中美知識產(chǎn)權(quán)貿(mào)易摩擦現(xiàn)狀及應(yīng)對措施分析

中美產(chǎn)權(quán)貿(mào)易摩擦現(xiàn)狀及應(yīng)對措施分析摘要近來，中美兩國經(jīng)濟在互相依靠不斷加強的同時，彼此之間的摩擦及沖突也在不斷晉級。其中中美產(chǎn)權(quán)貿(mào)易摩擦日漸成為中美貿(mào)易摩擦的焦點，已成為中國企業(yè)對美出口的最大障礙。中國企業(yè)頻頻遭遇美國有關(guān)產(chǎn)權(quán)的337調(diào)查，時至今日中國己經(jīng)成為美國產(chǎn)權(quán)調(diào)查最主要的調(diào)查對象和最大的受害國。這不僅給涉案的中國企業(yè)造成宏大的經(jīng)濟損失，同時也嚴峻阻礙了我國對外貿(mào)易的平穩(wěn)安康開展。面對上述場面，無論從理論意義上說，還是從理論意義上看，中美產(chǎn)權(quán)貿(mào)易摩擦都值得探討。本文在學(xué)術(shù)界已獲得的相關(guān)探討根底上，首先對中美產(chǎn)權(quán)貿(mào)易摩擦的現(xiàn)狀進展描繪，而后分析了摩擦的現(xiàn)狀特征，然后剖析了中美產(chǎn)權(quán)貿(mào)易摩擦產(chǎn)生的緣由，接著又闡述了中美產(chǎn)權(quán)貿(mào)易摩擦對中國的影響。進而結(jié)合我國實際狀況，提出了我國應(yīng)對中美產(chǎn)權(quán)摩擦的應(yīng)對措施。關(guān)鍵詞：中美產(chǎn)權(quán)貿(mào)易摩擦337調(diào)查應(yīng)對措施AnalysisofCounter-measureandCurrentSituationofSino-USPropertyRightsTradeFrictionAbstractInrecentyears,Sino-USeconomicinterdependencecontinuetostrengthen.Atthesametime,thefrictionandconflictwitheachotherareconstantlyupgraded.Sino-UStradefrictioninwhichPropertyisbecomingthefocusofSino-UStradefriction,ChinesecompanieshavebecomethebiggestobstacletoexportstotheU.S..ChinesecompaniesfrequentlysufferfromtheU.S.337investigationsrelatedtoProperty,todayChinahasbecomethemostimportantAmericanPropertyrightsinvestigatersandthebiggestvictimofthesurvey.ThisisnotonlytoChinesecompaniesinvolvedinthecasewhosufferedgreateconomiclosses,butalsoaseriousimpedimenttoChina'sstableandhealthydevelopmentofforeigntrade.Facingthementionedsituation,bothfromtheoreticalsense,andfromthepracticalpointofview,Sino-UStradefrictionofPropertyrightsareworthstudying.Thisarticlehasbeenmadeonthebasisofacademiccommunity’srelatedresearch.Firstly,thearticledescribedthecurrentsituationofSino-USPropertyRightstradefriction,andthenanalyzesthecurrentcharacteristicsoffriction,andthenanalyzesthecausesofSino-USPropertyrightstradefriction,andthentheydescribedtheeffectofChina-USPropertyrightstradefrictiontoChina.Andthenaccordingtothecurrentsituationinourcountry,putforwardourcounter-measuretothetradefrictionofSino-USPropertyrights.Keywords:Sino-US；Property；Tradefriction；337survey；Counter-measure；外文文獻AnalysisofCounter-measureandCurrentSituationofSino-USPropertyRightsTradedisputeFirst，TheUnitedStatesandprotectionofPropertydisputesStatusChina'saccessiontoWTO,therapiddevelopmentofSino-UStrade,whichChinaexportstotheU.S.morethan30%annualincrease,from92.5billionU.S.dollarsin2003to203.5billionU.S.dollarsin2006,theU.S.tradedeficitwithChinaisgrowing.Moreover,inanti-dumping,countervailingandsafeguardmeasuresandspecialsafeguardmeasures,technicaltrade,exchangerateandotheraspectsoffrictionarealsoincreasing.5November2003theformerMinisteroftheUnitedStatesDepartmentofCommerceEvanson"TheWallStreetJournal"publishedanarticleentitled"U.S.faircompetition,China"Thearticle,that"thecurrentlackofreciprocityintraderelationsbetweentheUnitedStatesandamajorsourceoffriction"Amongthem,thelackofprotectionofPropertyinChinatotheUnitedStates,undervaluedcurrency