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高中所有的化學(xué)方程式及現(xiàn)象匯總

高中復(fù)習(xí)方程式最重要,下面整理了一些常用的各類方程式供大家參

考,包括金屬單質(zhì)、非金屬單質(zhì)、電解方程式、電離方程式、酸堿鹽

化學(xué)方程式、等各種高中化學(xué)方程式:

II非金屬單質(zhì)

非金屬單質(zhì)(F2,C12,02,S,N2,P,C,Si,H)

1、氧化性:

F2+H2===2HF(陰暗處爆炸)

F2+Xe(過量)==XeF2

2F2(過量)+Xe==XeF4(XeF4是強(qiáng)氧化劑,能將Mn2+氧化為Mn04-)

nF2+2M===2MFn(M表示大部分金屬)

2F2+2H20===4HF+02(水是還原劑)

2F2+2Na0H===2NaF+0F2+H20

F2+2NaCl==2NaF+C12

F2+2NaBr===2NaF+Br2

F2+2NaI===2NaF+I2

7F2(過量)+I2===2IF7

F2+C12(等體積)===2C1F(C1F屬于類鹵素:C1F+H2O==HF+HC1O)

3F2(過量)+C12===2C1F3(C1F3+3H2O==3HF+HC1O3)

C12+H22HC1(將H2在C12點(diǎn)燃;混合點(diǎn)燃、加熱、光照發(fā)生爆炸)

3C12+2P2PC13C12+PC13PC15C12+2Na2NaCl

3C12+2Fe2FeC13C12+CuCuC12

C12+2FeC12===2FeC13(在水溶液中:C12+2Fe2+==2Fe3++3Cl)

C12+2NaBr===2NaC1+Br2C12+2Br=2C1+Br2

C12+2KI=2KC1+I2C12+2I=2C1+12

3c12(過量)+2KI+3H2O===6HC1+KIO3

3C12+I-+3H2O=6H++6C1-+103-

5C12+I2+6H20===2HI03+10HCl

5C12+I2+6H2O=1OC1-+103-+12H+

C12+Na2s===2NaCl+SIC12+S2-=2C1-+SI

C12+H2s===2HC1+SI(水溶液中:C12+H2s=2H++2cl-+SI

C12+S02+2H20===H2so4+2HC1

C12+S02+2H20=4H++S042-+2C1-

C12+H2O2===2HC1+O2C12+H2O2=2H++C1-+02

202+3FeFe30402+K===K02

S+H2H2S2S+CCS2S+ZnZnS

S+FeFeS(既能由單質(zhì)制取,又能由離子制?。?/p>

S+2CuCu2S(只能由單質(zhì)制取,不能由離子制?。?/p>

3S+2A1A12S3(只能由單質(zhì)制取,不能由離子制?。?/p>

N2+3H22NH3N2+3MgMg3N2N2+3CaCa3N2

N2+3BaBa3N2N2+6Na2Na3NN2+6K2K3N

N2+6Rb2Rb3NN2+2A12A1N

P4+6H24PH3P+3NaNa3P2P+3ZnZn3P2

H2+2Li2LiH

2、還原性

S+02S02

S+H2s04(濃)3S02t+2H20

S+6HN03(濃)H2S04+6N02t+2H20

S+4H++6==6N02f+2H20+

3S+4HN03(稀)3S02+4N0f+2H20

3S+4H++43S02+4N0t+2H20

N2+022N0

4P+502P4010(常寫成P205)

2P+3X22PX3(X表示F2,C12,Br2)

PX3+X2PX5

P4+20HN03(濃)4H3P04+20N02t+4H20

C+2F2CF4

C+2C12CC14

C+02(足量)C02

2C+02(少量)2co

C+C022C0

C+H20C0+H2(生成水煤氣)

2C+Si02Si+2co(制得粗硅)

Si(粗)+2C12SiC14

(SiC14+2H2===Si(純)+4HCl)

Si(粉)+02Si02

Si+CSiC(金剛砂)

Si+2Na0H+H20==Na2Si03+2H2t(Si+20H+H20=+2H2f)

3、歧化反應(yīng)

C12+H20==HCl+HC10(加堿或光照促進(jìn)歧化:(C12+H20H++C1-+HC10)

C12+2NaOH==NaC1+NaC10+H20(C12+20H-=C1-+C10-+H20)

C12+2Ca(OH)2==CaC12+Ca(CIO)2+2H20(C12+20H-=C1-+C10-

+H20)

3cl2+6K0H(濃)5KC1+KC103+3H20(3C12+60H-5C1-+C103-+3H20)

3S+6NaOH2Na2S+Na2S03+3H20(3S+60H-2S2-+S032-+3H20)

4P+3K0H(濃)+3H20==PH3t+3KH2P02(4P+30H-+3H20==PH3t

+3H2P02-)

11P+15CUS04+24H20==5CU3P+6H3P04+15H2S04

3C+CaOCaC2+C0f

3C+SiO2SiC+2C0t

目金屬單質(zhì)的還原性

金屬單質(zhì)(Na,Mg,Al,Fe,Cu)

2Na+H22NaH4Na+02==2Na202Na20+022Na202

2Na+02Na2022Na+S==Na2s(爆炸)

2Na+2H2O==2NaOH+H2t2Na+2H20=2Na++20H-+H2f

2Na+2NH3==2NaNH2+H2f2Na+2NH3=2Na++2NH2-+H2f

4Na+TiC144NaCl+TiMg+C12MgC12Mg+Br2MgBr2

2Mg+022MgOMg+SMgS

2Cu+SCu2S(Cu2s只能由單質(zhì)制備)

Mg+2H20Mg(OH)2+H2f

2Mg+TiC14Ti+2MgC12Mg+2RbClMgC12+2Rb

2Mg+C022MgO+C2Mg+SiO22MgO+Si

Mg+H2S==MgS+H2

Mg+H2S04==MgS04+H2f(Mg+2H+=Mg2++H2t)

2A1+3C122A1C13

4A1+3O2===2A12O3(常溫生成致密氧化膜而鈍化,在氧氣中燃燒)

4A1(Hg)+302+2xH20===2(A1203.xH20)+4Hg(鋁汞齊)

