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考研英語試題及答案
SectionIUseofEnglish
Directions:
Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,Cor
DonANSWERSHEET1.(lOpoints)
ThehomelessmakeupagrowingpercentageofAmerica'spopulation._1_homelessnesshas
reachedsuchproportionsthatlocalgovernmentcan'tpossibly_____2____.Tohelphomelesspeople
―3___independence,thefederalgovernmentmustsupportjobtrainingprograms,_____4_
theminimumwage,andfundmorelow-costhousing._____5everyoneagreesonthenumbersof
Americanswhoarehomeless.Estimates____6_anywherefrom600,000to3million.7—the
figuremayvary,analystsdoagreeonanothermatter:thatthenumberofthehomelessis_____8,
oneofthefederalgovernment*sstudies9_thatthenumberofthehomelesswillreachnearly
19millionbytheendofthisdecade.
Findingwaysto_10—thisgrowinghomelesspopulationhasbecomeincreasingly
difficult.___11_whenhomelessindividualsmanagetofinda___12_thatwillgivethemthree
mealsadayandaplacetosleepatnight,agoodnumberstillspendthebulkofeachday_13_
thestreet,Partoftheproblemisthatmanyhomelessadultsareaddictedtoalcoholordrugs.
Andasignificantnumberofthehomelesshaveseriousmentaldisorders.Manyothers,____14____not
addictedormentallyill,simplylacktheeveryday_15_skillsneedtoturntheirlives
16—?BostonGlobereporterChrisReidynotesthatthesituationwillimproveonlywhenthere
are_17___programsthataddressthemanyneedsofthehomeless._____18_EdwardBlotkowsk,
directorofcommunityserviceatBentleyCollegeinMassachusetts,___19_it."Therehastobe
―20_ofprograms.Whatweneedisapackagedeal.”
1.[A]Indeed[B]Likewise[C]Therefore[D]Furthermore
2.[A]stand[B]cope[C]approve[D]retain
3.[A]in[B]for[C]with[D]toward
4.[A]raise[B]add[C]take[D]keep
5.[A]generally[B]almost[C]hardly[D]not
6.[A]cover[B]change[C]range[D]differ
7.[A]Nowthat[B]Although[C]Provided[D]Exceptthat
8.[A]inflating[B]expanding[C]increasing[D]extending
9.[A]predicts[B]displays[C]proves[D]discovers
10.[A]assist[B]track[C]sustain[D]dismiss
11.[A]Hence[B]But[C]Even[D]0nly
12.[A]lodging[B]shelter[C]dwelling[D]house
13.[A]searching[B]strolling[C]crowding[D]wandering
14.[A]when[B]once[C]while[D]whereas
15.[A]life[B]existence[C]survival[D]maintenance
16.[A]around[B]over[C]on[D]up
17.[A]complex[B]comprehensive[C]complementary[D]compensating
18.[A]So[B]Since[C]As[D]Thus
19.[A]puts[B]interprets[C]assumes[D]makes
20.[A]supervision[B]manipulation[C]regulation[D]coordination
SectionIIReadingComprehension
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,C,or
D.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)
Text1
Inspiteofaendlesstalkofdifference,“Americansocietyisanamazingmachinefor
homogenizingpeople.Thisisuthedemocratizinguniformityofdressanddiscourse,andthe
casualnessandabsenceofconsumptionulaunchedbythe19th-centurydepartmentstoresthat
offered'vastarraysofgoodsinanelegantatmosphere.Insteadofintimateshopscateringto
aknowledgeableelite.”thesewerestoresuanyonecouldenter,regardlessofclassorbackground.
Thisturnedshoppingintoapublicanddemocraticact."Themassmedia,advertisingandsports
areotherforcesforhomogenization.
Immigrantsarequicklyfittingintothiscommonculture,whichmaynotbealtogetherelevating
butishardlypoisonous.WritingfortheNationalImmigrationForum,GregoryRodriguezreports
thattoday'simmigrationisneitheratunprecedentedlevelnorresistanttoassimilation.In
1998immigrantswere9.8percentofpopulation;in1900,13.6percent.Inthe10yearspriorto
1990,3.1immigrantsarrivedforevery1,000residents;inthe10yearspriorto1890,9.2for
every1,000.Now,considerthreeindicesofassimilation------language,homeownershipand
intermarriage.
