燃燒仿真在內(nèi)燃機設(shè)計中的應(yīng)用技術(shù)教程

燃燒仿真在內(nèi)燃機設(shè)計中的應(yīng)用技術(shù)教程1燃燒仿真基礎(chǔ)1.1燃燒理論概述燃燒是一種化學反應(yīng)過程，其中燃料與氧化劑（通常是空氣中的氧氣）反應(yīng)，產(chǎn)生熱能和光能。在內(nèi)燃機中，燃燒是能量轉(zhuǎn)換的關(guān)鍵步驟，直接影響發(fā)動機的性能和效率。燃燒理論涵蓋了燃燒的化學動力學、熱力學和流體力學原理，是理解和優(yōu)化燃燒過程的基礎(chǔ)。1.1.1化學動力學化學動力學研究化學反應(yīng)的速率和機理。在燃燒過程中，燃料分子與氧氣分子的碰撞導致化學鍵的斷裂和重組，形成新的化合物。這一過程的速度受溫度、壓力和反應(yīng)物濃度的影響。例如，溫度升高會增加分子的平均動能，從而增加碰撞頻率和燃燒速率。1.1.2熱力學熱力學描述了能量轉(zhuǎn)換和傳遞的規(guī)律。在燃燒過程中，化學能轉(zhuǎn)換為熱能，進而影響系統(tǒng)的溫度和壓力。熱力學第一定律（能量守恒定律）和第二定律（熵增定律）是分析燃燒過程能量轉(zhuǎn)換的關(guān)鍵。1.1.3流體力學流體力學研究流體（液體和氣體）的運動。在內(nèi)燃機中，燃燒發(fā)生在流動的氣體中，因此流體力學原理對于理解燃燒過程中的混合和擴散至關(guān)重要。湍流模型和層流模型被用來描述不同條件下的流體行為。1.2燃燒仿真軟件介紹燃燒仿真軟件是基于上述理論，通過數(shù)值方法模擬燃燒過程的工具。這些軟件可以預(yù)測燃燒的速率、溫度分布、壓力變化和排放特性，對于內(nèi)燃機的設(shè)計和優(yōu)化至關(guān)重要。1.2.1常用軟件AnsysFluent:一款廣泛使用的CFD（計算流體動力學）軟件，可以模擬復雜的燃燒過程，包括湍流燃燒和化學反應(yīng)。STAR-CCM+:另一款強大的多物理場仿真軟件，適用于內(nèi)燃機燃燒的仿真，能夠處理復雜的幾何結(jié)構(gòu)和多相流。CONVERGE:專門設(shè)計用于內(nèi)燃機燃燒仿真的軟件，具有自動網(wǎng)格生成和多孔介質(zhì)模型，適用于柴油和汽油發(fā)動機的燃燒分析。1.2.2軟件功能這些軟件通常具備以下功能：網(wǎng)格生成:自動或手動生成計算網(wǎng)格，以適應(yīng)復雜的內(nèi)燃機幾何。物理模型:包括湍流模型、化學反應(yīng)模型、傳熱模型等，用于準確模擬燃燒過程。邊界條件設(shè)置:設(shè)置入口、出口、壁面等邊界條件，以反映實際工況。后處理:提供可視化工具，用于分析和展示仿真結(jié)果，如溫度、壓力和排放物分布。1.3燃燒模型與方法燃燒模型是描述燃燒過程的數(shù)學表達式，它們基于燃燒理論，用于仿真軟件中預(yù)測燃燒行為。1.3.1湍流燃燒模型湍流燃燒模型考慮了湍流對燃燒速率的影響。常見的湍流燃燒模型包括：EddyDissipationModel(EDM):假設(shè)湍流渦旋能夠迅速混合燃料和氧化劑，從而促進燃燒。ProgressVariableModel:使用一個“進展變量”來描述燃燒過程，該變量從0（未燃燒）到1（完全燃燒）變化。示例代碼：使用OpenFOAM進行EDM模型仿真//燃燒模型選擇

volScalarFieldYk("Yk",dimensionedScalar(dimless,0));

volScalarFieldYt("Yt",dimensionedScalar(dimless,0));

volScalarFieldYc("Yc",dimensionedScalar(dimless,0));

//EDM模型參數(shù)

dimensionedScalarCk("Ck",dimless,0.5);

dimensionedScalarCt("Ct",dimless,0.5);

dimensionedScalarCc("Cc",dimless,0.5);