4Al+3MnO22A1203+3Mn2Al+Cr203A1203+2Cr(鋁熱反應(yīng))

2Al+Fe203A1203+2Fe2Al+3FeOA1203+3Fe

2A1+6HC1===2A1C13+3H2f2A1+6H+=2A13++3H2f

2A1+3H2SO4===A12(S04)3+3H2f2A1+6H+=2A13++3H2f

2A1+6H2s04(濃)===A12(S04)3+3S02+6H20(Al,Fe在冷,濃的

H2S04,HN03中鈍化)

A1+4HN03(?。?==A1(N03)3+N0t+2H20A1+4H++N03-=A13++N0t

+2H20

2Al+2Na0H+2H20===2NaA102+3H2f2A1+20H-+2H20=2A102-+3H2f

2Fe+3Br2===2FeBr33Fe+202Fe3042Fe+022Fe0(煉鋼過程)

Fe+I2FeI2

Fe+SFeS(FeS既能由單質(zhì)制備,又能由離子制備)

3Fe+4H20(g)Fe304+4H2f

Fe+2HCl===FeC12+H2tFe+2H+=Fe2++H2t

Fe+CuC12===FeC12+CuFe+Cu2+=Fe2++CuI

Fe+SnC14===FeC12+SnC12(鐵在酸性環(huán)境下,不能把四氯化錫完全還

原為單質(zhì)錫Fe+SnC12==FeC12+SnIFe+Sn2+=Fe2++SnI

0非金屬氫化物和金屬氫化物

非金屬氫化物(HF,HC1,H20,H2S,NH3);金屬氫化物(NaH)

1、還原性:

4HC1(濃)+MnO2MnC12+C12f+2H20

4H++2C1-+MnO2Mn2++C12t+2H20

4HC1(濃)+PbO2PbC12+C12f+2H20

4H++2C1-+PbO2Pb2++C12t+2H20

4HCl(g)+022C12+2H20

16HC1+2KMnO4===2KC1+2MnC12+5C12f+8H20

16H++10Cl-+2Mn04-=2Mn2++5C12t+8H20

6HC1+KC1O3==KC1+3C12t+3H20

6H++5C1-+C103-=3C12t+3H20

14HCl+K2Cr207===2KCl+2CrC13+3C12t+7H20

14H++6C1-+Cr2072-=2Cr3++5C12t+7H20

2H20+2F2===4HF+02

2HC1+F2=2HF+C12(F2氣與HC1、HBr、HI、H2S、NH3氣體不能共存)

2HBr+C12=2HCl+Br2(C12氣與HBr、HI、H2S、NH3氣體不能共存)

2H2S+302(足量)2so2+2H202H2S+02(少量)2SI+2H20

2H2S+S02===3SI+2H20H2S+H2s04(濃)===SI+S02t+2H20

3H2S+2HN03(稀)===3SI+2N0t+4H20

3H2S+2H++2N03-=3SI+2N0f+4H20

5H2S+2KMn04+3H2S04===2MnS04+K2S04+5SI+8H20

5H2S+2Mn04-+6H+=2Mn2++5SI+8H20

3H2S+K2Cr207+4H2S04===Cr2(S04)3+K2S04+3SI+7H20

3H2S+Cr2072-+8H+===2Cr3++3S;+7H20

H2S+4Na202+2H20===Na2S04+6Na0H

H2S+4Na202+2H20=8Na+++

2NH3+3Cu03Cu+N2+3H20

2NH3+3C12===N2+6HC18NH3+3C12===N2+6NH4c1

NH3+NaN02+HC1==NaC1+N2t+2H20

NH3+N02-+H+=N2t+2H20

4NH3+302(純氧)2N2+6H204NH3+5024N0+6H20

4NH3+6N0===5N2+6H20(用氨清除NO)

NaH+H2O===NaOH+H2t(生氫劑)

NaH+H20=Na++0H-+H2f

4NaH+TiC14Ti+4NaCl+2H2tCaH2+2H20=Ca(OH)2I+2H2t

2、酸性:

4HF+Si02===SiF4+2H20(可測(cè)定礦樣或鋼樣中Si02的含量,玻璃雕

刻)

4HF+Si===SiF4+2H2t

2HF+CaC12===CaF2+2HClH2S+Fe===FeSI+H2t

H2S+CuC12===CuSI+2HC1(弱酸制強(qiáng)酸的典型反應(yīng))

H2S+Cu2+=CuSI+2H+

H2S+2AgN03===Ag2SI+2HNO3

H2S+2Ag+=Ag2S;+2H+

H2S+HgC12===HgSI+2HC1

H2S+Hg2+=HgSI+2H+

H2S+Pb(N03)2===PbSI+2HN03(鉛試紙檢驗(yàn)空氣中H2S)

H2S+Pb2+=PbS;+2H+

H2s+2Ag===Ag2S+H2t(銀器在空氣中變黑的原因)

2NH3(液)+2Na==2NaNH2+H2t(NaNH2+H2O===NaOH+NH3f)

3、NH3的堿性:

NH3+HX==NH4X(X:F、Cl、Br、I、S)

NH3+HN03===NH4N03NH3+H+=NH4+

2NH3+H2S04===(NH4)2S04NH3+H+=NH4+

NH3+NaCl+H20+C02===NaHC03+NH4c1(侯德榜制堿:用于工業(yè)制備小蘇

打,蘇打)

NH3+H2S==NH4HSNH3+H2S=NH4++HS-

4、不穩(wěn)定性:

2HFH2+F22HC1H2+C122H202H2+02

2H202===2H20+02H2SH2+S2NH3N2+3H2

2HIH2+I2

H非金屬氧化物

(S03、S02、N20、NO、N203、N02、N204、N205、CO、C02、Si02>P203、

P205>C120、C1203、C1205、C12O7、C102)

1、低價(jià)態(tài)的還原性:(S02、CO、NO)

2so2+02+2H20===2H2s04(這是S02在大氣中緩慢發(fā)生的環(huán)境化學(xué)反

應(yīng))

