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UNIT3
CareersandskillsGrammarandusageLead-in1.Fillintheblankswithproperlinkingwordsanddeterminewhichtypeofnounclausestheyare.(1)________thenewplancanbeputintopracticeremainstobeseen.(2)Jackwaslateforschoolagain.Thatis________hewasstuckinheavytrafficthismorning.(3)Donotletanyfailurediscourageyou,foryoucannevertell________closeyoumaybetoyourdream.(4)Abrilliantthoughtcametome_____Imightturntomyparentsforhelp.Lead-inWhether主語從句because表語從句how賓語從句that同位語從句2.Listthecommonlinkingwordsfornounclauses.Lead-in連接代詞:連接副詞:連接詞:
what,whatever,who,whoever,whose,
whom,whomever,which,whicheverwhen,where,why,how,wherever,whenever,howeverthat,whether,if,asif,asthough1.ReadthearticleonPage34andanswerthefollowingquestions.(1)Whataretheadvantagesofrunningyourownbusiness?(2)Howaboutthedisadvantages?(3)What’stheauthor’sopiniontowardsstartingone’sownbusiness?
Whenitcomestostartingabusinessonyourown,thinktwicebeforeyouact.Itpromotesyourpersonalgrowth.Meanwhile,oddsarethatyoucangetcommercialsuccess.Youshoulddealwithdemandingworkschedule,whichmeansthatbigresponsibilitywillfallonyou.Exploringtherules2.FindthesentenceswithnounclausesinthearticleandfillintheboxofPartA.ExploringtherulesSubjectclauseObjectclauseAsyoustarttomakeplansforwhatyouwanttodowithyourfuture,…PredicativeclauseAppositiveclauseItisnosurprisethatbeingone’sownbossisappealingtomanypeople.Also,youwillneedtomakesureanyloansyouhavearerepaidontime.Anotheradvantageisthatyouwill……,youmightaskaquestionwhetheryoushouldstartyourownbusiness.3.Readandcomparethefollowingpairsofsentences.(1)Iknow
whothemanisinterviewing.
(2)Mycousin,
whothemanisinterviewing,isapplyingforajob.ExploringtherulesInthefirstsentence,“whothemanisinterviewing”isanounclause,functioningastheobjectof“know”.Inthesecondsentence,“whothemanisinterviewing”isanon-restrictiverelativeclauseaddingmoreinformationto“mycousin”.4.Discusshowtoidentifythetypeofagivenclausebasedonthepreviouscomparison.ExploringtherulesWhenidentifyingthetypeofagivenclause,becarefulthatyoufocusonitsfunction,notjustthewords.Twoclausesbeginningwiththesamewordsmaytotallyhavedifferentfunctions.5.WorkouttherulesonPage34.ExploringtherulesAnounclauseactslikeanounandcanfunctionasthesubject,object,predicativeorappositiveinthesentence.Weoftenuselinkingwordslikethat,whether/if
oraquestionwordtointroduceanounclause.1.CouldyourewritethesentencesinB1onPage35usingnounclauses?(1)Howdoyoungpeopledecideonacareer?Iwanttoknow.(objectclause)(2)Doesshehaveenoughtimetocompletesomanytasks?Thisisherdoubt.(predicativeclause)ApplyingtherulesIwanttoknowhowyoungpeopledecideonacareer.Herdoubtiswhethershehasenoughtimetocompletesomanytasks.(3)Thecareeradvisersuggeststhatpeopleshouldthinkcarefullybeforechoosingajob.Thesuggestionisuseful.(appositiveclause)(4)Wherewillmyuncleopenhisnewrestaurant?Itremainstobeseen.