//湍流耗散率

volScalarFieldepsilon("epsilon",turbulence->epsilon());

//計算k和t

Yk=Ck*epsilon/Y[0];

Yt=Ct*epsilon/Y[1];

//計算c

Yc=Cc*Yk/Yt;

//更新化學反應(yīng)速率

chemistryPtr_->correct(Yc);1.3.2層流燃燒模型層流燃燒模型適用于低湍流強度的燃燒過程。常見的層流燃燒模型包括：Arrhenius模型:基于Arrhenius方程，描述化學反應(yīng)速率與溫度的關(guān)系。示例代碼：使用Arrhenius模型計算化學反應(yīng)速率//Arrhenius模型參數(shù)

dimensionedScalarA("A",dimless,1e10);

dimensionedScalarEa("Ea",dimEnergy,50000);

dimensionedScalarR("R",dimEnergy/dimTemperature/dimMass,8.314);

//溫度

volScalarFieldT("T",thermo.T());

//計算化學反應(yīng)速率

volScalarFieldomega("omega",A*exp(-Ea/(R*T)));

//更新化學反應(yīng)速率

chemistryPtr_->correct(omega);1.4內(nèi)燃機燃燒過程解析內(nèi)燃機的燃燒過程可以分為幾個階段：著火、擴散燃燒和預(yù)混燃燒。1.4.1著火階段著火階段是燃燒過程的開始，燃料和氧化劑在高溫下開始反應(yīng)。這一階段的快慢取決于燃料的自燃溫度和混合物的初始溫度。1.4.2擴散燃燒階段在擴散燃燒階段，燃料和氧化劑的混合是通過擴散進行的，燃燒速率受混合速率的限制。這一階段通常發(fā)生在柴油發(fā)動機中，燃料噴射到燃燒室中，與空氣混合并燃燒。1.4.3預(yù)混燃燒階段預(yù)混燃燒階段發(fā)生在燃料和氧化劑預(yù)先混合的情況下，燃燒速率主要由化學反應(yīng)速率決定。汽油發(fā)動機通常采用預(yù)混燃燒。1.4.4仿真分析通過燃燒仿真，可以分析不同燃燒階段的特性，優(yōu)化燃燒過程，減少排放，提高效率。例如，通過調(diào)整燃料噴射時間和噴射壓力，可以優(yōu)化柴油發(fā)動機的擴散燃燒階段，減少未燃燒碳氫化合物和氮氧化物的排放。示例數(shù)據(jù)：內(nèi)燃機燃燒仿真結(jié)果|時間(s)|溫度(K)|壓力(Pa)|CO排放(ppm)|

|||||

|0.001|1200|1.5e+06|100|

|0.002|1400|1.6e+06|80|

|0.003|1600|1.7e+06|50|

|0.004|1800|1.8e+06|20|

|0.005|2000|1.9e+06|10|通過分析上述數(shù)據(jù)，可以觀察到隨著燃燒過程的進行，溫度和壓力逐漸升高，而CO排放逐漸降低，這表明燃燒效率在提高。這些信息對于內(nèi)燃機的設(shè)計和優(yōu)化至關(guān)重要。2內(nèi)燃機燃燒仿真流程2.1仿真前處理：網(wǎng)格劃分與邊界條件設(shè)置2.1.1網(wǎng)格劃分在進行內(nèi)燃機燃燒仿真前，首先需要對內(nèi)燃機的幾何模型進行網(wǎng)格劃分。網(wǎng)格劃分是將復雜的幾何形狀分割成一系列小的、簡單的幾何單元，這些單元可以是四面體、六面體或其他形狀，以便于數(shù)值計算。網(wǎng)格的質(zhì)量直接影響到仿真的準確性和計算效率。示例假設(shè)我們使用OpenFOAM進行網(wǎng)格劃分，以下是一個簡單的網(wǎng)格劃分腳本示例：#網(wǎng)格劃分腳本

#該腳本用于生成內(nèi)燃機燃燒室的網(wǎng)格

#設(shè)置網(wǎng)格劃分參數(shù)

system/blockMeshDict

{

convertToMeters1;

vertices

(

(000)

(0.100)

(0.10.10)

(00.10)

(000.05)

(0.100.05)

(0.10.10.05)

(00.10.05)

);

blocks

(

hex(01234567)(101010)simpleGrading(111)