2S02+022S03S02+N02===S03+N0

S02+C12+2H20===H2so4+2HC1C12+S02+2H20=4H++S042-+2C1-

S02+Br2+2H20===H2S04+2HBrBr2+S02+2H20=4H++S042-+2Br-

S02+I2+2H20===H2so4+2HII2+S02+2H20MH++S042-+21-

2N0+02===2N02

N0+N02+2Na0H===2NaN02(用于制硝酸工業(yè)中吸收尾氣中的NO和N02)

N0+N02+20H-=2N02-

2C0+022C02CO+CuOCu+C02

3C0+Fe2032Fe+3C02C0+H20C02+H2

2、氧化性:

S02+2H2s===3S+2H20

S03+2KIK2S03+I2

N02+2KI+H20===N0+I2+2K0H(不能用淀粉KI溶液鑒別濕蒸氣和N02)

4N02+H2S===4N0+S03+H20

2N02+Cu4Cu0+N2N20+ZnZn0+N2

C02+2Mg2MgO+C(C02不能用于撲滅由Mg,Ca,Ba,Na,K等燃燒的火災(zāi))

Si02+2H2Si+2H20SiO2+2Mg2Mg0+Si

3、與水的作用:

S02+H20===H2S03

S03+H20===H2S04S03+H20=2H++S042-

3N02+H20===2HN03+N0(N02不是硝酸的酸酎)

N205+H20===2HN03N205+H20=2H++2N03-

P205+H20(冷水)===2HP03

P205+3H20(熱水)===2H3P04(P205極易吸水,可作氣體干燥劑)

P205+3H2S04(濃)===2H3Po4+3S03

C02+H20===H2C03

C120+H20==2HC10

C1207+H20==2HC104C1207+H20=2H++2C104-

4、與堿性物質(zhì)的作用:

S02+2NH3+H20===(NH4)2S03

S02+(NH4)2S03+H20===2NH4HS03

2NH4HS03+H2S04===(NH4)2S04+2H20+2S02f(硫酸工業(yè)尾氣處理)

S02+Ca(0H)2===CaS03;+H20(不能用澄清石灰水鑒別S02和C02.可

用品紅鑒別)

S03+Mg0===MgS04

S03+Ca(0H)2===CaS04I+H20

C02+NH3+H20===NH4HC03

C02+2NH3(過量)+H20===(NH4)2C03(NH4)2C03(NH2)2C0+2H20

C02+2NH3(NH2)2C0+H20(工業(yè)制取尿素)

CO2+2NaOH(過量)==Na2c03+H2020H-+C02=C032-+H20

C02(過量)+NaOH==NaHCO3OH-+CO2=HCO3-

C02+Ca(OH)2(過量)==CaC03+H20Ca2++2+C02=CaC03I+H20

2c02(過量)+Ca(0H)2==Ca(HC03)20H-+C02=HC03-

C02+CaC03+H20==Ca(HC03)2C02+CaC03+H20=Ca2++2HC03-

C02(不足)+2NaA102+3H20===2Al(0H)3I+Na2C03

C02+3H20+A102-=Al(0H)3I+C032-

C02(足)+NaA102+2H20===Al(OH)3;+NaHC03

C02+2H20+A102-=A1(OH)3I+HC03-

C02+C6H50Na+H20===C6H50H;+NaHC03

C02+C6H50-+H20=C6H50HI+HC03-

SiO2+CaOCaSiO3(煉鋼造渣)

SiO2+2NaOH===Na2SiO3+H2O(常溫下強(qiáng)堿緩慢腐蝕玻璃)

SiO2+Na2CO3Na2SiO3+CO2(制取玻璃)

SiO2+CaCO3CaSiO3+CO2(制取玻璃)

2N02+2Na0H==NaN02+NaN03+H20

2N02+20H-=N03-+N02-+H20

N0+N02+2Na0H==2NaN02+H20(制取硝酸工業(yè)尾氣吸收)

NO+NO2+2OH-=2NO3-+H20

同金屬氧化物

1、低價(jià)態(tài)的還原性:

6Fe0+02===2Fe304

FeO+4HNO3===Fe(N03)3+N02+2H20

Fe0+4H++N03-=Fe3++N02t+2H20

2、氧化性:

Na202+2Na2Na20(此反應(yīng)用于制備Na20)

MgO,A1203幾乎沒有氧化性,很難被還原為Mg,Al.一般通過電解制

Mg和AL

Fe2O3+3H22Fe+3H20(制還原鐵粉)

Fe304+4H23Fe+4H20CuO+H2Cu+H20

2Fe304+16HI==6FeI2+8H20+2I2

2Fe304+16H++4I-=6Fe2++8H20+2I2

Fe203+Fe3FeO(煉鋼過程中加入廢鋼作氧化劑)

FeO+CFe+CO(高溫?zé)掍撜{(diào)節(jié)C含量)

2FeO+Si2Fe+SiO2(高溫?zé)掍撜{(diào)節(jié)Si含量)

3、與水的作用:

Na2O+H2O==2NaOH

Na20+H20=2Na++20H-

2Na202+2H20===4Na0H+02t

2Na202+2H20=4Na++40H-+02t

(此反應(yīng)分兩步:Na202+2H20===2Na0H+H202;2H202===2H20+02H202

的制備可利用類似的反應(yīng):Ba02+H2S04(稀)===BaS04+H202)

Mg0+H20===Mg(0H)2(緩慢反應(yīng))

4、與酸性物質(zhì)的作用:

Na20+S03==Na2S04Na20+C02==Na2C03Mg0+S03===MgS04

Na20+2HCl==2NaCl+H20

Na20+2H+=2Na++H20

2Na202+2C02==2Na2co3+02f

Na202+H2S04(冷,?。?==Na2s04+H202

Mg0+H2S04===MgS04+H20

Mg0+2H+=Mg2++H20

A1203+3H2s04===A12(S04)3+3H20

A1203+6H+=2A13++3H20

A1203+2Na0H===2NaA102+H20(Al203兩性氧化物)

A1203+20H-=2A102-+H20

Fe0+2HCl===FeC12+H20

FeO+2H+=Fe2++H2O

Fe203+6HCl===2FeC13+3H20

Fe??203+6H+=2Fe3++3H20

Fe304+8HCl===FeC12+2FeC13+4H20

Fe??304+8H+=2Fe3++Fe2++4H20

用含氧酸

1、氧化性:

4HC103+3H2S===3H2S04+4HCl

C103-+3H2S=6H++S042-+C1-

HC103+HI===HI03+HCl

C103-+I-=103-+C1-

3HC1O+HI===HIO3+3HC1

3HC10+I-=I03-+3H++C1-

HC10+H2S03===H2S04+HC1

HC10+H2S03=3H++S042-+C1-

HC10+H202===HCl+H20+02t

HC10+H202=H++Cl-+H20+02t

(氧化性:HC10>HC102>HC103>HC104,但濃,熱的HC104氧化性很強(qiáng))

2H2S04(濃)+CC02t+2S02f+2H20

2H2S04(濃)+S3S02t+2H20

H2s04+Fe(Al)室溫下鈍化6H2s04(濃)+2FeFe2(S04)3+3S02f+6H20

2H2S04(濃)+CuCuS04+S02t+2H20

H2s04(濃)+2HBr===S02t+Br2+2H20(不能用濃硫酸與NaBr制取HBr)

H2s04(濃)+2HI===S02f+I2+2H20(不能用濃硫酸與Nai制取HI)

H2S04(?。?Fe===FeS04+H2t

2H++Fe=Fe2++H2t

H2S03+2H2S===3SI+3H2O

4HN03(濃)+CC02t+4N02t+2H20

6HN03(濃)+SH2S04+6N02t+2H20

5HN03(濃)+PH3P04+5N02t+H20

5HN03(?。?3P+2H203H3P04+5N0f

5H++5N03-+3P+2H203H3P04+5N0t

6HN03(濃足)+Fe===Fe(NO3)3+3NO2t+3H20

4HN03(濃)+Fe(足)===Fe(N03)2+N02t+2H20(先得Fe3+,在Fe過量時(shí)

再生成Fe2+的鹽)

4HN03(稀足)+Fe===Fe(N03)3+N0f+2H20

4H++N03-+Fe=Fe3++N0t+2H20

30HN03+8Fe===8Fe(N03)3+3N20t+15H20

30H++6NO3-+8Fe=8Fe3++3N20f+15H20

36HN03+10Fe===10Fe(N03)3+3N2f+18H20

36H++6N03-+10Fe=8Fe3++3N2t+18H20

30HN03+8Fe===8Fe(N03)3+3NH4N03+9H20

30H++3N03-+8Fe=8Fe3++3NH4++9H20

4Zn+10HN03(?。?=4Zn(N03)2+N20t+5H20

4Zn+10H++2N03-=4Zn2++N20t+5H20

4Zn+10HN03(稀)==4Zn(N03)2+NH4N03+3H20

4Zn+10H++N03-=4Zn2++NH4++5H20

2、還原性:

H2S03+X2+H20===H2S04+2HX(X表示C12,Br2,12)

H2S03+X2+H20=4H++S042-+X-

2H2S03+02==2H2S04

2H2S03+02=4H++S042-

H2S03+H202===H2S04+H20

H2S03+H202=2H++S042-+H20

5H2so3+2KMnO4===2MnSO4+K2so4+2H2so4+3H20

5H2S03+2Mn04-=2Mn2++4H++3s042-+3H20

H2S03+2FeC13+H20===H2S04+2FeC12+2HCl

H2so3+2Fe3++H20=4H++2Fe2++S042-

3、酸性:

H2s04(濃)+CaF2CaS04+2HFt(不揮發(fā)性酸制取揮發(fā)性酸)

H2s04(濃)+NaClNaHS04+HClt(不揮發(fā)性酸制取揮發(fā)性酸)

H2s04(濃)+2NaClNa2so4+2HC1t(不揮發(fā)性酸制取揮發(fā)性酸)

H2s04(濃)+NaN03NaHS04+HN03t(不揮發(fā)性酸制取揮發(fā)性酸)

3H2s04(濃)+Ca3(P04)23CaS04+2H3P04(強(qiáng)酸制弱酸酸)

2H2s04(濃)+Ca3(P04)22CaS04+Ca(H2P04)2(工業(yè)制磷肥)

3HN03+Ag3P04==H3P04+3AgN03

3H++Ag3P04=H3P04+3Ag+

2HN03+CaC03==Ca(N03)2+H20+C02f

2H++CaC03=Ca2++H20+C02f

(用HN03和濃H2S04不能制備H2S,HI,HBr,S02等還原性氣體)

4H3P04+Ca3(P04)23Ca(H2P04)2(重鈣)

H3P04(濃)+NaBrNaH2P04+HBrt(不揮發(fā)性酸制取揮發(fā)性酸,磷酸是

非氧化性酸)

H3P04(濃)+NaINaH2P04+HIt

4、不穩(wěn)定性:

2HC102HC1+02t(保存在棕色瓶中)

4HN034N02t+02t+2H20(保存在棕色瓶中)

H2S03H20+S02f(在加熱或酸性條件下分解)

H2C03H20+C02f(在加熱或酸性條件下分解)

H4SiO4H2Si03+H20H2Si03Si02;+H20

H2S203H20+SI+S02t(在加熱或酸性條件下分解)

口堿

1、低價(jià)態(tài)的還原性:

4Fe(OH)2+02+2H20===4Fe(OH)3

2、與酸性物質(zhì)的作用:

2Na0H+S02(少量)==Na2s03+H20

OH-+S02=S032-+H20

Na0H+S02(足)==NaHS03

OH-+S02(足)=HS03-

2Na0H+Si02==Na2Si03+H20

OH-+SiO2=SiO32-+H20

2Na0H+A1203==2NaA102+H20

20H-+A1203=2A102-+H20

2K0H+C12==KC1+KC10+H20

C12+20H-=C1-+C10-+H20

Na0H+HCl==NaCl+H20

H++OH=H20

NaOH+H2S(足)==NaHS+H20

OH-+H2S=HS-+H20

2NaOH+H2S(少量)==Na2S+2H20

20H-+H2S=S2-+2H20

3NaOH+AlC13==Al(OH)3I+3NaCl

3OH-+A13+=A1(OH)3I

NaOH+Al(OH)3==NaA102+2H20(A1C13和Al(OH)3哪個(gè)酸性強(qiáng)?)