(subjectclause)Thecareersadviser’ssuggestionthatpeopleshouldthinkcarefullybeforechoosingajobisuseful.ApplyingtherulesItremainstobeseenwheremyunclewillopenhisnewrestaurant.2.ComparetheoriginalsentencesandrewrittenonesinB1.ApplyingtherulesUsingnounclausescanmaketheoriginalsentencesmuchshorterwithaclearersentencestructure.Meanwhile,readerscaneasilyfindtheemphasisofasentencewiththehelpofanounclause.3.FinishB2onPage35,andthenfillinatable.ApplyingtherulesTipsonhowtostartabusinessAspectsDetailedinformationThefirsttipChoosea(1)________businessThesecondtip(2)________thetargetmarketcarefullyThethirdtipConsider(3)________tofindpartnersornot(4)____________MakegoodpreparationsforyourbusinesssuitableAnalyse
whetherConclusion4.UsenounclausestofinishB3onPage35andcommentonMax’scareerpath,usingnounclausesifpossible.ApplyingtherulesIthinkthatMaxhasaclearcareerpath.First,whatheplanstodoiscloselyconnectedwithhisdesigntalents.Second,hehasmadethedecisionthathewillconsultexpertsinfashionindustry.Myonlyquestionishowhecouldgetenoughmoneyforstart-up.Grammar單元語法名詞性從句名詞性從句相當于名詞,可作句子的主語、表語、賓語和同位語。因此,名詞性從句分為主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句和同位語從句。一、引導名詞性從句的連接詞(1)連接代詞:who,whose,whom,what,which等。有詞義,在從句中擔任成分,如主語、表語、賓語或定語等。(2)連接副詞:when,where,why,how等。有詞義,在從句中擔任成分,作狀語。(3)連接詞(組):that,whether,if,asif/though。that無詞義,在從句中不擔任成分,引導單一的賓語從句時that可省略,但引導主語從句、表語從句、同位語從句時that通常不被省略;whether/if(是否)表明從句內容的不確定性;asif/though(好像,似乎)在從句中不擔任成分,但不可省略。二、主語從句(1)主語從句在復合句中作主語。Whathewantstotellusisnotclear.他想要跟我們說什么還不清楚。Whowillwinthematchisstillunknown.誰能贏得這場比賽還有待分曉。Thathefinishedwritingthecompositioninsuchashorttimesurprisedusall.他在如此短的時間內寫完作文使我們都驚訝不已。Whetherwewillgoforanoutingtomorrowremainsunknown.我們明天是否會去郊游仍舊未知。
“Whomwemuststudyfor”isaquestionofgreatimportance.“我們必須為誰而學習”是個很重要的問題。Whateveryoudoisright.你做的任何事都是正確的。Whatweneedistime.我們需要的是時間。(2)有時為避免句子頭重腳輕,用it作形式主語,把主語從句放在句末。常用句型如下:①Itbe+名詞(短語)(apity/ashame/asurprise等)+that從句.It’sagreatpitythattheydidn’tgetmarried.他們沒能結婚,真是令人惋惜。②Itbe+形容詞(necessary/right/likely/important/certain等)+that從句.It’ssplendidthatyoupassedyourexam.你通過了考試,真棒。③Itbe+過去分詞(said/told/reported/decided等)+that從句.It’ssaidthathehasbeentheremanytimes.據說他去過那兒很多次了。④It+不及物動詞(seem/appear/happen等)+that從句.Itappearsthattheyhavemadethesamemistakes.他們好像犯了同樣的錯誤。(3)主語從句的虛擬語氣。在以下主語從句中,常使用虛擬語氣,即從句謂語為“should+動詞原形”,其中should可省略。①
Itis+requested/required/proposed/suggested/ordered/desired+that...②Itis+necessary/important/natural/desirable/advisable/strange+that...Itissuggestedthatthelabbuilding(should)bebuiltnextyear.有人建議明年修建實驗樓。Itisnecessarythatcollegestudents(should)masteratleastoneforeignlanguage.大學生應該至少掌握一門外語,這是有必要的。三、表語從句(1)表語從句在復合句中作表語,位于系動詞之后。系動詞可為be,look,seem,sound,appear等。主語可為名詞fact,truth,cause,question,explanation,trouble,assumption,belief等或代詞this,that,these,it等。Thefactisthatwehavelostthegame.事實是我們已經輸了這場比賽。Britainisnotwhatitusedtobe.英國已不是過去的英國了。Thisiswhereourproblemlies.這就是我們的問題所在。Thequestionwaswhocouldgothere.問題是誰能夠去那里。(2)當主語是reason時,表語從句要用that引導而不是because。Thereasonwhyhewaslatewasthathemissedthetrainbyoneminutethismorning.他遲到的原因是今天早上他差一分鐘沒趕上火車。(why引導定語從句,修飾reason)(3)句式Thatiswhy...意為“那就是……的原因”,why引導表語從句,后加結果或后果。Thatisbecause...意為“那是因為……”,because后加原因或理由。Hehadseenthefilmbefore.Thatiswhyhedidnotseeitlastnight.