);

edges

(

);

boundary

(

inlet

{

typepatch;

faces

(

(3267)

);

}

outlet

{

typepatch;

faces

(

(0154)

);

}

wall

{

typewall;

faces

(

(0374)

(1265)

(0123)

(4567)

);

}

);

mergePatchPairs

(

);

}2.1.2邊界條件設(shè)置邊界條件是描述仿真域邊界上物理量（如壓力、溫度、速度等）的條件。在內(nèi)燃機燃燒仿真中，邊界條件的設(shè)置至關(guān)重要，它直接影響燃燒過程的模擬結(jié)果。示例在OpenFOAM中，邊界條件通常在0目錄下的文件中設(shè)置。以下是一個邊界條件設(shè)置的示例：#設(shè)置邊界條件

0/p

{

dimensions[1-2-20000];

internalFielduniform100000;

boundaryField

{

inlet

{

typefixedValue;

valueuniform101325;

}

outlet

{

typezeroGradient;

}

wall

{

typezeroGradient;

}

}

}2.2仿真設(shè)置：物理模型與求解器選擇2.2.1物理模型物理模型的選擇是內(nèi)燃機燃燒仿真中的關(guān)鍵步驟，它包括選擇合適的燃燒模型、湍流模型、傳熱模型等。這些模型用于描述燃燒過程中的物理現(xiàn)象，如燃料的噴射、混合、燃燒以及熱傳遞等。示例在OpenFOAM中，物理模型的選擇通常在constant/turbulenceProperties和constant/transportProperties文件中進行。以下是一個簡單的物理模型設(shè)置示例：#設(shè)置湍流模型

constant/turbulenceProperties

{

simulationTypeRAS;

RAS

{

RASModelkEpsilon;

turbulencekineticEnergyepsilon;

}

}

#設(shè)置燃燒模型

constant/combustionProperties

{

combustionModelreactingTwoPhaseMixture;

twoPhaseMixture

{

fuelair;

oxidizerair;

productswater;

}

}2.2.2求解器選擇求解器是用于求解特定物理模型的數(shù)值算法。在內(nèi)燃機燃燒仿真中，選擇合適的求解器對于獲得準確的仿真結(jié)果至關(guān)重要。示例在OpenFOAM中，求解器的選擇通常在system/controlDict文件中進行。以下是一個求解器選擇的示例：#設(shè)置求解器參數(shù)

system/controlDict

{

applicationreactingMultiphaseVoF;

startFromstartTime;

startTime0;

stopAtendTime;

endTime1000;

deltaT1e-6;

writeControltimeStep;

writeInterval100;

purgeWrite0;

writeFormatascii;

writePrecision6;

writeCompressionoff;

timeFormatgeneral;

timePrecision6;

runTimeModifiabletrue;

}2.3仿真運行：計算與監(jiān)控2.3.1計算在設(shè)置好網(wǎng)格、邊界條件、物理模型和求解器后，可以運行仿真計算。計算過程中，求解器會根據(jù)設(shè)定的物理模型和邊界條件，逐步求解流場、溫度場、壓力場等，直到達到設(shè)定的終止條件。2.3.2監(jiān)控監(jiān)控仿真過程是確保計算穩(wěn)定性和準確性的重要步驟。通常，需要監(jiān)控的關(guān)鍵參數(shù)包括壓力、溫度、燃料消耗率等。示例在OpenFOAM中，可以通過在system/controlDict文件中設(shè)置監(jiān)控點來監(jiān)控仿真過程：#設(shè)置監(jiān)控點

system/controlDict

{

...

functions

{

probes

{

typeprobes;

libs("libfieldFunctionObjects.so");

probeLocations((0.050.050.025));

}

}

}2.4后處理：結(jié)果分析與可視化2.4.1結(jié)果分析仿真完成后，需要對結(jié)果進行分析，以評估燃燒過程的性能。分析通常包括計算燃燒效率、排放物濃度、熱效率等。2.4.2可視化可視化是將仿真結(jié)果以圖形形式展示出來，便于理解和分析。常用的可視化工具包括ParaView、Ensight等。示例在OpenFOAM中，可以使用paraFoam工具將仿真結(jié)果可視化：#運行paraFoam進行可視化

paraFoam在ParaView中，可以加載OpenFOAM的仿真結(jié)果，選擇不同的變量進行顯示，如溫度、壓力、燃料濃度等，以直觀地分析燃燒過程。以上示例展示了內(nèi)燃機燃燒仿真流程中的關(guān)鍵步驟，包括網(wǎng)格劃分、邊界條件設(shè)置、物理模型與求解器選擇、仿真運行與監(jiān)控以及后處理分析與可視化。通過這些步驟，可以有效地模擬內(nèi)燃機的燃燒過程，為內(nèi)燃機的設(shè)計和優(yōu)化提供重要的參考數(shù)據(jù)。3燃燒仿真在內(nèi)燃機設(shè)計中的具體應(yīng)用3.1優(yōu)化燃燒室設(shè)計3.1.1原理燃燒室設(shè)計是內(nèi)燃機性能的關(guān)鍵。通過燃燒仿真，可以精確地模擬燃燒過程，分析火焰?zhèn)鞑ァ⑷紵俣?、燃燒效率等關(guān)鍵參數(shù)，從而優(yōu)化燃燒室的幾何形狀、噴油策略、進氣條件等，以達到最佳的燃燒效果。3.1.2內(nèi)容燃燒室?guī)缀蝺?yōu)化：使用CFD（計算流體動力學）軟件，如AnsysFluent或Star-CD，通過改變?nèi)紵业男螤睢⑷莘e、壓縮比等參數(shù)，進行多方案對比分析，找到最佳設(shè)計。噴油策略優(yōu)化：通過仿真分析不同噴油時刻、噴油量、噴油壓力對燃燒過程的影響，優(yōu)化噴油策略，提高燃燒效率，減少未燃碳氫化合物的排放。進氣條件優(yōu)化：分析不同進氣溫度、壓力、渦流強度對燃燒過程的影響，優(yōu)化進氣條件，促進燃料與空氣的混合，提高燃燒效率。3.1.3示例假設(shè)使用AnsysFluent進行燃燒室?guī)缀蝺?yōu)化，以下是一個簡單的代碼示例，用于設(shè)置和運行仿真：#導入AnsysFluentPythonAPI

fromansys.fluent.coreimportlaunch_fluent

#啟動Fluent

fluent=launch_fluent(version="2022.2",mode="solver")

#設(shè)置問題類型為穩(wěn)態(tài)

fluent.setup.models.time_discretization="steady"

#設(shè)置燃燒模型為EddyDissipationModel

bustion_model="eddy_dissipation"

#設(shè)置燃燒室?guī)缀螀?shù)

fluent.setup.geometry.import_stl("combustion_chamber.stl")

#設(shè)置邊界條件

fluent.setup.boundary_conditions.velocity_inlet("inlet",velocity=(10,0,0))

fluent.setup.boundary_conditions.pressure_outlet("outlet")

#設(shè)置材料屬性

fluent.setup.materials.air()

fluent.setup.materials.diesel()

#設(shè)置初始條件

fluent.setup.initial_conditions.uniform("air")

#運行仿真

fluent.run.calculate()

#獲取結(jié)果

results=fluent.results.read("combustion_results.csv")3.2提高燃燒效率策略3.2.1原理通過燃燒仿真，可以深入理解燃燒過程中的物理和化學現(xiàn)象，如燃料噴射、混合、燃燒、熱傳遞等，從而制定策略提高燃燒效率，如改進燃料噴射模式、優(yōu)化燃燒室內(nèi)的氣流分布、控制燃燒溫度等。3.2.2內(nèi)容燃料噴射模式改進：分析不同噴射模式（如單次噴射、多次噴射）對燃燒效率的影響，優(yōu)化噴射模式，提高燃燒效率。氣流分布優(yōu)化：通過仿真分析，優(yōu)化燃燒室內(nèi)的氣流分布，促進燃料與空氣的混合，提高燃燒效率。燃燒溫度控制：分析燃燒溫度對燃燒效率和排放的影響，通過調(diào)整燃燒室設(shè)計和燃燒策略，控制燃燒溫度，提高燃燒效率，減少排放。3.3減少排放物的仿真分析3.3.1原理燃燒仿真可以預(yù)測燃燒過程中的排放物生成，如NOx、CO、HC等，通過分析排放物生成的機理，可以優(yōu)化燃燒過程，減少排放物的生成。3.3.2內(nèi)容NOx生成機理分析：通過仿真分析，理解NOx生成的溫度依賴性和氧濃度依賴性，優(yōu)化燃燒過程，減少NOx生成。CO和HC生成分析：分析燃燒不完全時CO和HC的生成，優(yōu)化燃燒策略，提高燃燒完全度，減少CO和HC的排放。3.3.3示例使用OpenFOAM進行NOx生成的仿真分析，以下是一個簡單的代碼示例：#設(shè)置OpenFOAM環(huán)境

source$WM_PROJECT_DIR/bin/OpenFOAM

#運行仿真

foamJobsimpleFoam

#分析NOx生成

foamJobpostProcess-func"volSpheres(centre=(000),radius=0.05)"

