25.surprising26.swiftly27.adaptable28.romanticist29.wonderful30.politicaladv.v.ad.ad.ad.ad.ad.ad.ad.ad.ad.ad.ad.v.v.v.v.v.v.n.n.n.n.aaan.n.n.n.Unit1

ModernAdministrationSection3ComparativeReading:CareerPreviewingReadthepassageinbothEnglishandChineseandanswerthequestions.ManagementTheorist:HenriFayolHenriFayol(1841-1925)wasaFrenchmanagementtheoristwhosetheoriesinmanagementandorganizationoflaborwerewidelyinfluentialinthebeginningof20thcentury.In1916hepublishedhisexperienceinthebookAdministrationIndustrielleetGénérale,onlyafewyearsafterFrederickWinslowTaylorhadpublishedhistheoryaboutScienti?cManagement.In1949the?rstEnglishtranslationappeared:GeneralandIndustrialManagementbyConstanceStorrs.HenriFayolwasthengraduallyknownbytheworld.HenriFayolproposedthattherearefiveprimaryfunctionsofmanagement:Unit1

ModernAdministrationSection3ComparativeReading:CareerPreviewing管理學理論家：亨利·法約爾亨利·法約爾（1841—1925）是一位法國管理學家，他的管理學理論在20世紀初對世界產生了廣泛的影響。1916年，在弗雷德里克·溫斯洛·泰勒發(fā)表科學管理理論僅僅幾年后，亨利·法約爾將他的真實經驗寫入了《工業(yè)管理與一般管理》一書，并且出版。1949年，康斯坦斯·斯托爾斯首次將該書翻譯成英文。隨后，亨利·法約爾逐漸被世界所熟知。亨利·法約爾提出，管理具有五個基本職能Unit1

ModernAdministrationSection3ComparativeReading:CareerPreviewing1.Prevoyance(Forecast&Plan).Examiningthefutureanddrawingupaplanofaction.2.Toorganize.Buildupthestructure,bothmaterialandhuman,oftheundertaking.3.Tocommand.Maintaintheactivityamongthepersonnel.4.Tocoordinate.Bindingtogether,unifyingandharmonizingallactivityandeffort.5.Tocontrol.Seeingthateverythingoccursinconformitywithestablishedruleandexpressedcommand.Also,Fayoldevelopedfourteenprinciplesofadministrationtogoalongwithmanagement’s?veprimaryroles.Theseprinciplesare:Unit1

ModernAdministrationSection3ComparativeReading:CareerPreviewing1.預測職能，即預估和計劃：檢測未來目標并制定相應的行動方案。2.組織職能：為企業(yè)建立起經營運作體系和人事組織架構。3.指揮職能：維持員工積極性。4.協(xié)調職能：團結起來，協(xié)調各種活動和努力。5.控制職能：確保一切組織活動與既定規(guī)則和擬定標準相一致。同時，在這五項基本職能的基礎上，法約爾還拓展出14條管理原則：Unit1

ModernAdministration—Specialization/divisionoflabor—Authoritywithresponsibility—Discipline—Unityofcommand—Unityofdirection—Subordinationofindividualinteresttothegeneralinterest—Remunerationofstaff—Centralization—Scalarchain/lineofauthority—Order—Equity—Stabilityoftenure—Initiative—EspritdecorpsUnit1

ModernAdministration-勞動分工，即實行勞動的專門化-權責相當-紀律嚴明-統(tǒng)一指揮-統(tǒng)一領導-個人利益服從整體利益-報酬-集權-等級層次-秩序-公平-人員穩(wěn)定-主動性-團結精神Unit1

ModernAdministrationSection3ComparativeReading:CareerPreviewingForyoutothinkabout:Amongthe5primaryfunctionsofFayol’smanagementtheory,whichonedoyouthinkisthemostimportantfortheadministrators?ThankyouChinesetranslation：Unit1

ModernAdministrationback如何做一名更好的經理對稱職的經理的需求并沒有消失，而是在強化。隨著單層管理組織和自我管理團隊的日益普遍，隨著個人計算機和網絡以更快捷的方式給更多的人帶來信息，對經理需求的原始數字在減少。然而，對稱職經理——那些在高壓力環(huán)境中既能管好自己又能管好別人的人——的需求在增長。我相信任何人都能當好經理。當個稱職的經理既是與生俱來的能力，也是可以訓練的技能，既是藝術，也是科學。下面的內容可以幫您成為一名更好的經理。Chinesetranslation：Unit1