他以前看過那部電影,因此他昨晚沒有去看。(why引導表語從句,表結果)Hedidn’tseethefilmlastnight.Thatisbecausehehadtohelphislittlesisterwithherhomework.昨晚他沒有去看電影,那是因為他得幫助他的妹妹做家庭作業(yè)。(because引導表語從句,表原因)(4)在表示“命令”“建議”“要求”等名詞(order,demand,suggestion,proposal,advice,request等)的表語從句中,謂語常用虛擬語氣“(should+)動詞原形”。Hissuggestionisthatwe(should)doourworkmorecarefully.他的建議是我們應該更認真地做我們的工作。四、賓語從句在主從復合句中充當賓語,位于謂語動詞(及物動詞)、介詞或復合謂語之后的從句叫賓語從句。(1)由連接詞that引導賓語從句時,that在句中不擔任任何成分,在口語或非正式的文體中常被省去,但如果從句是并列句,第二個分句(以及以后的分句)前的that不可省略。Wemustneverthink(that)wearegoodateverythingwhileothersaregoodatnothing.我們決不能認為自己什么都擅長,別人什么都不擅長。(2)用連接代詞who,whom,which,whose,what和連接副詞when,where,why,how引導的賓語從句要用陳述語序。wanttoknowwhathehastoldyou.我想知道他告訴了你什么。(3)可用it作形式賓語。①動詞make,find,think,feel,consider,believe等后面有賓語補足語的時候,需要用it作形式賓語,而將賓語從句后置。Ithinkitnecessarythatwetakeplentyofhotwatereveryday.我認為每天喝大量熱水是有必要的。②有些動詞后跟賓語從句時需要在賓語從句前加it,如:hate,take,owe,have等。Ihateitwhentheytalkwiththeirmouthsfulloffood.我討厭他們滿嘴食物時說話。(4)否定轉移:在(I/We)think,believe,imagine,suppose,expect,fancy等動詞引起的否定性賓語從句中,要把主句中的謂語變?yōu)榉穸ㄊ剑鴱木涞闹^語用肯定式,即將從句中的否定形式移到主句中。Wedon’tthink(that)sheishappy.我們認為她不快樂。Idon’tbelieve(that)hewilldoso.我相信他不會這樣做。(5)賓語從句中的虛擬語氣:①在demand,order,suggest,decide,insist,desire,request,command,recommend等表示要求、命令、建議、決定等意義的動詞后,賓語從句謂語常用“(should+)動詞原形”。Iinsistthatshe(should)doherworkalone.我堅持要她獨自工作。Thedoctorrecommendedthatyoushouldn’tswimaftereatingalargemeal.醫(yī)生建議你不要在吃完大餐后游泳。②用it充當形式賓語,賓語補足語是important/necessary/advisable/desirable/possible等形容詞時,形容詞后的賓語從句的謂語應使用“(should+)動詞原形”來表示虛擬語氣。Don’tyouthinkitnecessarythatheshouldbesenttoTaiyuan?難道你不認為他有必要被送去太原嗎?③
wouldrather引導的賓語從句表虛擬語氣時,如果從句表示的動作發(fā)生在過去,用過去完成時;指將來或現(xiàn)在的動作時,則用過去時(be動詞只能用were)。Georgeisgoingtotalkaboutthegeographyofhiscountry,butI’dratherhefocusedmoreonitsculture.喬治將會談一下他國家的地理,不過我寧愿他更多地關注他國家的文化。④wish后賓語從句的虛擬語氣:從句謂語用“did(be動詞用were)”表示對“現(xiàn)在情況”的虛擬;從句謂語用“haddone或would/couldhavedone”表示對“過去情況”的虛擬;從句謂語用“would/could/might+do”表示對“將來情況”的虛擬。HowIwisheveryfamilyhadalargehousewithabeautifulgarden!我多么希望每個家庭都有一所帶有美麗花園的大房子!五、同位語從句同位語從句在句中作某一名詞的同位語,一般位于該名詞(news,fact,idea,suggestion,promise,advice,demand,doubt,hope,information,message,order,problem,question,request,truth,wish等)之后,對該名詞的具體內容進行解釋、說明。同位語從句通常由that引導。Thefactthathehasnotbeenseenrecentlydisturbseveryoneinhisoffice.近來誰也沒有見過他,這一事實令他辦公室里所有的人不安。