#查看結(jié)果

paraFoam3.4內(nèi)燃機性能預(yù)測與評估3.4.1原理燃燒仿真可以預(yù)測內(nèi)燃機的性能參數(shù)，如功率、扭矩、熱效率等，通過與實驗數(shù)據(jù)對比，可以評估仿真模型的準確性，優(yōu)化內(nèi)燃機設(shè)計。3.4.2內(nèi)容功率和扭矩預(yù)測：通過燃燒仿真，預(yù)測不同工況下的功率和扭矩，優(yōu)化內(nèi)燃機設(shè)計，提高輸出性能。熱效率評估：分析燃燒過程中的能量轉(zhuǎn)換效率，評估內(nèi)燃機的熱效率，優(yōu)化設(shè)計，提高熱效率。排放評估：預(yù)測內(nèi)燃機的排放特性，評估排放控制策略的有效性，優(yōu)化設(shè)計，減少排放。3.4.3示例使用GT-Power進行內(nèi)燃機性能預(yù)測，以下是一個簡單的代碼示例：#導入GT-PowerPythonAPI

importgtpower

#加載內(nèi)燃機模型

engine=gtpower.load("engine_model.gtm")

#設(shè)置工況

engine.set_condition("rpm",2000)

engine.set_condition("load",0.5)

#運行仿真

engine.run()

#獲取結(jié)果

power=engine.get_result("power")

torque=engine.get_result("torque")

thermal_efficiency=engine.get_result("thermal_efficiency")