The1990Censusrevealedthat“amajorityofimmigrantsfromeachofthefifteenmostcommon
countriesoforiginspokeEnglish"well”oruverywell”aftertenyearsofresidence."The
childrenofimmigrantstendtobebilingualandproficientinEnglish."Bythethirdgeneration,
theoriginallanguageislostinthemajorityofimmigrantfamilies."Hencethedescriptionof
Americaasagraveyard“forlanguage.By1996foreign-bornimmigrantswhohadarrivebefore1970
hadahomeownershiprateof75.6percent,higherthanthe69.8percentrateamongnative-born
Americans.
Foreign-bornAsiansandHispanics“havehigherratesofintermarriagethandoU.S-bornwhites
andblacks."Bythethirdgeneration,onethirdofHispanicwomenaremarriedtonon-Hispanics,
and41percentofAsian-Americanwomenaremarriedtonon-Asians.
RodrigueznotthatchildreninremotevillagesaroundworldarefansofsuperstarslikeArnold
SchwarzeneggerandGarthBrooks,yet“someAmericansfearthatimmigrantlivingwithintheUnited
Statesremainsomehowimmunetothenation,sassimilativepower.”
AretheredivisiveissuesandpocketsofseethinginAmerica?Indeed.Itisbigenoughto
haveabitofeverything.ButparticularlywhenviewedagainstAmerica,sturbulentpast,today's
socialinducessuggestadarkanddeterioratingsocialenvironment.
21.Theword,homogenizing”(Line2,Paragraph1)mostprobablymeans
A.identifyingB.associatingC.assimilatingD.monopolizing
22.Accordingtotheauthor,thedepartmentstoresofthe19thcentury
A.playedaroleinthespreadofpopularculture.
B.becameintimateshopsforcommonconsumers.
C.satisfiedtheneedsofaknowledgeableelite.
D.oweditsemergencetothecultureofconsumption.
23.ThetextsuggeststhatimmigrantsnowintheU.S.
A.areresistanttohomogenization.
B.exertagreatinfluenceonAmericanculture.
C.arehardlyathreattothecommonculture.
D.constitutethemajorityofthepopulation.
24.WhyareArnoldSchwarzeneggerandGarthBrooksmentionedinParagraph5?
A.Toprovetheirpopularityaroundtheworld.
B.TorevealthepublicJsfearofimmigrants.
C.Togiveexamplesofsuccessfulimmigrants.
I).ToshowthepowerfulinfluenceofAmericanculture.
25.Intheauthor,sopinion,theabsorptionofimmigrantsintoAmericansocietyis
A.rewardingB.successfulC.fruitlessD.harmful
Text2
Stratford-on-Avon,asweallknow,hasonlyoneindustry-WilliamShakespeare-butthereare
twodistinctlyseparateandincreasinglyhostilebranches.ThereistheRoyalShakespeareCompany
(ASC),whichpresentssuperbproductionsoftheplaysattheShakespeareMemorialTheatreonthe
Avon.Andtherearethetownsfolkwholargelyliveoffthetouristswhocome,nottoseetheplays,
buttolookatAnneHathawayJsCottage,Shakespeare*sbirthplaceandtheothersights.
TheworthyresidentsofStratforddoubtthatthetheatreaddsapennytotheirrevenue.They
franklydisliketheRSC'sactors,themwiththeirlonghairandbeardsandsandalsandnoisiness.
It'salldeliciouslyironicwhenyouconsiderthatShakespeare,whoearnstheirliving,was
himselfanactor(withabeard)anddidhisshareofnoise-making.
Thetouriststreamsarenotentirelyseparate.Thesightseerswhocomebybus-andoftentake
inWarwickCastleandBlenheimPalaceontheside—don,tusuallyseetheplays,andsomeofthem
areevensurprisedtofindatheatreinStratford.However,theplaygoersdomanagealittle
sight-seeingalongwiththeirplaygoing.Itistheplaygoers,theESCcontends,whobringinmuch
ofthetown,srevenuebecausetheyspendthenight(someofthemfourorfivenights)pouring
cashintothehotelsandrestaurants.Thesightseerscantakeineverythingandgetoutoftown
bynightfall.