(1)that引導同位語從句和定語從句的區(qū)別:that引導定語從句時是關系代詞,既起連接作用,又可充當句子成分(主語、賓語、表語),在從句中作賓語時可以省略;that引導同位語從句時,起連詞的作用,沒有實際意義,不充當句子成分,一般不能省略。(2)同位語從句的判斷方法:可以用“加詞”的方法,即在名詞和從句之間加入一個be動詞,如果句子意思成立,則是同位語從句,否則是定語從句。試比較下面三個例句:Thenewsthatwewonthegameisexciting.我們贏得這場比賽的消息令人激動。(that引導同位語從句,不能省略)Thenewsisthatwewonthegame.消息傳來,我們贏得了比賽。(that引導表語從句,不能省略)Thenewsthathereadjustnowwasexciting.他剛才看到的消息令人興奮。(that引導定語從句,在從句中作賓語,可以省略)(3)同位語從句中的虛擬語氣:在表示“命令”“建議”“要求”等的名詞(order,demand,suggestion,proposal,advice,request等)的同位語從句中,謂語常用虛擬語氣“(should+)動詞原形”。為了保持句子平衡,從句與先行詞往往被介詞短語、副詞或謂語等分開。Therequestcamearoundtwointheafternoonthatthemeetingshouldbepostponed.會議將會推遲的要求大約在下午兩點傳來。六、that和what引導名詞性從句的區(qū)別that引導名詞性從句時,在句中不充當任何句子成分,也沒有任何含義;而what引導名詞性從句時,在從句中充當一定的句子成分(主語、賓語、表語),what可以分解成定語從句中的“先行詞+關系代詞”,即常說的“先行詞+that/which/who”。Itisquiteclearthatthewholeprojectisdoomedtofailure.很清楚,整個計劃注定要失敗。IwilldowhatIcan(do)tohelphim.我將盡我所能幫助他。七、選擇名詞性從句的連接詞時,要分析從句的句意和句子結構如果從句句子結構不完整、意義不完整,缺乏主語、賓語或表語,根據句意用連接代詞;如果從句句子結構完整、意義不完整,缺乏狀語,根據句意用連接副詞;如果從句句子結構完整、意義不完整,缺乏“是否、好像”等意義,根據句意用連接詞(組)whether,if,asif/though;如果從句句子結構完整、意義完整,用連接詞that。八、whether與if在作“是否”講時一般可互換,但在下列情況下一般只能用whether,不用if(1)從句置于句首表示強調時Whetherthereislifeonthemoonisaninterestingquestion.月球上有沒有生命是一個有趣的問題。(2)引導表語從句時Thequestioniswhetherwecangetintouchwithher.問題是我們是否能聯(lián)系上她。(3)在介詞后面時Hisfatherisworriedaboutwhetherhewilllosehisjob.他的父親擔心他是否會失去工作。(4)后面緊跟著ornot時Wedidn’tknowwhetherornotshewasready.我們不知道她是否準備好了。(5)后接動詞不定式時Canyoutellmewhethertogoorstay?你能否告訴我是去還是留?(6)用if會引起歧義時如:Couldyoutellme
youknowtheanswer?若空格處用if,則有兩種意思:“你能告訴我你是否知道答案嗎?”(if引導賓語從句)或“如果你知道答案,請告訴我,好嗎?”(if引導條件狀語從句)。用whether則可避免歧義。(7)引導同位語從句時Thequestionwhetherweshouldcallinaspecialistwasansweredbythefamilydoctor.我們是否應該請專家的問題由家庭醫(yī)生來回答。九、名詞性從句的時態(tài)名詞性從句的時態(tài)多在賓語從句中考查,有以下幾種情況:(1)當主句是現(xiàn)在時態(tài)或將來時態(tài)時,從句的時態(tài)不受主句時態(tài)的影響,可根據句子的實際情況使用不同的時態(tài);IknowthatTomhasbeeninLondonforthreeyears.我知道湯姆已經在倫敦待了三年了。(2)當主句的時態(tài)是過去時態(tài)時,從句也應使用過去時態(tài);Shestaredatthepainting,wonderingwhereshehadseenit.她盯著那幅畫,想知道在哪里見過它。(3)當從句表示客觀事實或真理時,其時態(tài)不受主句時態(tài)的影響,應使用一般現(xiàn)在時。Theteachertoldusthatlighttravelsataveryhighspeed.老師告訴我們光的傳播速度非常快。十、wh-與wh-ever(包括however)的區(qū)別英語中的wh-ever詞主要包括whatever,whoever,whichever,whenever,wherever,however等,其中可引導名詞性從句的主要有whatever,whoever,whichever等。