ModernAdministrationback作為一個人：您要對自己和自己的能力有信心。您對自己很滿意，但您在不斷學習，努力提高自己。您大約是個性格外向的人，您不一定是團隊的生命，但您絕對不能做局外人。管理是一項跟人打交道的技能，這活兒不是那種不喜歡跟人打交道的人能干的。Chinesetranslation：Unit1

ModernAdministrationback

您誠實，率真。您的成功源于對他人的信任。您是一個吸納者，而不是排斥者。您把他人吸入您所做的事情，您不會因為別人缺乏某方面的才能而排斥他們。您有“氣場”。經理是領導，有能力的領導身上有一股氣質，一進門就會引人注意。Chinesetranslation：Unit1

ModernAdministrationback

在工作上：您保持一貫的作風，但不僵硬；您可靠，但也可以改變主意。您果斷，但也能接受諫言。您有那么一點瘋狂，有創(chuàng)新思維。您嘗試新鮮事物，如果栽了，您認錯，但不會為嘗試而感到抱歉。Chinesetranslation：Unit1

ModernAdministrationback

您不怕難題，而是有計劃有步驟地解決它們您敏捷，能隨機應變，但您不輕狂。您把信息當做工具加以利用，而不是當做權利存儲起來。用上面的清單對照一下自己，發(fā)現(xiàn)哪兒需要改進的，然后就著手改進。Unit2ProjectManagementUnit2ProjectManagementSection1MoreThingstoDo1.Howwouldabusinessstayaheadofitscompetition?2.HowdidtheJapanesemanagetheir?shingproject?3.Whathaveyoulearnedfromthisstory?Activity1ReadMoreAboutProjectManagementUnit2ProjectManagementSection1MoreThingstoDoACompetitiveWorldTodaymorethanever,whencompetitionforbusinessissotight,thewaytostayaheadofyourcompetitionandkeepyourselfcurrentonmarketconditionsandtrendsistogatherinformation,toknowyourcustomersandtosupplythemwithwhattheyneed.Anditispartofyourbusinessmanagement.tighta.緊張的，激烈的stayaheadof保持領先，走在…前頭currenta.當前的，流行的Chinesetranslation:Unit2ProjectManagementSection1MoreThingstoDoTheJapanesehaveagreatlikingforfresh?sh.ButthewatersclosetoJapanhavenotheldmany?shfordecades.So,tofeedtheJapanesepopulation,?shingboatsgotbiggerandwentfartherthanever.Thefartherthefishermenwent,thelongerittooktobringbackthe?sh.Thelongerittookthemtobringbackthe?sh,thestalertheygrew.decaden.十年stalea.不新鮮的，變味的Chinesetranslation:Unit2ProjectManagementSection1MoreThingstoDoThefishwerenotfreshandtheJapanesedidnotlikethetaste.Tosolvethisproblem,?shingcompaniesinstalledfreezersontheirboats.Theywouldcatchthe?shandfreezethematsea.Freezersallowedtheboatstogofartherandstaylonger.However,theJapanesecouldtastethedifferencebetweenfreshandfrozen?sh.Andtheydidnotlikethetasteoffrozen?sh.Thefrozen?shbroughtalowerprice.So,the?shingcompaniesinstalled?shtanks.Theywouldcatchthe?shandstufftheminthetanks.Afteralittlehashingaround,the?shstoppedmoving.Theyweretiredanddull,butalive.installv.安裝freezern.冰柜frozena.冰凍的tankn.容器，水箱，水缸stuffv.塞進，放入hashv.弄糟，盲動Chinesetranslation:Unit2ProjectManagementSection1MoreThingstoDoUnfortunately,theJapanesecouldstilltastethedifference.Becausethe?shdidnotmovefordays,theylosttheirfresh-?shtaste.TheJapanesepreferredthelivelytasteoffresh?sh,notsluggish?sh.The?shingindustryfacedanimpendingcrisis!Theyrealizedthattheproblemmustbeworkedoutwheneveritcameiftheywantedtokeepcompetitiveinthe?shingindustry.Buttoday,ithasgotoverthatcrisisandhasemergedasoneofthemostimportanttradesinthatcountry!HowdidJapanese?shingcompaniessolvethisproblem?Howdotheygetfresh-tasting?shtoJapan?sluggisha.行動緩慢的impendinga.迫近的getover渡過，解決emergev.出現(xiàn)，顯露Chinesetranslation:Unit2ProjectManagementSection1MoreThingstoDo