,China'sopaquelegalandotherreasonsthattheU.S.provokedthedisputewithChina.Thus,theUnitedStateshasformedapoliticalPropertyrights-tradedeficit-thethoughtpatternsofunemployment,theU.S.hasbeenthelackofprotectionofPropertyinChinaU.S.tradedeficitasanexcuseandjustification.China,theUnitedStatesin2006launchedthe"Special301"reviewandthesub-provincialreview;2007totheWTOdisputesettlementbodyagainstChina's"impactofPropertyprotectionandenforcementmeasures,"thelawsuit;thesametime,involvingChina,theUnitedStates"337investigation"ofcasesalsoincreasedrapidly.Second,Sino-USdisputesoverPropertyprotectionreasonsSino-USdisputesbetweenPropertyprotectionalongtime,butalsopresentsthegrowingtrend.AccordingtoU.S.officialsandcivilsocietyorganizationsissuedstatementsanddocuments,thattheSino-USIPRdisputesinChinaislargelyduetoproblemsinIPRprotection,suchasseriousviolations,lawenforcement,lackoftransparencyoflawenforcement.However,thedisputeledtoSino-USPropertyprotectionreasons,notjustlistentoonesideoftheUnitedStates,butalsotoseetheotherside.ThereasonwhysuccessiveU.S.protectionofPropertydisputes,anditsthreemainreasons:1,China'shugetradesurpluswiththeUnitedStatesSinceChina'sreformandopeningupdiplomaticrelationswiththeUnitedStatessincethetwocountrieshaveachievedrapideconomicdevelopment,ChinahasgraduallychangedfromtheU.S.tradedeficittotradesurplus,andthefavorablebalanceofexpanding.Statisticalstandardsasreasonsforthediscrepancybetweenthetwocountries,theU.S.tradedeficitwithChinaGengshiBistatistics,ChinaCustomsfigureshigherthanalength,theamountishugeshocking.BecausetheU.S.textile,steel,automobileandothercompetitiveadvantagesintheinternationalmarkethavegraduallylosttheownersofdomestictextile,steelandautomakerstoputpressureontheGovernment,causedtheriseoftradeprotectionism.U.S.governmentinordertomeetthesedomesticforces,butalsokeepthedomesticeconomicproblemsduetohugetradedeficit,frequentlyputpressureonChina.2,China-USeconomicrelationsofunequalinternationalstatusSino-USeconomicandtraderelationsalsoleadtounequalSino-UStradefrictionanddisputetheimportanceofPropertyprotectionreasons.TheUnitedStatesistheworld'slargesteconomyandlargestcountryinforeigntrade,manycountrieshavetorelyontheU.S.market,sotheU.S.influenceonothercountriescanbesaidtobeenormous,andChinaisnoexception.However,inturn,theU.S.dependenceonChinaisverylow.Insuchunequaltraderelationsunderthepremise,Chinaofteninapassiveposition,strugglingtocopewith,oreventomaintainitseconomicdevelopmenthadinthepolicyformulationandimplementationtomakeconcessions.TheUnitedStatesisrelyingonitseconomicsuperiorityandadvancedtechnology,protectionofPropertyrightsin"proper"name,tolimitourcompany'scompetitivenessindomesticandforeignmarketsinordertoprotecttheirPropertyrightsandmarketadvantagespurposes.3,theChinesestillneedtofurtherimprovetheIPRprotectionsystemChina'saccessiontotheWorldTradeOrganization,Propertyprotectionhasbecomethecountry'smaineconomicpolicy.Propertyrightsofforeigntradeactivitiesinthesituationhasclearlyimproved,buttherearealsosomeproblems.China'scurrenteconomicandtradereformshavenotyetfullycompleted,inconflictwithWTOrulesrepealthelawsandregulations,modification,coordination,andlegislationisstillinprogress;oftheWTOdisputesettlementmechanismarenotfamiliarwiththerulesandproceduresandlackofexperience,cannoteffectivelyuseofrelevantlawsandregulationssafeguardingthelegitimaterightsandinterestsofourcountry;intheimplementation,thereisstilltheoverallproblemofinadequatelawenforcement,failuretoabidestrictlyenforced,impunityisveryserious.Atthesametime,manyofourweakawarenessofPropertybusiness,piracyisserious.Third,theSino-USdisputeonIPRprotectionofChinaPropertyrelationsareintheSino-USrelationscanhaveamajorimpact,becausetherelationshipbetweenSino-USPropertyrightsarepoliticized,thatis,PropertyissuesinSino-USrelationsisnotonlyalegalissue,itisnotonlyaneconomicandtradeproblems,butalsoapoliticalissue.CanalsosaythatSino-USrelationsChina-USPropertyRightsundertheinfluenceofpoliticalrelations,thetwocountrieshasincreasinglybecomeapoliticalobjectivetoachieveaneffectivemeans,whilealsograduallyhavetheinterestsofbothcountriestocoordinateandcontroltherelationshipbetweenthedirectionofbilateralrelationsthepoliticalfunction.Theonehand,theperformancecharacteristicsofSino-USrelationsintheUnitedStatesintensifiedtheconflictbetween,ontheotherhandtheperformanceofthegrowthinthepossibilitiesforcooperation.TheroleofChina-USrelationsliesinProperty:itspossiblecooperationinSino-USrelationsfromthedevelopedtothenecessityofcooperationprovidesadeterministicpath;PropertyrightsandpoliticalrelationshipbetweenPropertylegalsystemforChinatohaveanimportantimpactontheprocess.TofulfillthefirstIPagreement.Chinain1992andrevised"PatentLaw"toexpandthescopeofpatentprotection,extendingthetermofpatentprotection,enhancedpatentprotection,andimprovethepatentapprovalprocess.ThelegalsystemonPropertylawrevisedandstrengthenedPropertyagreement,isdeepinChina'sopeningupthecaseofcontinuouslycarriedout,ingeneralterms,inlinewiththeoveralleconomicandsocialdevelopmentrequirements.ThepoliticalrelationshipbetweenChinaandtheU.S.PropertyrightstoPropertyrightsinChinaaheadofthelegalsystemandspeeduptheprocess.中文翻譯：中美產(chǎn)權(quán)疼惜爭議及其應(yīng)對策略分析一、中美產(chǎn)權(quán)疼惜爭議現(xiàn)狀中國參與WTO以來,中美貿(mào)易開展迅猛,其中,中國對美國出口每遞增30%以上,已從2003925億美元增至20062035億美元,美國對華貿(mào)易逆差則日益擴大。不但如此,在反傾銷、反補貼、保障措施及特殊保障措施、技術(shù)貿(mào)易、匯率制度等方面的摩擦也日漸增加。2003年11月5日美國商務(wù)部原部長Evans在華爾街日報發(fā)表了題為美國公允競爭,中國呢的文章,認為“目前缺少對等是美中貿(mào)易關(guān)系發(fā)生摩擦的主要根源〞。其中,中國對美國缺少產(chǎn)權(quán)疼惜、人民幣匯率低估、中國法律的不透亮等緣由使得美國挑起對華爭端。由此可見,美國政界已形成了產(chǎn)權(quán)-貿(mào)易逆差-失業(yè)的思維形式,美國始終將中國對產(chǎn)權(quán)疼惜不力作為美國貿(mào)易逆差的借口和理由。2006美國對中國發(fā)起了“特殊301條款〞審查并進展分省審查;2007向WTO爭端解決機構(gòu)提出針對中國的“影響產(chǎn)權(quán)疼惜和執(zhí)行的措施〞的訴訟;同時,美國對中國涉及“337調(diào)查〞的案件也快速增加。二、中美產(chǎn)權(quán)疼惜出現(xiàn)爭議的緣由中美兩國之間的產(chǎn)權(quán)疼惜紛爭由來已久,而且呈現(xiàn)愈演愈烈的趨勢。依據(jù)美國官方和民間組織發(fā)布的聲明和文件來看,認為中美產(chǎn)權(quán)紛爭的主要緣由在于中國在產(chǎn)權(quán)疼惜方面存在問題,例如侵權(quán)現(xiàn)象嚴峻、執(zhí)法不力、執(zhí)法缺乏透亮度等。