Thetownsfolkdon'tseeitthiswayandlocalcouncildoesnotcontributedirectlytothe
subsidyoftheRoyalShakespeareCompany.Stratfordcriespoortraditionally.Neverthelessevery
hotelintownseemstobeaddinganewwingorcocktaillounge.Hiltonisbuildingitsownhotel
there,whichyoumaybesurewillbedecoratedwithHamletHamburgerBars,theLearLounge,the
BanquoBanquetingRoom,andsoforth,andwillbeveryexpensive.
Anyway,thetownsfolkcan'tunderstandwhytheRoyalShakespeareCompanyneedsasubsidy.
(Thetheatrehasbrokenattendancerecordsforthreeyearsinarow.Lastyearits1,431seats
were94percentoccupiedallyearlongandthisyearthey,11dobetter.)Thereason,ofcourse,
isthatcostshaverocketedandticketpriceshavestayedlow.
Itwouldbeashametoraisepricestoomuchbecauseitwoulddriveawaytheyoungpeople
whoareStratfordTsmostattractiveclientele.Theycomeentirelyfortheplays,notthesights.
Theyallseemtolookalike(thoughtheycomefromallover)---lean,pointed,dedicatedfaces,
wearingjeansandsandals,eatingtheirbunsandbeddingdownforthenightontheflagstones
outsidethetheatretobuythe20seatsand80standing一roomticketsheldforthesleepersand
soldtothemwhentheboxofficeopensat10:30a.m.
Text3
Whenprehistoricmanarrivedinnewpartsoftheworld,somethingstrangehappenedtothe
largeanimals.Theysuddenlybecameextinct.Smallerspeciessurvived.Thelarge,slow-growing
animalswereeasygame,andwerequicklyhuntedtoextinction.Nowsomethingsimilarcouldbe
happeningintheoceans.
Thattheseasarebeingoverfishedhasbeenknownforyears.WhatresearcherssuchasRansom
MyersandBorisWormhaveshownisjusthowfastthingsarechanging.Theyhavelookedathalf
acenturyofdatafromfisheriesaroundtheworld.Theirmethodsdonotattempttoestimatethe
actualbiomass(theamountoflivingbiologicalmatter)offishspeciesinparticularpartsof
theocean,butratherchangesinthatbiomassovertime.Accordingtotheirlatestpaperpublished
inNature,thebiomassoflargepredators(animalsthatkillandeatotheranimals)inanewfishery
isreducedonaverageby80%within15yearsofthestartofexploitation.Insomelong-fished
areas,ithashalvedagainsincethen.
DrWormacknowledgesthatthefiguresareconservative.Onereasonforthisisthatfishing
technologyhasimproved.Today'svesselscanfindtheirpreyusingsatellitesandsonar,which
werenotavailable50yearsago.Thatmeansahigherproportionofwhatisintheseaisbeing
caught,sotherealdifferencebetweenpresentandpastislikelytobeworsethantheonerecorded
bychangesincatchsizes.Intheearlydays,too,longlineswouldhavebeenmoresaturatedwith
fish.Someindividualswouldthereforenothavebeencaught,sincenobaitedhookswouldhave
beenavailabletotrapthem,leadingtoanunderestimateoffishstocksinthepast.Furthermore,
intheearlydaysoflonglinefishing,alotoffishwerelosttosharksaftertheyhadbeenhooked.
Thatisnolongeraproblem,becausetherearefewersharksaroundnow.
DrMyersandDrWormarguethattheirworkgivesacorrectbaseline,whichfuturemanagement
effortsmusttakeintoaccount.Theybelievethedatasupportanideacurrentamongmarine
biologists,thatofthe"shiftingbaseline”.Thenotionisthatpeoplehavefailedtodetectthe
massivechangeswhichhavehappenedintheoceanbecausetheyhavebeenlookingbackonlya
relativelyshorttimeintothepast.Thatmattersbecausetheorysuggeststhatthemaximum
sustainableyieldthatcanbecroppedfromafisherycomeswhenthebiomassofatargetspecies
isabout50%ofitsoriginallevels.Mostfisheriesarewellbelowthat,whichisabadwayto
dobusiness.