Tokeepthe?shtastingfresh,theJapanese?shingcompaniesstillputthe?shinthetanks.Butnowtheyaddasmallsharktoeachtank.Thesharkeatsafew?sh,butmostofthe?sharriveinaverylivelystate.The?sharechallengedandhenceareconstantlyonthemoveiftheydon’twanttobeeatenbytheshark.Andtheysurviveandarriveinahealthystate!Theycommandahigherpriceandaremostsought-after.Thechallengetheyfacekeepsthemfresh!Humansarenodifferent.L.RonHubbardobservedintheearly1950’s:“Manthrives,oddlyenough,onlyinthepresenceofachallengingenvironment.”GeorgeBernardShawsaid,“Satisfactionisdeath!”(446words)sharkn.鯊魚hencead.因此，所以onthemove運動，前進sought-aftera.廣受歡迎的，受追捧的thrivev.興旺，繁榮oddlyad.奇怪地presencen.存在，到場satisfactionn.滿意，Chinesetranslation:Unit2ProjectManagementTask1Completetheoutlinewiththeinformationfromthepassage.Activity2Ful?lltheFollowingTasksACompetitiveWorldThewaytostayaheadofyourbusinesscompetitionis:1)togather;2)toknowyour;3)andto

themwithwhattheyneed.informationcustomerssupplyUnit2ProjectManagementTosolvetheproblem,thefishingcompanies:4)firstinstalled

ontheirboats;5)thentheyinstalledfish;6)andfinallytheyaddedasmall

ineachtank.Themorallessonstobelearntfromthepassageare:7)Manthrivesonlyinthepresenceofa

environment.8)

isdeath.Activity2Ful?lltheFollowingTasksfreezerstankssharkchallengingSatisfactionUnit2ProjectManagementTask2MatchAwithB.AB1.保持競爭力2.受追捧的3.品味出差別4.市場條件下5.保持領先地位6.處于運動之中7.幾十年8.冰凍魚9.新鮮魚10.市場趨勢a.stayaheadb.onthemarketconditionsc.fresh?shd.frozen?she.fordecadesf.markettrendsg.tastethedifferenceh.keepcompetitivei.onthemovej.sought-afterUnit2ProjectManagementTask3Fillintheblankswiththerightwordsorphrases.Changetheformwherenecessary.

Therearemorewordsthanyouneed.feedstaleinstalltasteinthepresenceofgetoverlivelyemergecompetitivesought-after1.Weneedtoproducemoregrainto

thegrowingpopulation.2.Bettyhasalwaysbeenabrightand

girl.3.Canyou

thedifferencebetweenthefresh?shandthefrozen?sh?4.Thegovernmenthastakenvariousmeasuresto

theworldeconomiccrisis.5.Hebroketheworldrecordandbecameamuch

sportsmaninhiscountry.6.Work?owmanagementmayhelpyouwina

edgeontheworldmarket.7.Soonthenewlyestablishedcompany

asoneofourmost?ercecompetitors.8.Acompetitivebusinessmanknowswhattodo

threatsandcrisesonthemarketconditions.feedlivelytastegetoversought-aftercompetitiveemergedinthepresenceofUnit2ProjectManagementActivity3MakeaSurveyTodayweallknowthatwearelivinginacompetitiveworld.Doyoufeelthepressureofcompetitionatcollege?Makeasurveywithmorethantenclassmatesand?llinthequestionnaire.1.Doyoufeelthepressureofacademiclearningatcollege?□Yes,verymuch.□Yes,abit.□No,notatall.□Idon’tknow.2.Doyoufeelyourpersonal?nancialpressurewhileyouareatcollege?□Yes,verymuch.□Yes,abit.□No,notatall.□Idon’tknow.3.Doyouhavethesocialpressurewhilecommunicatingwithyourclassmates?□Yes,verymuch.□Yes,abit.□No,notatall.□Idon’tknow.4.Doyouhavethesocialpressurewhilecommunicatingwithyourteachers?□Yes,verymuch.□Yes,abit.□No,notatall.□Idon’tknow.5.Doyoufeeldepressedatcollege?□Yes,verymuch.□Yes,abit.□No,notatall.□Idon’tknow.Unit2ProjectManagement6.Doyouoftencommunicatewithyourfriendsandclassmates?□Yes,veryoften.□Yes,sometimes.□No,notatall.□Idon’tknow.7.Doyouoftencommunicatewithyourparentsandteachers?□Yes,veryoften.□Yes,sometimes.□No,notatall.□Idon’tknow.8.Doyouappreciatethecompetitiveatmosphereatcollege?□Yes,verymuch.□Yes,abit.□No,notatall.□Idon’tknow.9.Areyoupreparedforthecompetitivejobmarket?□Yes,ofcourse.□Yes,sortof.□No,notatall.□Idon’tknow.10.Canyoumanagetoovercomethecompetitivepressurebyyourself?□Yes,Ican.□Yes,tocertainextent.□No,notatall.□Idon’tknow.Activity3MakeaSurveyUnit2ProjectManagementActivity4WriteaReportWriteareportbasedontheinformationyougetinActivity3.