但是導(dǎo)致中美產(chǎn)權(quán)疼惜紛爭的緣由,不能只聽美國的一面之辭,還要看到問題的另一面。中美產(chǎn)權(quán)疼惜紛爭之所以接連不斷,其主要緣由有三點:(一)中國對美貿(mào)易的宏大順差自中國改革開放及美建交以來,兩國經(jīng)貿(mào)獲得了突飛猛進的開展,中國也由對美貿(mào)易逆差漸漸轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橘Q(mào)易順差,并且順差額不斷擴大。由于兩國統(tǒng)計口徑不一樣的緣由,美國統(tǒng)計的對華逆差更是比中國海關(guān)統(tǒng)計的數(shù)字高出一截,數(shù)額之巨令人駭人動目。由于美國紡織品、鋼鐵、汽車等在國際市場上競爭優(yōu)勢漸漸相繼丟失,國內(nèi)紡織業(yè)主、鋼鐵及汽車消費商對政府施加壓力,引起了國內(nèi)貿(mào)易疼惜主義的抬頭。美國政府為了迎合這些國內(nèi)權(quán)利,也不斷將國內(nèi)經(jīng)濟問題歸結(jié)于巨額貿(mào)易逆差,對中國頻頻施壓。(二)中美經(jīng)濟關(guān)系國際地位的不對等中美經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易關(guān)系的不對等也是引發(fā)中美貿(mào)易摩擦及產(chǎn)權(quán)疼惜糾紛的重要緣由。美國是世界上第一經(jīng)濟強國,也是最大的從事對外貿(mào)易的國家,很多國家都要依靠著美國的市場,所以美國對其他國家的影響力可以說是宏大的,中國也不例外。但是反過來,美國對中國的依存度卻很低。在這樣不對等的貿(mào)易關(guān)系的前提下,中國就往往處于被動的地位,疲于應(yīng)對,甚至為了維護本國經(jīng)濟開展而不得不在有關(guān)的政策的制定和執(zhí)行上作出讓步。而美國正是依托自身經(jīng)濟優(yōu)勢和先進技術(shù)程度,在疼惜產(chǎn)權(quán)的“正值〞名義下,限制我國企業(yè)在國內(nèi)外市場的競爭力,以此到達維護其產(chǎn)權(quán)優(yōu)勢和市場優(yōu)勢的目的。(三)中國產(chǎn)權(quán)疼惜體系尚需進一步完善我國參與世界貿(mào)易組織后,產(chǎn)權(quán)疼惜已成為國家的主要經(jīng)濟政策。對外貿(mào)易活動中的產(chǎn)權(quán)狀況已有明顯的改善,但同時也存在一些問題。我國目前的經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易體制改革尚未完全完成,及WTO規(guī)則相抵觸的法律法規(guī)的廢止、修改、協(xié)調(diào)及立法仍在進展中;對WTO爭端解決機制規(guī)則和程序的不熟識和閱歷缺乏,不行以有效地運用相關(guān)法律法規(guī)維護我國正值權(quán)益;在執(zhí)行上,照舊存在整體執(zhí)法力度不夠的問題,有法不依、執(zhí)法不嚴、違法不糾現(xiàn)象特殊嚴峻。及此同時,我國很多企業(yè)的產(chǎn)權(quán)意識淡薄,侵權(quán)盜版現(xiàn)象嚴峻。三、中美產(chǎn)權(quán)疼惜爭議對兩國的影響產(chǎn)權(quán)關(guān)系之所以在中美關(guān)系中可以產(chǎn)生重要的影響,是因為中美產(chǎn)權(quán)關(guān)系被政治化,也就是說,產(chǎn)權(quán)問題在中美關(guān)系中不僅是一個法律問題,也不僅是一個經(jīng)貿(mào)問題,而且還是一個政治問題。也可以說,中美產(chǎn)權(quán)關(guān)系在中美政治關(guān)系的影響下,越來越成為實現(xiàn)中美兩國政治目的的有效手段,同時還逐步具備協(xié)調(diào)和限制兩國利益關(guān)系、影響兩國關(guān)系走向的政治功能。中美關(guān)系的特點一方面表如今中美之間沖突的加劇,另一方面表如今合作可能性的增長。中美產(chǎn)權(quán)關(guān)系開展的作用在于:它對中美關(guān)系從合作的可能性開展到合作的必定性供應(yīng)了一條確定性的途徑;產(chǎn)權(quán)關(guān)系政治化對中國產(chǎn)權(quán)法制化進程也產(chǎn)生重要的影響。為了兌現(xiàn)第一個產(chǎn)權(quán)協(xié)議的內(nèi)容。中國于1992修改的專利法中擴大了專利疼惜的范圍,延長了專利疼惜期限,強化了專利權(quán)的疼惜,完善了專利權(quán)審批程序。關(guān)于產(chǎn)權(quán)法律制度修訂和加強產(chǎn)權(quán)執(zhí)法的協(xié)議,是在我國對外開放不斷深人的狀況下進展的,從總體上來看,符合我國經(jīng)濟社會開展的總體要求。而中美產(chǎn)權(quán)關(guān)系政治化使我國的產(chǎn)權(quán)法制化的進程提早和加快了。Sino-UStradefrictionandthereasonsfortheevolutionofPropertySecond,theSino-UStradefrictionandtheevolutionofPropertyMainlandChinahasfromthe80soflastcenturyandtheUnitedStatesonPropertydisputes,manytimesadisputeandreachanagreement.Tointensity,thismayallbasedontheU.S."Special301"investigationbroughtthecaseisunprecedented.(A)thefirstPropertydisputeThefirstPropertydisputesinthelate80s.April1989,theU.S.TradeRepresentativeOfficeissueda"Reportoftheexternaltradebarriers,"theUnitedStatesaccusedChinaoffailingtoprovideadequateandeffectiveintellectualprotection,especiallycopyrightsysteminthepatentsystemandthereisaseriousdefect,itwillbeChinaincludedinthe"keyobservationoftheState"list.