(1)wh-ever與nomatter+wh-的區(qū)別:nomatter+wh-只能引導狀語從句,而wh-ever既可以引導狀語從句,也可以引導名詞性從句。TheHow-toBookcanbeofhelptowhoeverwantstodothejob.這本《實用手冊》對任何想做這份工作的人都有幫助。(whoever引導名詞性從句)Whoeverpointsoutourshortcomings,wewillcorrectthem.不管是誰指出我們的缺點,我們都會改正。(whoever引導讓步狀語從句)(2)what與whatever:what表示疑問意義“什么”,相當于thething(s)that;whatever相當于anything/everythingthat,強調“任何/無論什么”。Whatmadetheschoolproudwasthatmorethan90%ofthestudentshadbeenadmittedbykeyuniversities.使學校驕傲的是超過90%的學生已被重點大學錄取。Whatevershedidwasright.她做的一切都是對的。Yoursupportisimportanttoourwork.Whateveryoucandohelps.你的支持對我們的工作很重要。你能做的任何事情都有幫助。Whateverhappens,thefirstimportantthingistokeepcool.不管發(fā)生什么事,頭等重要的事是保持冷靜。(3)which/who(m)/whose與whichever/who(m)ever/whosever:前三個單詞在引導名詞性從句時,整個從句作主句的一個成分,且從句仍具有疑問意義;后三個單詞在引導名詞性從句時,強調“任何/無論……”,而且引導詞及其所修飾的詞可起雙重作用,既作從句的句子成分,又作主句的句子成分。Whoyouaredoesn’tmatterandwhatmattersiswhoyouwillbeinthefuture.你是誰并不重要,重要的是你在將來會成為什么樣的人。Thegoldmedalwillbeawardedtowhoeverwinsfirstplaceinthebicyclerace.在自行車比賽中獲得第一名的人將獲得金牌。Languagepoints
核心詞匯重點難點全解1...itiswisetoweighuptheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofthisoption.……權衡一下這個選擇的利弊是明智之舉。weighup權衡;斟酌,認真考慮Therefore,wemustweighupthecostsbeforetakingaction.因此,在采取行動之前,我們必須認真考慮代價。Sheweighedupalltheevidence.她慎重地考慮了所有證據?!就卣埂浚?)weighlinkingv.重,重量是……;vt.稱……的重量Theyoungbirdsweighonlyafewdozengrams.雛鳥的重量只有幾十克。Heweighedsomepotatoesonthescales.他用秤稱了一些土豆。(2)weightn.重量,分量,體重I’vegainedweightrecently.最近我的體重增加了。完成句子(1)Youshould
(認真考慮后果)beforemakingthisdecision.(2)Ithinkyou’dbetter
(認真考慮有利之處)beforerejectingouroffer.(3)Hewanted
(增加體重).weighuptheconsequenceweighuptheadvantagestogainweight2...keeptrackofallyourreceiptsandpayments.……跟蹤你所有的收支。receiptn.收到的款項,收入;收據;收到Thetheatre’sreceiptsforthewinterwerebadlydown.該劇院冬季的收入大幅下降。CanIhaveareceipt,please?請給我開個收據,好嗎?【拓展】receivevt.收到Youwillreceiveareplywithinsevendays.你會在七天之內收到答復。詞塊背誦makeout(=write)areceipt開收據inreceiptof已收到……單句語法填空(1)Withseatsat$125,gate
(receipt)alonewereupto$10,000,000.(2)Goodsshouldbesuppliedwithin28daysafterthe_________
(receive)ofyourorder.(3)Ineedtomake