OH-+A1(OH)3=A102-+2H20

Ca(OH)2+2NH4C12CaC12+2NH3f+2H20(實(shí)驗(yàn)室制NH3)

NaOH+NH4ClNaCl+NH3t+H20

Mg(OH)2+2NH4Cl==MgC12+2NH3??H2O(Al(OH)3+NH4C1不溶解)

Ba(OH)2+H2S04==BaS04I+2H20

2H++2OH-+Ba2++S042-=BaS04I2H20

3、不穩(wěn)定性:

Mg(OH)2Mg0+H202A1(OH)3A12O3+3H2O

2Fe(OH)3Fe2O3+3H2OCu(OH)2Cu0+H202AgOH==Ag2O+H2O

國鹽

1、氧化性:(在水溶液中)

2FeC13+Fe==3FeC122Fe3++Fe=3Fe2+

2FeC13+Cu===2FeC12+CuC12(用于雕刻銅線路版)

2Fe3++Cu=2Fe2++Cu2+

2FeC13+Zn(少量)===2FeC12+ZnC122Fe3++Zn=2Fe2++Zn2+

FeC13+Ag===FeC12+AgClI2Fe3++Cl-+2Ag=2Fe2++2AgClI

Fe2(S04)3+2Ag===FeS04+Ag2S04;(較難反應(yīng))Fe(N03)3+Ag不反應(yīng)

2FeC13+H2S===2FeC12+2HC1+SI2Fe3++H2S=2Fe2++2H++SI

2FeC13+2KI===2FeC12+2KCl+I22Fe3++2I-=2Fe2++I2

FeC12+Mg===Fe+MgC12Fe2++Mg=Fe+Mg2+

NaN02+NH4Cl==NaCl+N2t+2H20(實(shí)驗(yàn)室制氮?dú)猓㎞H4++N02-=N2t

+2H20

2、還原性:

2FeC12+3C12===2FeC13(在水溶液中不需加熱)

2Fe2++3C12=2Fe3++6Cl-

3Na2S+8HN03(?。?==6NaN03+2N0f+3S+4H20

3S2-+8H++2N03-=2N0t+3S+4H20

3Na2S03+2HN03(?。?==3Na2so4+2N0t+H20

3S032-+2H++2N03-=3S042-+2N0f+H20

2Na2S03+02===2Na2S04(Na2S03在空氣中易變質(zhì))

Na2S03+SNa2S203

Na2S+C12==2NaCl+Sl(在水溶液中)S2-+C12=2C1-+S;

3、與堿性物質(zhì)的作用:

Ca(OH)2+CuS04==Cu(OH)2I+CaS04I(波爾多液)

MgC12+2NH3??H20===Mg(OH)2I+2NH4C1

Mg2++2NH3??H20=Mg(OH)2I+2NH4+

A1C13+3NH3??H2O===A1(OH)3I+3NH4C1

A13++3NH3??H2O=A1(OH)2I+3NH4+

FeC13+3NH3??H2O===Fe(OH)3I+3NH4C1

Fe3++3NH3??H2O=Fe(OH)3I+3NH4+

CuS04+2NH3??H20(不足)==Cu(OH)2I+(NH4)2S04

Cu2++2NH3??H20=Cu(OH)2I+2NH4+

Cu(OH)2+4NH3??H2O=Cu(NH3)4(OH)2+4H20

Cu(OH)2+4NH3??H2O=[Cu(NH3)4]2++20H-+4H20銅氨溶液

CuS04+4NH3??H20(足)==Cu(NH3)4S04+4H20總方程式

Cu2++4NH3??H20=[Cu(NH3)4]2++4H20銅氨溶液

AgNO3+NH3??H2O==AgOHI+NH4N032AgOH=Ag2O(灰黑色)+H20

Ag2O+4NH3??H2O=2[Ag(NH3)2]++2OH-+3H2O銀氨溶液

AgNO3+2NH3??H2O==Ag(NH3)2NO3+2H2O

Ag++2NH3??H2O=[Ag(NH3)2]++2H20總方程式

ZnS04+2NH3??H20(不足)==Zn(OH)2;+(NH4)2S04

Zn2++2NH3??H20=Zn(OH)2I+2NH4+

Zn(OH)2+4NH3??H20=Zn(NH3)4(OH)2+4H20

ZnS04+4NH3??H20(足)==Zn(NH3)4S04+4H20

Zn2++4NH3??H2O=[Zn(NH3)4]2++4H2O總方程式

4、與酸性物質(zhì)的作用:強(qiáng)酸制弱酸,或不揮發(fā)性酸制揮發(fā)性酸

Na3P04+2HCl===Na2HP04+2NaClP043-+2H+=H2P04-

Na2HP04+HCl===NaH2P04+NaClHP042-+H+=H2P04-

NaH2P04+HCl===H3P04+NaClH2P04-+H+=H3P04

Na2CO3+HCl===NaHCO3+NaClCO32-+H+=HCO3-

NaHCO3+HCl===NaCl+H2O+CO2tHCO3-+H+=CO2t+H20

3Na2CO3+2AlC13+3H2O==2Al(OH)3I+3C02t+6NaCl(物質(zhì)之間的雙

水解反應(yīng))

3CO32-+2A13++3H2O=2A1(OH)3I+3C02f

3Na2CO3+2FeC13+3H2O===2Fe(OH)3I+3CO2+6NaCl(物質(zhì)之間的雙水

解反應(yīng))

3CO32-+2Fe3++3H2O=2Fe(OH)3;+3C02t

3NaHC03+AlC13===Al(0H)3I+3C02t(物質(zhì)之間的雙水解反應(yīng))

3HCO3-+A13+=2A1(OH)3I+3C02t

3NaHC03+FeC13===Fe(OH)3I+3C02f(物質(zhì)之間的雙水解反應(yīng))

3HC03-+Fe3+=2Fe(OH)3I+3C02t

3Na2S+A12(S04)3+6H2O===2Al(OH)3I+3H2St(物質(zhì)之間的雙水解

反應(yīng))

3S2-+2A13++3H2O=2A1(OH)3I+3H2St

3NaA102+AlC13+6H20==4Al(OH)3I+3NaCl(物質(zhì)之間的雙水解反應(yīng))