(B)ThesecondPropertydisputesPropertydisputesinthesecondfrom1991to1992.April26,1991includedtheUnitedStatestraderepresentativetoChina,"focuscountries"list,andthatChina'spatentlawprotectionofyourrangeisnotenough;copyrightlawisnotfullyworkedout:Thecomputersoftwaredoesnotcomeundertheprotectionofliteraryworks.AtthesametimelaunchedtheChineselaws,policiesandotheraspectsofinvestigations.Thetwosidesduringthewar,whileintraderetaliationhasconductedseveralroundsofconsultations,culminatingintheJanuary17,1992signedthefirstagreementonPropertyprotection.

(C)ThethirdintherelevantPropertydisputesOccurredin1994,thethirdSino-USPropertydispute.February1994,theU.S.traderepresentativeaccusedChina:Propertysince1992invasiontovotestraightup;trademarkinfringementveryseriousphenomenon:lackoftransparencyinlawenforcement:theUnitedStatestowelStatescopyrightandpatentrightsdonotprovideadequateandeffectiveprotection.April30,1994,inthe"Special301"annualadjustmentLian

,TheU.S.TradeRepresentativetoChinaagainas"themostseriousviolationsoftheU.S.patentandcopyrightcountry"andthreatenedwithin60daysifunabletoreachasettlementagreement,Chinawillbeincludedin"keycountries"list.June,theStateCouncilInformationOfficeoftheChinesegovernmentissueda'ChinaProperty,"thewhitesection,announcedtotheworldthedevelopmentofthePropertysysteminChina.February26,1995,thetwosidesexchangednoteswiththewaythetwosides,and<effectivePropertyprotectionandimplementationoftheActionPlan"asanannextoanagreement.

(D)FourthPropertydisputesFourthofPropertydisputesoccurredin1996.ThistimethefocusisonCD,videoproductsandCD.TheillicitproductionofROM.U.S.delegatesthatChinahadnotkepttheeffectiveimplementationoftheUnitedStatesandChinareachedagreementonPropertyprotection.Afterseveralroundsofnegotiationsthetwosides,onJune17,1997tothethirdPropertyagreementnegotiated.Butthisagreementonlyrelatestothemobilityissueratherthanaseriesofcommitments.

(E)intensifyingSino-USIPRdisputesApril29,2005,theU.S.justiceannouncedthe"Special301"report.Thistime,Chinahasonceagainbeenincludedinthe"keyobservationoftheState"list.Butinthepastbeenaccusedof"imperfectlegislation"doesnotDivisionI,the"strictlyenforced","opaquework"becamethefocus.Inaddition,ChinalaunchedintheU.S."Special301investigation"atthesametime,moreandmoreuseof"337"tostartinfringementproceedingsagainstChineseproducts.

Second,Sino-UStradefrictioncausesofPropertyRights

Sino-UStradeinthemouthofJrelatedtoPropertyissues『frequentfriction,ontheonehandandtheU.S.tradeprotectionismisrampantabout:otherhand,ChinaitselfisalsointhelackofPropertyrightsofPropertycausesfrequentfriction.