31.Theextinctionoflargeprehistoricanimalsisnotedtosuggestthat
A.largeanimalwerevulnerabletothechangingenvironment.
B.smallspeciessurvivedaslargeanimalsdisappeared.
C.largeseaanimalsmayfacethesamethreattoday.
D.Slow-growingfishoutlivefast-growingones
32.WecaninferfromDrMyersandDr.Worm'spaperthat
A.thestockoflargepredatorsinsomeoldfisherieshasreducedby90%.
B
thereareonlyhalfasmanyfisheriesastherewere15yearsago.
c
thecatchsizesinnewfisheriesareonly20%oftheoriginalamount.
D.thenumberoflargerpredatorsdroppedfasterinnewfisheriesthanintheold.
33.Bysayingthesefiguresareconservative(Line1,paragraph3),DrWormmeansthat
A.fishingtechnologyhasimprovedrapidly
B.thencatch-sizesareactuallysmallerthenrecorded
C.themarinebiomasshassufferedagreaterloss
D.thedatacollectedsofarareoutofdate.
34.DrMyersandotherresearchersholdthat
A.peopleshouldlookforabaselinethatcan'tworkforalongertime.
B
fisheriesshouldkeeptheyieldbelow50%ofthebiomass
c
theoceanbiomassshouldrestoreditsoriginallevel.
D.peopleshouldadjustthefishingbaselinetochangingsituation
35.Theauthorseemstobemainlyconcernedwithmostfisheries,
A.managementefficiency
B.biomasslevel
C.catch-sizelimits
I),technologicalapplication.
Text4
Manythingsmakepeoplethinkartistsareweirdandtheweirdestmaybethis:artistsyonly
jobistoexploreemotions,andyettheychoosetofocusontheonesthatfeelbad.
Thiswasn'talwaysso.Theearliestformsofart,likepaintingandmusic,arethosebest
suitedforexpressingjoy.Butsomewhereinthe19thcentury,moreartistsbeganseeinghappiness
asinsipid,phonyor,worstofall,boringaswewentfromWordsworth,sdaffodilstoBaudelaire's
flowersofevil.
Youcouldarguethatartbecamemoreskepticalofhappinessbecausemoderntimeshaveseen
suchmisery.Butit'snotasifearliertimesdidn'tknowperpetualwar,disasterandthemassacre
ofinnocents.Thereason,infact,maybejusttheopposite:thereistoomuchdamnhappiness
intheworldtoday.
Afterall,whatistheonemodernformofexpressionalmostcompletelydedicatedtodepicting
happiness?Advertising.Theriseofanti-happyartalmostexactlytrackstheemergenceofmass
media,andwithit,acommercialcultureinwhichhappinessisnotjustanidealbutanideology.
Peopleinearliererasweresurroundedbyremindersofmisery.Theyworkeduntilexhausted,
1ivedwithfewprotectionsanddiedyoung.IntheWest,beforemasscommunicationandliteracy,
themostpowerfulmassmediumwasthechurch,whichremindedworshippersthattheirsoulswere
inperilandthattheywouldsomedaybemeatforworms.Givenallthis,theydidnotexactlyneed
theirarttobeabummertoo.
TodaythemessagesyouraverageWesternerisbombardedwitharenotreligiousbutcommercial,
andforeverhappy.Fast-foodeaters,newsanchors,textmessengers,allsmiling,smiling.Our
magazinesfeaturebeamingcelebritiesandhappyfamiliesinperfecthomes.Andsincethese
messageshaveanagenda-一tolureustoopenourwalletstomaketheveryideaofhappinessseem
unreliable."Celebrate!”commandedtheadsforthearthritisdrugCelebrex,beforewefoundout
itcouldincreasetheriskofheartattacks.