areceiptforyoubeforeyouopenyouraccount.receiptsreceiptout3...oreventheeconomywillbenefitifyouachievecommercialsuccess.……如果你取得商業(yè)上的成功,經濟甚至也會受益。commercialadj.商業(yè)的,貿易的;盈利的;商業(yè)性的Themoviewasnotacommercialsuccess.這部電影票房收入不高?!就卣埂浚?)commerciallyadv.商業(yè)化地Theproductisnotyetcommerciallyavailable.這種產品還沒有上市。(2)commercen.商業(yè),貿易Hisfatherisengagedincommerce.他父親從事商業(yè)。詞塊背誦electroniccommerce(e-commerce)電子商務單句語法填空(1)Thedrugisstillbeingtestedandwillnotgointo___________
(commerce)productionforatleasttwoyears.(2)Itwasthefirst
(commercial)availablemachinetoemployartificialintelligence.commercialcommercially4...youwillhavetoworkoutweekly,monthlyandyearlybudgets...……你將必須制訂每周、每月和每年的預算……weeklyadj.每周的adv.每周地n.周報,周刊Thefirealarmhasaweeklytest.每周都要對火警系統(tǒng)進行檢測。Employeesarepaidweekly.雇員按周領工資。Hecontrolsalocalweekly.他控制著一家地區(qū)性周報。詞塊背誦weeklymeetings周會aweeklymagazine周刊單句語法填空(1)Twoofthefournationaldailypapersaretobecome___________
(weekly).(2)It’sstrangethatheshouldhavenoideathatwehavefourEnglishclasses
(week).weekliesweeklymonthlyadj.每月的adv.每個月n.月刊Summersarehot,withmonthlyaveragesabove22℃.夏天很熱,月平均溫度在22攝氏度以上。Aftergraduation,wemetmonthlychattingaboutworkandlife.畢業(yè)后,我們每月見一次面,聊聊工作和生活。Thebookstoresellsallthecomputermonthlies.這家書店出售所有的計算機月刊。詞塊背誦amonthlysalary/magazine月薪/月刊onamonthlybasis按每月一次的標準單句語法填空(1)Accordingtotheagreement,youshouldpay1,000dollars
(month)foryourroom.(2)IwantedtoaskyouthequestionwhetherIcouldpaytherents
amonthlybasis.monthlyonbudgetn.預算Wedecoratedthehouseonatightbudget.我們儉省地裝修了房子。Theworkwasfinishedontimeandwithinbudget.工作按時完成且未超出預算。Theywentoverbudget.他們超出了預算。詞塊背誦onatightbudget預算緊張within/overbudget在預算之內/超出預算單句語法填空(1)Shewilldesignafantasticnewkitchenforyou—andall
yourbudget.(2)Theirsonwouldgetmarried,sotheyhadfurnishedthehouse
atightbudget.withinon5...awrongdecisionmightcostthecompanyagreatdealandputotherpeople’sjobsontheline.……一個錯誤的決定可能使公司蒙受巨大損失,而且可能讓他人工作不保。costsb.sth.使某人失去某物Thatonemistakealmostcosthimhislife.那一個差錯幾乎使他喪命。詞塊背誦Itcostssth.todosth.做某事花費……
atallcosts不惜任何代價atanycost在任何情況下;無論如何
atthecostof以……為代價單句語法填空(1)Hedecidedtotry
allcoststoridmystudentsoftheirfearanddislikeofbooks.(2)Hesucceededatthecost
hishealth.atofputsth.ontheline讓……處于危險之中Don’tputyourprofessionalreputationontheline.不要拿你的職業(yè)名聲冒險。Theyfoughtbravelyandputtheirlivesonthelinesothatotherscouldliveabetterlife.他們勇敢地戰(zhàn)斗,置生命于危險中,為的是讓其他人過上更好的生活。詞塊背誦ontheline冒風險in(a)line(with)(跟……)成一排outofline(withsb./sth.)(跟……)不成直線/不一致/不符合單句語法填空(1)Hehad
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