(A)oftheU.S.tradeprotectionismisrampantIntheory.Underfreetrade,theworldtrappedinaccordancewiththecomparativeadvantageofdivisionoflaborandtradetoachieveitsmaximumbenefits.However.Freetradesystemisjustabeautifulideal,today'sinternationaltradeactivitiesintheexistenceofthephenomenonoftradeprotectionismofallkinds.Accordingtoformsofchange,internationaltradeprotectionismhasgonethroughfourphases:thefirststageisthestageofthetraditionalhigh-tariffbarriers:thesecondphaseofthegeneralnon-tariffOrganisationfootbarrierstage:thethirdphaseoffullgeneralnon-tariffbarriersandtechnicalShiubarrierstotradebothstages.Thefourthstageisthemaintechnicalbarrierstotradeprotectionismstage.Withthedevelopmentofinternationaleconomicintegrationandtradeliberalizationinthetraditionaltariffandnon-tariffbarrierscontinuetoremovethesoilbaseatthesametime,boastofitstechnicaltradebarriersandgreaterflexibilityandhiddenintheimplementationandoperationconvenience,subjecttotradeprotection.Fengyiofallages.Gametwoisthemethodused,analysisoftradebarriersthecountrytosetuptechnologyandbrakeintrinsicmotivation.

Assumptions:(1)AStateBStateanddivisionoflaboraccordingtocomparativeadvantageandtrade;(2)AandBaroundthecountrytoallowonlywaytolimittheuseoftechnicalbarriersotherexports.Inordershallbethegreatergood.Lacattleonbothsides}programcanchoose,oneisnotsettechnicalbarriers;oneistheTechnicalBarrier:(3)Bdoesnotexistbetweenthedecisionmakerstheinformationconstraints,theirlevelofsatisfactionofanypolicycanbeusedtoaccuratelyvaluemeasured.AndstrategiesoftheirprofitsasshowninFigurel.Here,usingtheclassicalmethodtoanalyzethegamemodelprisonersettechnicalsoilbarrieraroundthehousemotives.Anygovernmentpolicytoothercountriesasgiven,thenasarationalchoiceofcountrieswillhavedominantstrategyofthemotivationthatsettechnicalbarriers.Andremovethebadpolicythatisstrictlynotsettechnicalbarriers.ThisdecisionbringsbenefitstocountriesnottosetthecountrythanthewelfareofIllismaller.Thetopleftofthefigurethevalue(O,O)tothebottomrightofthefigureislessthanthevalue(0.5,O.5).

Althoughthesettingofnationaltechnicaltradebarriersthatlovedoesnotsettechnicalbarrierstotradecanimprovewelfare,willsetthetechnicaltradebarriersbetweentheinterestsoftiledamage,buttheystillhavethemotivationtosettechnicalbarrierstotrade,itisthepursuitofself-interestgameresults.

Propertyprotectionasatechnicalbarriertotrade.Isduetotechnologyinnovation,soinaparticularareaof??technologyintheclearlead,withindependentPropertyrights,accesstothemonopolisticcompetitiveadvantage.Ininternationaltrade,Propertyprotectionisdifferentfromotherformsoftechnicalbarrierstotrade,itisoftenenoughtoprotecttheobjectexporteroftechnologygoods.SincethereformandopeningupChina'seconomyhassustainedrapidgrowthofmorethan20years,theaveragegrowthrateof9%,foreigntradegrowthratereached19.8%.EspeciallyafterChina'saccessiontoWTO,China'simportandexportgrowthin2001,only7.5%,andfromtheincreaseintotalimportsandexportsin2002werehigherthan20%ofitsannualgrowthratein2003,2004toupto35%ormore,China'sforeigntradegrowth