Whatweforget-whatoureconomydependsonisforgetting-isthathappinessismorethan
pleasurewithoutpain.Thethingsthatbringthegreatestjoycarrythegreatestpotentialfor
lossanddisappointment.Today,surroundedbypromisesofeasyhappiness,weneedsomeonetotell
usasreligiononcedid,Mementomori:rememberthatyouwilldie,thateverythingends,andthat
happinesscomesnotindenyingthisbutinlivingwithit.It'samessageevenmorebitterthan
aclovecigarette,yet,somehow,abreathoffreshair.
36.BycitingtheexampleofpoetsWordsworthandBaudelaire,theauthorintendstoshowthat
A.Poetryisnotasexpressiveofjoyaspaintingormusic.
B.Artgrowoutofbothpositiveandnegativefeeling.
C.Poetstodayarelessskepticalofhappiness.
D.Artisthavechangedtheirfocusofinterest.
37.Theword“bummer”(Line5.paragraph5)mostprobablymeanssomething
A.religiousB.unpleasantC.entertainingI),commercial
38.Intheauthor?sopinion,advertising
A.emergesinthewakeoftheanti-happypart.
B.isacauseofdisappointmentforthegeneralpeer
C.replacethechurchasamajorsourceofinformation
D.createsanillusionofhappinessratherthanhappinessitself.
39.Wecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthattheauthorbelieves
A.Happinessmoreoftenthannotendsinsadness.
B.Theanti-happyartisdistastefulbyrefreshing.
C.Miseryshouldbeenjoyedratherthandenied.
D.Theanti-happyartflourisheswheneconomybooms
40.Whichofthefollowingistrueofthetext?
A.Religiononcefunctionedasareminderofmisery.
B.Artprovidesabalancebetweenexpectationandreality.
C.Peoplefeeldisappointedattherealitiesofmorality.
I),massmediaareinclinedtocoverdisastersanddeaths.
PartB
Directions:
Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemost
suitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofnumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,
whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)
OnthenorthbankoftheOhioRiversitsEvansville,Ind.,homeofDavidWilliams,52,and
ofariverboatcasinowheregamblinggamesareplayed.Duringseveralyearsofgamblinginthat
casino,Williams,astateauditorearning$35,000ayear,lostapproximately$175,000.Hehad
nevergambledbeforethecasinosenthimacouponfor$20worthofgambling.
Hevisitedthecasino,lostthe$20andleft.Onhissecondvisithelost$800.Thecasino
issuedtohim,asagoodcustomer,aFunCard,whichwhenusedinthecasinoearnspointsfor
mealsanddrinks,andenablesthecasinototracktheuser,sgamblingactivities.ForWilliams,
theseactivitiesbecomewhathecallselectronicmorphine.(41).In1997helost
$21,000tooneslotmachineintwodays.InMarch1997helost$72,186.Hesometimesplayedtwo
slotmachinesatatime,allnight,untiltheboatlockedat5a.m.,thenwentbackaboardwhen
thecasinoopenedat9a.m.Nowheissuingthecasino,chargingthatitshouldhaverefusedhis
patronagebecauseitknewhewasaddicted.Itdidknowhehadaproblem.
InMarch1998,afriendofWilliams'sgothiminvoluntarilyconfinedtoatreatmentcenter
foraddictions,andwrotetoinformthecasinoofWilliams,sgamblers.Thecasinoincludedaphoto
ofWilliamsamongthoseofbannedgamblers,andwrotetohima“ceaseadmissions”letternoting
themedical/psychologicalnatureofproblemgamblingbehaviors,thelettersaidthatbeforebeing
readmittedtothepatronizingthecasinowouldposenothreattohissafetyhavetohissafety
orwell-being.(42).
TheWallStreetJournalreportsthatthecasinohas20signswarning:"Enjoythefun
andalwaysbetwithyourhead,notoverit”.Everyentranceticketlistsatoll-freenumberfor
counselingfromtheIndianaDepartmentofMentalHealth.Nevertheless,Williams'ssuitcharges
thatthecasino,knowinghewas^helplesslyaddictedtogambling”,intentionallyworked
to“l(fā)ove“himtouengageinconductagainsthiswill”well.(43).