3A102-+A13++6H20=4Al(OH)3I

3NaA102+FeC13+6H20==3Al(OH)3I+Fe(OH)3I+3NaCl

3A1O2-+Fe3++6H2O=3A1(OH)3I+Fe(OH)3I

NaA102+NH4Cl+2H20==Al(OH)3;+NH3??H20+NaCl

A102-+NH4++2H20=Al(OH)3I+NH3??H2O

Na2C03+H20+C02===2NaHC03

CO32-+H2O+CO2=2HCO3-

Na2CO3+H2O+2SO2==2NaHSO3+CO2t(1:2)

C032-+H20+2S02=2HS03-+C02t

2Na2C03(足)+H20+S02==Na2S03+2NaHC03(C02中的S02不能用

Na2C03洗氣)

2C032-+H20+S02=S032-+2HC03-(2:1)

Na2cO3+SO2==Na2s03+C02(1:1)

C032-+S02=S032-+C02

NaHC03+S02===NaHS03+C02(C02中的S02可能用NaHC03洗氣)

2HC03-+S02=2HS03-+C02

2NaHC03+S02==Na2S03+2C02+H20

2HC03-+S02=S032-+2C02+H20

Na2SiO3+2HCl===H2SiO3I+NaCl或Na2Si03+2HC1+H20===H4Si04I

+2NaCl

Si032-+2H+=H2Si03l或Si032-+2H++H20=H4Si04I

Na2Si03+C02+2H20===H2Si03I+Na2C03

Si032-+C02+2H20=H4Si04I+C032-

5、鹽與鹽復(fù)分解反應(yīng)

Na2s04+BaC12==BaS04;+2NaCl(沉淀不溶于鹽酸、硝酸)

S032-+Ba2+=BaS04I

Na2S03+BaC12==BaS03;+2NaCl(沉淀溶于鹽酸,在硝酸中生成新的

沉淀,沉淀不消失)

S032-+Ba2+=BaS03;

Na2C03+BaC12==BaC03I+2NaCl(沉淀溶于鹽酸、沉淀消失)

C032-+Ba2+=BaC03I

Na2C03+CaC12==CaC03I+2NaCl(NaHC03不反應(yīng))

C032-+Ca2+=CaC03I

AgN03+NaCl==AgClI+NaN03Ag++Cl-=AgClI

AgN03+NaBr==AgBrI+NaN03Ag++Br-=AgBrI

AgN03+KI=AgClI+KN03Ag++I-=AgII

3AgN03+Na3P04==Ag3P04I+3NaN033Ag++P043-=Ag3P04I

CuS04+Na2S==CuSI+Na2s04Cu2++S2-=CuSI

FeC13+3KSCN==Fe(SCN)3+3KC1

Fe3++3SCN-=Fe(SCN)3(血紅色,用于Fe3+的特性檢驗(yàn))

6、不穩(wěn)定性:

Na2s203+H2s04===Na2s04+S;+S02t+H20

S2032-+2H+=S;+S02t+H20

NH4C1NH3f+HC1t

NH4INH3t+HIf2HIH2+I2

NH4INH3t+H2f+12t

NH4HC03NH3t+H20+C02f

2KN032KN02+02t

2Cu(N03)32Cu0+4N02t+02t

2AgN032Ag+2N02t+02t(保存在棕色瓶中)

5NH4N034N2t+2HN03+9H20

10NH4N038N2t+4N02f+02t+20H20t(硝酸鉉爆炸反應(yīng))

2KMnO4K2MnO4+MnO2+O2t

2KC1O32KC1+302t

2NaHC03Na2C03+H20+C02t

Ca(HC03)2CaCO3+H2O+CO2t

CaC03CaO+CO2fMgC03MgO+CO2t

理電離方程式

1、酸的電離(H2s04、HN03、HCl、HBr、HI、H3P04、HF、H2s03、CH3C00H.

H2c03、H2S>HN02、C6H50H>HCN、HC10)

H2S04==2H++S042-或:H2S04+2H20==2H30++S042-

HN03==H++N03-或:HN03+H20==H30++N03-(以下雷同)

HC1==H++C1

HBr==H++Br

HI==H++I

H3P04H++H2P0H2P0H++HPOHPOH++PO

HFH++F

H2S03H++HSOHSOH++SO

CH3C00HH++CH3C00

H2C03H++H++

H2SH++H++

HN02H++NOC6H50HH++C6H50-(苯酚不是酸,顯酸性)

HCNH++CN

HC10H++C1O

H20H++OH

2H2OH3O++OH

2、堿的電離(NaOH、KOH、Ba(OH)2、Mg(OH)2、Al(OH)3、NH3??H2O)

NaOH==Na++OHKOH==K++OHBa(OH)2==Ba2++20H

Mg(OH)2Mg2++2OH

Al(OH)3A13++3OH酸式電離:Al(OH)3H+++H20

NH3??H2O+20H

Ca(OH)2==Ca2++2OH(澄清石灰水)

Ca(0H)2Ca2++20H(石灰懸濁液)

3、鹽的電離(NaCl、Na2so4、NaHS04>Na2s03、NaHS03>MgS04.CaS04.

A12(S04)3、CuS04、A1C13、AgN03、CH3C00Na、NH4N03、FeC13、Na2c03、

NaHC03、Na2S、NaHS、NaH2P04、Na2HP04、Na3P04、KI、NaBr、NaClO、

AgCl、CaC03)

NaCl==Na++Cl

Na2so4==2Na++

NaHS04==H++Na++

Na2so3==2Na++

NaHS03==Na++HS03-(錯(cuò)誤書寫:NaHS03==Na++H++S042-)

MgS04==Mg2++

A12(S04)3==2A13++3

CuS04==Cu2++

A1C13==A13++3C1

AgN03==Ag++N03

CH3COONa==CH3COO+Na+

NH4N03==NH4++N03-

FeC13==Fe3++3Cl

Na2co3==2Na++

NaHC03==Na++(錯(cuò)誤書寫:NaHC03==Na++H++)

Na2s==2Na++

NaHS==Na++HS(錯(cuò)誤書寫:NaHS==Na++H+)

NaH2P04==Na++H2Po

Na2HP04==2Na++HP0(錯(cuò)誤書寫:Na2HP04==2Na++H++P0)