Startoacceleratethetrend.Amongthem,theimportandexportvolumefrom2001to509.77billionU.S.dollarsin2007to2.1trillion,equivalenttothe"WTO"beforemorethan4timesin2001.Atthesametime.Sino-USeconomicandtraderelations,IllStateisbecomingamajorreversetheUnitedStatestoraisethecountry.Inthiscontext.ThesharpincreaseinSino-UStradefrictionisinevitable.WTOframework,thevarioustariffbarriershavefallensubstantially,thetraditionalimportquotas,licensing,andothernon-tariffmeasuresbytheconstraintsandrestrictions,intoonestepiscanceledandnorms.BecausetheU.S.ismainlytheknowledgeandtechnology-intensiveindustries,strengthenPropertyprotection,notonlycantheownerofPropertyprotectionbenefits,butalsolong-termtechnologicalsuperioritytheUnitedStates,isconducivetoitslong-termdevelopment.Meanwhile,thetowelisthecountry'sforeigntradeinthemajorplusTtrade,lackofcorepatentedtechnology.Therefore,thetwosidesofthegameinthetowelduringpodisf-,theUnitedStatesisboundtoprotectitsownsetoftechnicalbarrierstotrade,ofwhichChina'sIPsystemisimperfect,thelackofcoretechnologypatent,isboundtomakeuseofPropertybarrierstoUnitedStateswillgetmorebenefits.So,tosay,Sino-USeconomicandtraderelationsbetweenthefrictiongeneratedinthePropertytradeprotectionismisactuallyareflectionoftheUnitedStates.

(B)theinadequacyofPropertyinChina

1.TheChinesegovernment'sinadequateprotectionofProperty

Sino-UStradefrictioninmanyofthePropertyaspectsoftheChinesegovernmentfocusonwhethertheprotectionofPropertylegislationimprovement,effective.TheUnitedStatesbelievesChina'simperfectlegislationonProperty,lawenforcementisnotenough,cannoteffectivelyprotectAmericanpatents.WithChina'saccessionto"WTO",ChinahastakenmanymeasurestoimprovethePropertysystemtointernationalstandards,butenforcementofPropertyprotectionwiththeUnitedStatestherearestillsomegaps.ThisleadstoviolationsofChinesecompanieshaveoccurred,thereisnosenseofinnovation,therewillinevitablyleadtoSino-UStradefrictiononPropertyrights.Turn2.Chinesecompanieslackcorepatentedtechnology,lackofconfidenceinresponsetoPropertylitigation

Inrecentyears,withChina'srapideconomicgrowthandgrowingcapacityofChina'sforeigntrade.ButChina'sforeigntradegrowthmainlydependsontheprocessingindustry,thelackofindependentPropertyrightsandcorepatentedtechnology,easytoinvolvementintheinfringementofProperty.Therefore,ChineseenterprisesraisedU.S.Section337casesshowedanincreasingtrend.Inthe"Section337"investigation,thecompanycanprovethefactofimportationofinfringingproductsthatarerelevantindustriesintheUnitedStatescanbeconvicted.Thus,U.S.companies,mentionthe"Section337"requirementapricottoneisrelativelylow,filingiseasy.Forbusinessesinvolvedincopyrightinfringement.Astheinvestigationconcerningthetechnicalcontentofmoreprofessionaltodealwiththemmorecomplicatedandmoredifficult.Surveyto337Chineseenterprisesfacealackof

Theconfidenceoftherespondentdidnottakeanymeasures,whichwilleventuallyconvictedthedefendantabsentthegroundsofpassiveacceptanceofthecontentsoftheproductswereexcludedduetothefailureintheU.S.market.

Third,thefrictionfaceofU.S.Propertyrights,Chinashouldtakemeasuresto

(A)TheChinesegovernmentshouldtakemeasuresto

1.StrengtheningthelegalprotectionofPropertyrights,includingPropertylegislationandlawenforcementandeconomicdevelopmentoftheclosecontact.Firstofall,technologyandPropertysystemisconducivetoeffectiveallocationofinformationresources;second.Propertysystemthatencouragesinnovationandcreativity,encouragingthedevelopmentofadditionalinformation:Finally,aneffectivePropertysystemtopromotenewtechnologyproductsandmarketization.GovernmenttostrengthenprotectionofPropertylawandenforcementTemple,theinventorcanbeaneffectiveincentivetoincreasethevarietyofinventionandcreation,therebyenhancingthecountry'sinnovationcapability.GraduallyreducetheU.S.tradetIIcausedbythelackofinnovationandPropertyfreeoffriction,especially"Section337"investigationincasesofpatentinfringementrelatedtothecore.

2.RaiseawarenessofPropertyprotection

ProtectionofPropertyisthekeyliesintheawarenessofIPRprotection.Itdependsonthegovernment'sattitudetowardsPropertyprotection.RobustprotectionofPropertylegislationandstrictlawenforcement,theoccurrenceofviolationswouldhaveadeterrenteffect.Atthesametime,strengthenPropertyprotection,butalsotoimprovethenation'sawarenessofIPRprotection.