emissions=engine.get_result("emissions")通過上述示例，我們可以看到，燃燒仿真在內(nèi)燃機設(shè)計中扮演著至關(guān)重要的角色，它不僅能夠幫助我們優(yōu)化燃燒室設(shè)計，提高燃燒效率，減少排放，還能夠預(yù)測和評估內(nèi)燃機的性能，為內(nèi)燃機的優(yōu)化設(shè)計提供科學依據(jù)。4案例研究與實踐4.1實際內(nèi)燃機燃燒仿真實例在內(nèi)燃機設(shè)計中，燃燒仿真扮演著至關(guān)重要的角色。它能夠幫助工程師預(yù)測燃燒過程中的各種現(xiàn)象，如火焰?zhèn)鞑?、燃燒效率、排放特性等，從而在設(shè)計階段優(yōu)化內(nèi)燃機性能。下面，我們通過一個具體的內(nèi)燃機燃燒仿真實例來探討這一過程。4.1.1模型建立內(nèi)燃機燃燒仿真通?；贑FD（計算流體動力學）技術(shù)。首先，需要建立內(nèi)燃機的幾何模型，包括氣缸、活塞、燃燒室等部分。然后，根據(jù)內(nèi)燃機的工作循環(huán)，設(shè)置邊界條件和初始條件，如進氣溫度、壓力、燃料類型等。4.1.2燃燒模型選擇在仿真中，選擇合適的燃燒模型至關(guān)重要。例如，使用Eddy-Cylinder模型來模擬湍流中的火焰?zhèn)鞑?。下面是一個使用OpenFOAM進行燃燒仿真的代碼示例：```cpp//燃燒模型選擇dimensionedScalarsigma(“sigma”,dimless,0.7);dimensionedScalaralpha(“alpha”,dimless,0.1);dimensionedScalarbeta(“beta”,dimless,0.9);dimensionedScalarkappa(“kappa”,dimless,2.0);dimensionedScalarCmix(“Cmix”,dimless,2.41);dimensionedScalarCburn(“Cburn”,dimless,0.1);dimensionedScalarCcool(“Ccool”,dimless,0.001);dimensionedScalarTref(“Tref”,dimTemperature,300.0);dimensionedScalarTad(“Tad”,dimTemperature,2000.0);dimensionedScalarTcool(“Tcool”,dimTemperature,300.0);dimensionedScalarD(“D”,dimLength,0.01);dimensionedScalaromega(“omega”,dimless/dimTime,1000.0);dimensionedScalarepsilon(“epsilon”,dimless/dimTime/dimTime,100.0);dimensionedScalark(“k”,dimVelocitydimVelocity,1.0);dimensionedScalarnu(“nu”,dimViscosity,1.5e-5);dimensionedScalarrho(“rho”,dimDensity,1.2);dimensionedScalarmu(“mu”,dimViscosity,1.8e-5);dimensionedScalarCp(“Cp”,dimSpecificHeat,1004.5);dimensionedScalarCv(“Cv”,dimSpecificHeat,717.8);dimensionedScalargamma(“gamma”,dimless,1.4);dimensionedScalarR(“R”,dimSpecificHeat/dimTemperature,287.05);dimensionedScalarPr(“Pr”,dimless,0.7);dimensionedScalarSc(“Sc”,dimless,0.7);dimensionedScalaralphaEff(“alphaEff”,dimThermalConductivity/dimDensity/dimSpecificHeat,0.025);dimensionedScalarDmix(“Dmix”,dimLength/dimTime,0.001);dimensionedScalarDtherm(“Dtherm”,dimLength/dimTime,0.001);dimensionedScalarDfuel(“Dfuel”,dimLength/dimTime,0.001);dimensionedScalarDoxid(“Doxid”,dimLength/dimTime,0.001);dimensionedScalarDcool(“Dcool”,dimLength/dimTime,0.001);dimensionedScalarDmixEff(“DmixEff”,dimLength/dimTime,0.001);dimensionedScalarDthermEff(“DthermEff”,dimLength/dimTime,0.001);dimensionedScalarDfuelEff(“DfuelEff”,dimLength/dimTime,0.001);dimensionedScalarDoxidEff(“DoxidEff”,dimLength/dimTime,0.001);dimensionedScalarDcoolEff(“DcoolEff”,dimLength/dimTime,0.001);dimensionedScalartau(“tau”,dimTime,1.0);dimensionedScalartauMix(“tauMix”,dimTime,1.0);dimensionedScalartauBurn(“tauBurn”,dimTime,1.0);dimensionedScalartauCool(“tauCool”,dimTime,1.0);dimensionedScalartauMixEff(“tauMixEff”,dimTime,1.0);dimensionedScalartauBurnEff(“tauBurnEff”,dimTime,1.0);dimensionedScalartauCoolEff(“tauCoolEff”,dimTime,1.0);dimensionedScalarYfuel(“Yfuel”,dimless,0.0);dimensionedScalarYoxid(“Yoxid”,dimless,0.0);dimensionedScalarYcool(“Ycool”,dimless,0.0);dimensionedScalarYfuelEff(“YfuelEff”,dimless,0.0);dimensionedScalarYoxidEff(“YoxidEff”,dimless,0.0);dimensionedScalarYcoolEff(“YcoolEff”,dimless,0.0);dimensionedScalarYmix(“Ymix”,dimless,0.0);dimensionedScalarYmixEff(“YmixEff”,dimless,0.0);dimensionedScalarYburn(“Yburn”,dimless,0.0);dimensionedScalarYburnEff(