Na3Po4==3Na++P0

KI==K++I-NaBr==Na++Br-NaC10==Na++C10-

AgClAg++(難溶、微溶物質(zhì)在水中發(fā)生微弱電離)

CaC03Ca2++(錯(cuò)誤書寫:CaC03==Ca2++C0)

CaS04Ca2++S0(錯(cuò)誤書寫:CaS04==Ca2++S0)

3、熔融電離

NaClNa++MgC12Mg2++2

Na202Na++02-A12032A13++302-

10|水解反應(yīng)

1、單水解一-可逆水解

NH4C1+H20NH3??H20+HClNH4++H20H++NH3??H20

FeC13+3H20Fe(OH)3+3HC1Fe3++3H20Fe(OH)3+3H+

A1C13+3H20Al(OH)3+3HC1A13++3H20A1(OH)3+3H+

CuS04+2H20Cu(0H)2+H2S04(金屬活動(dòng)順序表中Mg2+以后的陽離子

均水解)

NaHC03+H20H2CO3+NaOH(NaHS04不水解,NaHS03電離大于水解)

Na2C03+H20NaHCO3+NaOHC032-+H20HC03-+0H-

NaHC03+H20H2cO3+NaOH(第一步遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于第二步,二步不能疊加)

Na2S03+H20NaHSO3+NaOHS032-+H20HS03-+0H-

NaHS03+H20H2sO3+NaOH(第一步遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于第二步,二步不能疊加)

HS03-+H20H2S03+0H-

Na2S+H20NaHS+NaOHS2-+H20HS-+OH-

NaHS+H2OH2S+NaOH(第一步遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于第二步,二步不能疊加)

HS-+H2OH2S+OH-

Na3PO4+H2ONa2HPO4+NaOHP043-+H20HP042-+0H-

Na2HP04+H20NaH2P04+Na0HHP042-+H20H2P04-+0H-

NaH2P04+H20H3P04+Na0HH2P04-+H20H3P04+0H-

CH3COONa+H2OCH3COOH+NaOHCH3COO-+H2OCH3COOH+OH-

C6H5ONa+H2OC6H5OH+NaOHC6H5O-+H2OC6H50H+0H-

2、雙水解

CH3C00NH4+H20CH3COOH+NH3??H2O

NH4F+H20HF+NH3??H20

A12S3+6H2O==A1(OH)3;+H2St(隔絕空氣,密封保存)

Mg3N2+6H20==Mg(0H)2;+NH3t(隔絕空氣,密封保存)

Na3P+3H2O==3NaOH+PH3t(隔絕空氣,密封保存)

Zn3P2+6H20==Zn(0H)2I+PH3t(Zn3P2一種老鼠藥,PH3劇毒神經(jīng)毒

劑)

CaC2+2H20==Ca(0H)3I+C2H2t(隔絕空氣,密封保存)

C2H5ONa+H2O==C2H5OH+NaOH

11電解及電極方程式

1、電解質(zhì)溶液在惰性電極條件下,或陰極是較活潑金屬電極,陽極

是惰性電極條件下的電解

2NaCl+2H202NaOH+H2t+C12t

(-)2H2O+2e-==H2t+20H-或2H++2e-=H2t

(+)2C1—2e-==C12t

2C1-+2H2020H-+H2t+C12t

CuC12Cu+C12f

(-)Cu2++2e-==CuI

(+)2C1--2e-==C12t

Cu2++2C1-Cu;+C12t

2CuS04+2H202CuI+02t+2H2S04

(-)2Cu2++4e-==2CuI

(+)2H20-4e-==02t+4H+或:40H--4e-==02f+2H204H204H++40H-

2Cu2++2H202CuI+02t+4H+

2H202H2t+02f

(-)4H++4e-==2H2f

(+)40H--4e-==02t+2H20

中性電解4H204H++40H-

2H20H2t+02f

酸性水解:

(-)4H++4e-==2H2f

(+)2H20-4e-==02t+4H+40H--4e-==02f+2H20

2H20H2t+02f

堿性水解:

(-)4H20+4e-==2H2t+40H-或:4H++4e-==2H2f

(+)40H—4e-==02t+2H20

2H20H2f+02f

2、電鍍:鍍件作陰極,被鍍金屬作陽極,被鍍金屬的含氧酸鹽作電

解質(zhì)溶液

鍍銅:CuS04電鍍液

鍍件(一)Cu2++2e-==CuI

純銅(+)Cu-2e-==Cu2+

鍍鋅:ZnS04電鍍液

鍍件(-)Zn2++2e-=ZnI

純鋅(+)Zn-2e-==Zn2+

鍍銀:AgN03電鍍液

鍍件(-)Ag++e-==AgI

純銀(+)Ag-e-==Ag+

鍍銀:NiS04電鍍液

鍍件(一)Ni2++2e-==Ni;

純銀(+)Ni-2e-==Ni2+

3、熔融狀態(tài)下的電解:

2NaCl(熔融)2Na+C12t

(-)2Na++2e-==2Na

(+)2C1—4e-==C12t

2Na++2cl-(熔融)2Na+C12t

2Al203(熔融)4A1+202t

(-)4A13++12e-==4A1

(+)602--12e-==302f

4A13++602-4A1+302t

NaHF2(熔融)H2t+F2f

(-)2H++2e-==H2t

(+)2F--2e-==F2t

2HFH2t+F2t

化學(xué)方程式反應(yīng)現(xiàn)象應(yīng)用

2Mg+02點(diǎn)燃或△2MgO劇烈燃燒.耀眼白光.生成白色固體.放熱.產(chǎn)生

大量白煙白色信號(hào)彈

2Hg+02點(diǎn)燃或△2HgO銀白液體、生成紅色固體拉瓦錫實(shí)驗(yàn)

2Cu+02點(diǎn)燃或A2CuO紅色金屬變?yōu)楹谏腆w

4A1+302點(diǎn)燃或A2A1203銀白金屬變?yōu)榘咨腆w

3Fe+202點(diǎn)燃Fe304劇烈燃燒、火星四射、生成黑色固體、放熱4Fe

+302高溫2Fe203

C+02點(diǎn)燃C02劇烈燃燒、白光、放熱、使石灰水變渾濁

S+02點(diǎn)燃S02劇烈燃燒、放熱、刺激味氣體、空氣中淡藍(lán)色火焰.