(B)oftheChineseenterprisesshouldtakemeasuresto

China-UStraderelationsfaceofPropertyissues,ChineseenterprisesshouldnotonlyattachimportancetoPropertyrights,increaseinvestmentinresearchanddevelopmentofproductswithindependentPropertyrights,andtaketheroadofindependentinnovation.Tofacefrictionandadoptapositiveattitude,understandingofU.S.Referenceto：

[1]ChungGouverneur.Matson.ReportontheforefrontofPropertylaw.TowelCountryEconomicPublishingHouse.2007.

[2]thewholehub.Onetheorypointsacrosstechnicalbarrierstotradeoff.Economicimpactstudywiththemushrooms.EconomicSciencePublishingstrong.2006

中文翻譯：中美貿(mào)易摩擦中產(chǎn)權(quán)的演化及緣由分析一、中美貿(mào)易中產(chǎn)權(quán)摩擦的演化中國大陸地區(qū)從上世紀80頭曾經(jīng)及美國就產(chǎn)權(quán)爭端問題，屢次發(fā)生糾紛，并達成協(xié)議。就猛烈程度而言，可能在全部基于美國“特殊301條款〞提起的調(diào)查案中是前所未有的。

(一)第一次產(chǎn)權(quán)爭端

第一次產(chǎn)權(quán)爭端發(fā)生在上世紀80頭末。19894月，美國貿(mào)易代表辦公室發(fā)表了外圍貿(mào)易壁壘報告，指責(zé)中國未能對美國學(xué)問產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)足夠有效的疼惜，特殊是在專利制度和著作權(quán)制度方面存在著嚴峻的缺陷，故將中國列入了“重點視察國家〞的名單上。

(二)第二次產(chǎn)權(quán)爭端

第二次產(chǎn)權(quán)爭端發(fā)生在1991到1992。1991年4月26日美國貿(mào)易代表將中國列入“重點國家〞名單，并指貴中國對專利法疼惜的范圍不夠；版權(quán)法沒有完全制訂出來：計算機軟件沒有依據(jù)文學(xué)作品來疼惜等。同時發(fā)起對中國法律、政策等方面的調(diào)查。期間中美雙方在貿(mào)易報復(fù)戰(zhàn)的同時曾進展屢次磋商，最終在1992年1月17日簽署了第一個關(guān)于產(chǎn)權(quán)疼惜的協(xié)議。

(三)第三次中關(guān)產(chǎn)權(quán)爭端

1994發(fā)生第三次中美產(chǎn)權(quán)爭端。19942月，美國貿(mào)易代表指責(zé)中國：產(chǎn)權(quán)侵投自1992以來直線上升；商標侵權(quán)現(xiàn)象也很嚴峻：執(zhí)法上缺少透亮度：巾國對美國的版權(quán)和專利權(quán)沒有賜予充分有效的疼惜等。1994年4月30日，在“特殊301條款〞度調(diào)整中，美國貿(mào)易代表再一次將中國列為“最嚴峻侵擾美國專利權(quán)和版權(quán)的國家〞，并威逼假設(shè)在60天內(nèi)無法達成解決方法的協(xié)議，即將中國列入“重點國家〞名單．6月，中國政府國務(wù)院新聞辦公室發(fā)布了‘中國產(chǎn)權(quán)的白皮節(jié)，向世界公布了中國產(chǎn)權(quán)制度的開展狀況。1995年2月26日，中美雙方承受雙方換文的方式，并以<有效疼惜及施行產(chǎn)權(quán)的行動方案作為附件達成協(xié)議。

(四)第四次產(chǎn)權(quán)爭端第四次產(chǎn)權(quán)爭端發(fā)生在1996。這一次的焦點是CD、影視產(chǎn)品和CD．ROM的非法消費。美國代表認為中國沒存有效施行此前中國及美國達成的有關(guān)產(chǎn)權(quán)疼惜的協(xié)議。中美雙方經(jīng)過多輪會談，于1997年6月17日就產(chǎn)權(quán)會談達成了第三個協(xié)議。但這次協(xié)議只涉及到行動性的問題而不是一系列的承諾。

(五)中美產(chǎn)權(quán)爭端日趨猛烈2005年4月29日，美國義公布了“特殊301”