ThefourtheditionoftheDiagnosticandStatisticalManualofMentalDisorders(DSM-IV)says
upathologicalgambling“involvespersistent,recurringanduncontrollablepursuitlessofmoney
thanoftakingrisksinquestofawindfall,(44).Pushedbyscience,orwhatclaims
tobescience,societyisreclassifyingwhatoncewereconsideredcharacterflawsormoralfailings
aspersonalitydisordersakintophysicaldisabilities.(45).
Forty-fourstateshavelotteries,29havecasinos,andmostofthesestatesaretovarying
degreesdependenton-youmightsay-addictedto-revenuesfromwagering.Andsincethefirst
Internetgamblingsitewascreatedin1995,competitionforgamblers'dollarshasbecomeintense.
TheOct.28issueofNEWSWEEKreportedthat2milliongamblerspatronize1,800virtualcasinos
everyweek.With$3.5billionbeinglostonInternetwagersthisyear,gamblinghaspassed
pornographyastheWeb'smostprofitablebusiness.
(A).Althoughnosuchevidencewaspresented,thecasino,smarketingdepartmentcontinued
topepperhimwithmailings.AndheenteredthecasinoandusedhisFunCardwithoutbeingdetected.
(B).Itisunclearwhatluringwasrequired,givenhiscompulsivebehavior.Andinwhatsense
washiswilloperative?
(C).Bythetimehehadlost$5,000hesaidtohimselfthatifhecouldgetbacktoeven,
hewouldquit.Onenighthewon$5,500,buthedidnotquit.
(D).GamblinghasbeenacommonfeatureofAmericanlifeforever,butforalongtimeitwas
broadlyconsideredasin,orasocialdisease.Nowitisasocialpolicy:themostimportantand
aggressivepromoterofgamblinginAmericaisgovernment.
(E).DavidWilliams'ssuitshouldtroublethisgamblingnation.Butdon'tbetonit.
(F).Itisworrisomethatsocietyismedicalizingmoreandmorebehavioralproblems,often
definingasaddictionswhatearlier,sternergenerationsexplainedasweaknessofwill.
(G).Theanonymous,lonely,undistractednatureofonlinegamblingisespeciallyconductive
tocompulsivebehavior.ButevenifthegovernmentknewhowtomoveagainstInternetgambling,
whatwouldbeitsgroundsfordoingso?
PartC
Directions:
ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.
OurtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)
IsittruethattheAmericanintellectualisrejectedandconsideredofnoaccountinhis
society?Iamgoingtosuggestthatitisnottrue.FatherBruckbergentoldpartofthestory
whenheobservedthatitistheintellectualswhohaverejectedAmericans.Buttheyhavedone
morethanthat.Theyhavegrowndissatisfiedwiththeroleofintellectual.Itisthey,not
Americans,whohavebecomeanti-intellectual.
First,theobjectofourstudypleadsfordefinition.Whatisanintellectual?(46)Ishall
definehimasanindividualwhohaselectedashisprimarydutyandpleasurein1ifetheactivity
ofthinkinginSocratic(蘇格拉底)wayaboutmoralproblems.Heexploressuchproblemconsciously,
articulately,andfrankly,firstbyaskingfactualquestions,thenbyaskingmoralquestions,
finallybysuggestingactionwhichseemsappropriateinthelightofthefactualandmoral
informationwhichhehasobtained.(47)Hisfunctionisanalogoustothatofajudge,whomust
accepttheobligationofrevealinginasobviousamatteraspossiblethecourseofreasoning
whichledhimtohisdecision.
Thisdefinitionexcludesmanyindividualsusuallyreferredtoasintellectuals---theaverage
scientistforone48)Ihaveexcludedhimbecause,whilehisaccomplishmentsmaycontributeto
thesolutionofmoralproblems,hehasnotbeenchargedwiththetaskofapproachinganybutthe
factualaspectsofthoseproblems.Likeotherhumanbeings,heencountersmoralissuesevenin
everydayperformanceofhisroutineduties.---heisnotsupposedtocookhisexperiments,
man
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