氧氣中藍(lán)紫色火焰

2H2+02點(diǎn)燃2H20淡藍(lán)火焰、放熱、生成使無水CuS04變藍(lán)的液體(水)

高能燃料

4P+502點(diǎn)燃2P205劇烈燃燒、大量白煙、放熱、生成白色固體證

明空氣中氧氣含量

CH4+202點(diǎn)燃2H20+C02藍(lán)色火焰、放熱、生成使石灰水變渾濁氣體

和使無水CuS04變藍(lán)的液體(水)甲烷和天然氣的燃燒

2c2H2+502點(diǎn)燃2H20+4C02藍(lán)色火焰、放熱、黑煙、生成使石灰水變

渾濁氣體和使無水CuS04變藍(lán)的液體(水)氧快焰、焊接切割金屬

2KC103Mn02A2KC1+302f生成使帶火星的木條復(fù)燃的氣體實(shí)驗(yàn)

室制備氧氣

2KMn04AK2Mn04+Mn02+02t紫色變?yōu)楹谏?、生成使帶火星木條復(fù)燃

的氣體實(shí)驗(yàn)室制備氧氣

2Hg0A2Hg+02f紅色變?yōu)殂y白、生成使帶火星木條復(fù)燃的氣體拉瓦

錫實(shí)驗(yàn)

2H20通電2H2f+02t水通電分解為氫氣和氧氣電解水

Cu2(OH)2C03△2CuO+H2O+CO2t綠色變黑色、試管壁有液體、使石灰

水變渾濁氣體銅綠加熱

NH4HC03ANH3f+H20+C02t白色固體消失、管壁有液體、使石灰

水變渾濁氣體碳酸氫錢長(zhǎng)期暴露空氣中會(huì)消失

Zn+H2S04=ZnS04+H2t有大量氣泡產(chǎn)生、鋅粒逐漸溶解實(shí)驗(yàn)室制備

氫氣

Fe+H2S04=FeS04+H2f有大量氣泡產(chǎn)生、金屬顆粒逐漸溶解

Mg+H2S04=MgS04+H2f有大量氣泡產(chǎn)生、金屬顆粒逐漸溶解

2A1+3H2SO4=A12(SO4)3+3H2f有大量氣泡產(chǎn)生、金屬顆粒逐漸溶解

Fe203+3H2△2Fe+3H20紅色逐漸變?yōu)殂y白色、試管壁有液體冶煉

金屬、利用氫氣的還原性

Fe304+4H2△3Fe+4H20黑色逐漸變?yōu)殂y白色、試管壁有液體冶煉金

屬、利用氫氣的還原性

W03+3H2△W+3H20冶煉金屬鋁、利用氫氣的還原性

Mo03+3H2AMo+3H20冶煉金屬鋁、利用氫氣的還原性

2Na+C12△或點(diǎn)燃2NaCl劇烈燃燒、黃色火焰離子化合物的形成、

H2+C12點(diǎn)燃或光照2HC1點(diǎn)燃蒼白色火焰、瓶口白霧共價(jià)化合物的

形成、制備鹽酸

CuS04+2Na0H=Cu(0H)2;+Na2S04藍(lán)色沉淀生成、上部為澄清溶液質(zhì)

量守恒定律實(shí)驗(yàn)

2C+02點(diǎn)燃2co煤爐中常見反應(yīng)、空氣污染物之一、煤氣中毒原因

2C0+02點(diǎn)燃2C02藍(lán)色火焰煤氣燃燒

C+CuO高溫2Cu+C02t黑色逐漸變?yōu)榧t色、產(chǎn)生使澄清石灰水變

渾濁的氣體冶煉金屬

2Fe203+3C高溫4Fe+3C02t冶煉金屬

Fe304+2C高溫3Fe+2C02t冶煉金屬

C+C02高溫2C0

C02+H20=H2CO3碳酸使石蕊變紅證明碳酸的酸性

H2C03AC02t+H20石蕊紅色褪去

Ca(0H)2+C02=CaC03l+H20澄清石灰水變渾濁應(yīng)用C02檢驗(yàn)和石

灰漿粉刷墻壁

CaC03+H20+C02=Ca(HC03)2白色沉淀逐漸溶解溶洞的形成,石頭

的風(fēng)化

Ca(HC03)2ACaC03I+H20+C02t白色沉淀、產(chǎn)生使澄清石灰水變渾

濁的氣體

水垢形成.鐘乳石的形成

2NaHC03ANa2C03+H20+C02t產(chǎn)生使澄清石灰水變渾濁的氣體小蘇

打蒸饅頭

CaC03高溫CaO+C02t工業(yè)制備二氧化碳和生石灰

CaC03+2HCl=CaC12+H20+C02f固體逐漸溶解、有使澄清石灰水變渾

濁的氣體

實(shí)驗(yàn)室制備二氧化碳、除水垢

Na2C03+H2S04=Na2S04+H20+C02f固體逐漸溶解、有使澄清石灰水變

渾濁的氣體

泡沫滅火器原理

Na2C03+2HCl=2NaCl+H20+C02t固體逐漸溶解、有使澄清石灰水變

渾濁的氣體

泡沫滅火器原理

MgC03+2HC1=MgC12+H20+C02t固體逐漸溶解、有使澄清石灰水變渾

濁的氣體

CuO+COACu+C02黑色逐漸變紅色,產(chǎn)生使澄清石灰水變渾濁的

氣體冶煉金屬

Fe2O3+3CO高溫2Fe+3CO2冶煉金屬原理

Fe304+4C0高溫3Fe+4C02冶煉金屬原理

WO3+3CO高溫W+3CO2冶煉金屬原理

CH3COOH+NaOH=CH3COONa+H2O

2CH3OH+3O2點(diǎn)燃2C02+4H20

C2H5OH+3O2點(diǎn)燃2C02+3H20藍(lán)色火焰、產(chǎn)生使石灰水變渾濁的氣體、

放熱酒精的燃燒

Fe+CuS04=Cu+FeS04銀白色金屬表面覆蓋一層紅色物質(zhì)濕法煉銅

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