“YburnEff”,dimless,0.0);dimensionedScalarYcool(“Ycool”,dimless,0.0);dimensionedScalarYcoolEff(“YcoolEff”,dimless,0.0);dimensionedScalarY(“Y”,dimless,0.0);dimensionedScalarYEff(“YEff”,dimless,0.0);dimensionedScalarT(“T”,dimTemperature,300.0);dimensionedScalarTEff(“TEff”,dimTemperature,300.0);dimensionedScalarp(“p”,dimPressure,101325.0);dimensionedScalarpEff(“pEff”,dimPressure,101325.0);dimensionedScalaromegaMix(“omegaMix”,dimless/dimTime,0.0);dimensionedScalaromegaBurn(“omegaBurn”,dimless/dimTime,0.0);dimensionedScalaromegaCool(“omegaCool”,dimless/dimTime,0.0);dimensionedScalaromegaMixEff(“omegaMixEff”,dimless/dimTime,0.0);dimensionedScalaromegaBurnEff(“omegaBurnEff”,dimless/dimTime,0.0);dimensionedScalaromegaCoolEff(“omegaCoolEff”,dimless/dimTime,0.0);dimensionedScalaromega(“omega”,dimless/dimTime,0.0);dimensionedScalaromegaEff(“omegaEff”,dimless/dimTime,0.0);dimensionedScalarepsilonMix(“epsilonMix”,dimless/dimTime/dimTime,0.0);dimensionedScalarepsilonBurn(“epsilonBurn”,dimless/dimTime/dimTime,0.0);dimensionedScalarepsilonCool(“epsilonCool”,dimless/dimTime/dimTime,0.0);dimensionedScalarepsilonMixEff(“epsilonMixEff”,dimless/dimTime/dimTime,0.0);dimensionedScalarepsilonBurnEff(“epsilonBurnEff”,dimless/dimTime/dimTime,0.0);dimensionedScalarepsilonCoolEff(“epsilonCoolEff”,dimless/dimTime/dimTime,0.0);dimensionedScalarepsilon(“epsilon”,dimless/dimTime/dimTime,0.0);dimensionedScalarepsilonEff(“epsilonEff”,dimless/dimTime/dimTime,0.0);dimensionedScalarkMix(“kMix”,dimVelocitydimVelocity,0.0);dimensionedScalarkBurn(“kBurn”,dimVelocitydimVelocity,0.0);dimensionedScalarkCool(“kCool”,dimVelocitydimVelocity,0.0);dimensionedScalarkMixEff(“kMixEff”,dimVelocitydimVelocity,0.0);dimensionedScalarkBurnEff(“kBurnEff”,dimVelocitydimVelocity,0.0);dimensionedScalarkCoolEff(“kCoolEff”,dimVelocitydimVelocity,0.0);dimensionedScalark(“k”,dimVelocitydimVelocity,0.0);dimensionedScalarkEff(“kEff”,dimVelocity*dimVelocity,0.0);dimensionedScalarnuMix(“nuMix”,dimViscosity,0.0);dimensionedScalarnuBurn(“nuBurn”,dimViscosity,0.0);dimensionedScalarnuCool(“nuCool”,dimViscosity,0.0);dimensionedScalarnuMixEff(“nuMixEff”,dimViscosity,0.0);dimensionedScalarnuBurnEff(“nuBurnEff”,dimViscosity,0.0);dimensionedScalarnuCoolEff(“nuCoolEff”,dimViscosity,0.0);dimensionedScalarnu(“nu”,dimViscosity,0.0);dimensionedScalarnuEff(“nuEff”,dimViscosity,0.0);dimensionedScalarrhoMix(“rhoMix”,dimDensity,0.0);dimensionedScalarrhoBurn(“rhoBurn”,dimDensity,0.0);dimensionedScalarrhoCool(“rhoCool”,dimDensity,0.0);dimensionedScalarrhoMixEff(“rhoMixEff”,dimDensity,0.0);dimensionedScalarrhoBurnEff(“rhoBurnEff”,dimDensity,0.0);dimensionedScalarrhoCoolEff(“rhoCoolEff”,dimDensity,0.0);dimensionedScalarrho(“rho”,dimDensity,0.0);dimensionedScalarrhoEff(“rhoEff”,dimDensity,0.0);dimensionedScalarmuMix(“muMix”,dimViscosity,0.0);dimensionedScalarmuBurn(“muBurn”,dimViscosity,0.0);dimensionedScalarmuCool(“muCool”,dimViscosity,0.0);dimensionedScalarmuMixEff(“muMixEff”,dimViscosity,0.0);dimensionedScalarmuBurnEff(“muBurnEff”,dimViscosity,0.0);dimensionedScalarmuCoolEff(“muCoolEff”,dimViscosity,0.0);dimensionedScalarmu(“mu”,dimViscosity,0.0);dimensionedScalarmuEff(“muEff”,dimViscosity,0.0);dimensionedScalarCpMix(“CpMix”,dimSpecificHeat,0.0);dimensionedScalarCpBurn(“CpBurn”,dimSpecificHeat,0.0);dimensionedScalarCpCool(“CpCool”,dimSpecificHeat,0.0);dimensionedScalarCpMixEff(“CpMixEff”,dimSpecificHeat,0.0);dimensionedScalarCpBurnEff(“CpBurnEff”,dimSpecificHeat,0.0);dimensionedScalarCpCoolEff(“CpCoolEff”,dimSpecificHeat,0.0);dimensionedScalarCp(“Cp”,dimSpecificHeat,0.0);dimensionedScalarCpEff(“CpEff”,dimSpecificHeat,0.0);dimensionedScalarCvMix(“CvMix”,dimSpecificHeat,0.0);dimensionedScalarCvBurn(“CvBurn”,dimSpecificHeat,0.0);dimensionedScalarCvCool(“CvCool”,dimSpecificHeat,0.0);dimensionedScalarCvMixEff(“CvMixEff”,dimSpecificHeat,0.0);dimensionedScalarCvBurnEff(“CvBurnEff”,dimSpecificHeat,0.0);dimensionedScalarCvCoolEff(“CvCoolEff”,dimSpecificHeat,0.0);dimensionedScalarCv(“Cv”,dimSpecificHeat,0.0);dimensionedScalarCvEff(“CvEff”,dimSpecificHeat,0.0);dimensionedScalargammaMix(“gammaMix”,dimless,0.0);dimensionedScalargammaBurn(“gammaBurn”,dimless,0.0);dimensionedScalargammaCool(“gammaCool”,dimless,0.0);dimensionedScalargammaMixEff(“gammaMixEff”,dimless,0.0);dimensionedScalargammaBurnEff(“gammaBurnEff”,dimless,0.0);dimensionedScalargammaCoolEff(“gammaCoolEff”,dimless,0.0);dimensionedScalargamma(“gamma”,dimless,0.0);dimensionedScalargammaEff(“gammaEff”,dimless,0.0);dimensionedScalarRMix(“RMix”,dimSpecificHeat/dimTemperature,0.0);dimensionedScalarRBurn(“RBurn”,dimSpecificHeat/dimTemperature,0.0);dimensionedScalarRCool(“RCool”,dimSpecificHeat/dimTemperature,0.0);dimensionedScalarRMixEff(“RMixEff”,dimSpecificHeat/dimTemperature,0.0);dimensionedScalarRBurnEff(“RBurnEff”,dimSpecificHeat/dimTemperature,0.0);dimensionedScalarRCoolEff(“RCoolEff”,dimSpecificHeat/dimTemperature,0.0);dimensionedScalarR(“R”,dimSpecificHeat/dimTemperature,0.0);dimensionedScalarREff(“REff”,dimSpecificHeat/dimTemperature,0.0);dimensionedScalarPrMix(“PrMix”,dimless,0.0);dimensionedScalarPrBurn(“PrBurn”,dimless,0.0);dimensionedScalarPrCool(“PrCool”,dimless,0.0);dimensionedScalarPrMixEff(“PrMixEff”,dimless,0.0);dimensionedScalarPrBurnEff(“PrBurnEff”,dimless,0.0);dimensionedScalarPrCoolEff(“PrCoolEff”,dimless,0.0);dimensionedScalarPr(“Pr”,dimless,0.0);dimensionedScalarPrEff(“PrEff”,dimless,0.0);dimensionedScalarScMix(“ScMix”,dimless,0.0);dimensionedScalarScBurn(“ScBurn”,dimless,0.0);dimensionedScalarScCool(“ScCool”,dimless,0.0);dimensionedScalarScMixEff(“ScMixEff”,dimless,0.0);dimensionedScalarScBurnEff(“ScBurnEff”,dimless,0.0);dimensionedScalarScCoolEff(“ScCoolEff”,dimless,0.0);dimensionedScalarSc(“Sc”,dimless,0.0);dimensionedScalarScEff(“ScEff”,dimless,0.0);dimensionedScalaralphaMix(“alphaMix”,dimThermalConductivity/dimDensity/dimSpecificHeat,0.0);dimensionedScalaralphaBurn(“alphaBurn”,dimThermalConductivity/dimDensity/dimSpecificHeat,0.0);dimensionedScalaralphaCool(“alphaCool”,dimThermalConductivity/dimDensity/dimSpecificHeat,0.0);dimensionedScalaralphaMixEff(“alphaMixEff”,dimThermalConductivity/dimDensity/dimSpecificHeat,0.0);dimensionedScalaralphaBurnEff(“alphaBurnEff”,dimThermalConductivity/dimDensity/dimSpecificHeat,0.0);dimensionedScalaralphaCoolEff(“alphaCoolEff”,dimThermalConductivity/dimDensity/dimSpecificHeat,0.0);dimensionedScalaralpha(“alpha”,dimThermalConduct