Inordertohaveabetterunderstandingofthecompetitivepressurecollegestudentshavenowadays,wemadeasurveyamong50studentsinaclass.Ourquestionnairerevealsthat66%ofthestudentsfeelpressureinacademiclearning.Over50%ofthemhaveproblemsincommunicatingwithclassmates,teachersoreventheirparents.Halfofthemadmittheylackcourage,self-confidenceandskillstoestablishbetterinterpersonalrelationshipwiththepeoplearoundthem.Thepressureisalsoheavyonstudents(70%)whojustwanttograduateandgetagoodjob.Atthesametime,78%ofthestudentsappreciatethecompetitiveatmosphereatcollege.82%ofthemthinkthattheycanfullyorpartlymanagetocopewithcompetitivepressure.Inconclusion,collegestudentsarefacingvariouskindsofpressure.Yetmostofthemrealizethemeaningofcompetitionandtheyhaveapositiveattitudetowardpressure.Unit2ProjectManagementActivity5TranslateaParagraphTranslatethefollowingintoChinese.Theinspectorwillpreparethemid-termevaluationoftheproject.Theevaluation’smaingoalsareto:(i)determinetheextenttowhichtheobjectivesasde?nedintheprojectplanhavebeenmet,andassessthelikelihoodofachievingthemuponprojectcompletion;(ii)identifytheteam’sstrengthsandweaknessesastheimplementingagencyoftheproject;and(iii)identifypotentialoptionsforimprovingtheprogram,whichcouldincludemodi?cationofactivities,responsibilitiesoftheworkingstaff,scheduleofactivitiesandbudgetallocations,amongothers.Unit2ProjectManagementActivity5TranslateaParagraphTranslatethefollowingintoChinese.檢查員要準備好對項目進行中期評估。評估的主要目的是：(i)確定項目計劃書所規(guī)定的目標得到了多大程度的實現(xiàn)，以及評估在項目到期后實現(xiàn)目標的可能性；(ii)找出作為完成項目執(zhí)行機構的團隊的優(yōu)勢和弱點；(iii)找出改進項目潛在的可能，包括行動方案的修改、工作人員的職責、工程的日程安排、預算的分配，以及其他。Unit2ProjectManagementSection2ReadingSkillExploration:PragmaticMeaning語用意義(PragmaticMeaning)語用意義指說話人創(chuàng)造特定的語境來向聽者傳達真正的含義，表達出與話語表面意義不符甚至相反的意義。這也是我們通常所說的“言外之意”、“弦外之音”。作者常常費心遣詞用字或使用修辭手段，使表達的意義直接明了，但也有時候是另有所指。如果我們不能識別作者的意圖、情感和態(tài)度，即使看懂了其中的每一句話，最終也會誤解整段話所表達的真正含義。例如：A:DoesJohnhaveanewgirlfriend?（約翰有了新的女朋友嗎？）B:He’sbeenspendingalotoftimeinNewYorklately.（近來他老是待在紐約。）從語義的角度看，B沒有回答A的問題，似乎答非所問。但是，我們并不覺得B的回答與問題無關。如果我們知道B對約翰的日常行蹤非常了解，那么B的回答就表達了下面的意思：是的，她在紐約，約翰去那里陪她。Unit2ProjectManagementSection2ReadingSkillExploration:PragmaticMeaningPractice:

Readthefollowingsentencescarefullyandinterprettheintendedmeaningoftheunderlinedparts:1.GeorgeBernardShawsaid,“Satisfactionisdeath!”2.A:MayIcarrythissuitcaseforyou?B:DoyouthinkI’mtooold?3.A:Areyougoingtogetmarriedinthenearfuture?B:Idon’twanttoquitmycareersoyoung.1.Foracareerperson,satisfactionwithwhathe/shehasachievedcouldmeantheendofhis/hercareer.Toattainnewheights,oneshouldkeepstriving.2.No,Icandoitmyself!I’mnotyetsooldasnotbeingabletomanageitmyself!3.No,Idon’twanttogetmarriedandquitmycareer.I’mstillyoung.Unit2ProjectManagementSection3ComparativeReading:CareerPreviewingReadthepassageinbothEnglishandChineseandanswerthequestions.SurveyValueThefirststepindefiningyoursurveyprojectistounderstanditsscopeandimportancetoyourorganizationandhowtheinformationyougathercanrealisticallybenefityourwork.Surveyvaluedependsonthreemainfactors.Theyare:1.Acleardefinitionofthedecisionsyouneedtomake;2.Therelativecostofmakinganerrorinthosedecisions;3.Theamountof