鐵道概論 課件 2-車(chē)輛

授課內(nèi)容（英文）：第二章鐵道車(chē)輛Chapter2RailwayVehicles一、車(chē)輛種類(lèi)鐵路車(chē)輛按用途分：客車(chē)、貨車(chē)、特種用途車(chē)三類(lèi)。

I.TypesofvehiclesRailwayvehiclescanbedividedintothreecategoriesaccordingtoitspurposes:passengertrain,freighttrain,specialpurposevehicles.客車(chē)PassengertrainXL25KSpeedluggagecart8SYW25BMediumandlong-distanceairconditioningdoublehardsleeper9Anewgenerationof25.5metersdedicatedseniorofficialtrainC64utilitygondola,load61tons1、通用貨車(chē)2.貨車(chē)1Generalfreighttrain2.Freighttrain（2）敞車(chē)（C）（2）Gondola（C）C76型運(yùn)煤專(zhuān)用敞車(chē)

C76specialcoalgondola

（3）平車(chē)（N），車(chē)體為一平板或設(shè)有活動(dòng)墻板，可以裝運(yùn)砂石等。在裝長(zhǎng)大貨物時(shí)，可將側(cè)、端板翻下，主要用于裝運(yùn)木材、鋼軌、汽車(chē)、拖拉機(jī)、橋梁、軍用特載等貨物。

(3)Flatcar(N),thebodyisaflatorwithamovablewall,youcantransportgravelandsoon.Whenloadinglonggoods,thesideandendplatecanbeputdown;itismainlyusedfortheshipmentofwood,rails,cars,tractors,bridges,militaryspecialloadandothergoods.

2、專(zhuān)用貨車(chē)（1）罐車(chē)(G)，車(chē)體為一圓筒形，專(zhuān)門(mén)用于裝載液體、液化氣體和壓縮氣體等貨物。

2Specialtrucks

(1)Tank(G),thebodyiscylindrical,specificallyforloadingliquids,liquefiedgasesandcompressedgasesandothergoods.GH64型濃硝酸罐車(chē)該型車(chē)是供裝運(yùn)濃硝酸的專(zhuān)用車(chē)輛。GH64concentratednitricacidtankerThevehicleisspecialvehiclefortheshipmentofconcentratednitricacid.（2）冷藏車(chē)（B)(2)Refrigeratedtrucks(B)

（3）集裝箱車(chē)（X）只具有車(chē)底架，但比平車(chē)底架強(qiáng)度太，專(zhuān)門(mén)用于裝運(yùn)集裝箱。

(3)Containertruck(X)hasonlythechassis,butthechassisstrengthislargerthanthatofflat,specificallyfortheshipmentofcontainers.

（4）礦石車(chē)（K）專(zhuān)供運(yùn)送各種礦石，一般為全鋼車(chē)體。為卸貨方便，有的車(chē)體下部做成漏斗形，設(shè)底開(kāi)門(mén)；有的整個(gè)車(chē)體能借液壓或空氣壓力的作用向一側(cè)傾斜，并可開(kāi)此邊側(cè)門(mén)(所以又稱(chēng)自翻車(chē))。礦石漏斗車(chē)

(4)Orecar(K)isusedspecificallyforthedeliveryofvariousminerals,generallyitsbodyissteel.Somecars’entirebodycanbeinclinedtothesidebyhydraulicorairpressureandopenthesidedoor(calledasdumpcar).礦石漏斗車(chē)

（5）長(zhǎng)大貨物車(chē)（D）供運(yùn)送長(zhǎng)大貨物用，一般載重量為90t以上，長(zhǎng)度19米以上，無(wú)墻板，車(chē)地板為一平板，有的車(chē)中部凹下或設(shè)有落下孔，便于裝載高大貨物充分利用限界高度。(5)Oversizecommoditycar(d)isusedtotransport

oversizecommodity,

thegeneralloadcapacityismorethan90t,thelengthismorethan19meters;ithasnowallboard,thecarfloorisaflat,andsomecarshavecentralconcaveorawellhole,whichiseasytoloadlargecargoandmakefulluseofclearanceheight.二、車(chē)輛標(biāo)記

為了表示車(chē)輛的性能及特殊設(shè)備，以便識(shí)別并合理運(yùn)用和管理車(chē)輛，在車(chē)輛上須涂刷規(guī)定的各種標(biāo)記，這種標(biāo)記稱(chēng)為車(chē)輛標(biāo)記。凡鐵道部屬車(chē)輛必須涂刷的標(biāo)記，稱(chēng)為共同標(biāo)記；因車(chē)輛設(shè)有特殊設(shè)備或有注意事項(xiàng)，而涂刷的標(biāo)記稱(chēng)為特殊標(biāo)記；廠礦專(zhuān)用車(chē)的標(biāo)記可由廠礦自定，其中有部分標(biāo)記與鐵路標(biāo)記不同。

II.VehiclemarksInordertoexpresstheperformanceofvehiclesandspecialequipment,inordertoidentifyandrationaluseandvehiclemanagement,thevehiclemustbepaintedonavarietyofspecifiedmark,thismarkiscalledthevehiclemark.VehiclesbelongingtotheMinistryofRailwaysmustbebrushedthemark,knownasthecommonmark;Vehiclesequippedwithspecialequipmentorprecautionsarebrushedthemarkknownasaspecialmark;Factoryandminespecialvehiclesaremarkedbyfactoriesandmines,someofwhicharedifferentfromtherailwaymarks.

1．國(guó)徽凡參加國(guó)際聯(lián)運(yùn)的客車(chē)，車(chē)體兩外側(cè)中部須裝有國(guó)徽。

2、路徽凡屬鐵道部的車(chē)輛，都應(yīng)按規(guī)定涂刷表示“人民鐵路”的路徽。在貨軍側(cè)粱的端部還應(yīng)裝產(chǎn)權(quán)牌(路徽標(biāo)志牌)以區(qū)別廠礦自備車(chē)。（一）共同標(biāo)記CommonmarksNationalemblem:

forpassengertrainsparticipatingintheinternationaltransport,thecentralbodyshouldbeequippedwithbothsidesofthenationalemblem.Roadbadge:allthevehiclesbelongingtoMinistryofRailwaysshouldbepaintedwith“people'srailway"theemblemaccordingtotheprovisions.Theendofthesidebeaminthefreightshouldalsobeequippedwithpropertylicensing(roadsignslogo)todistinguishfactoriesandminesownedvehiclesfromcommonvehicles.3、配屬標(biāo)記所有客車(chē)和有固定配屬的貨車(chē)，應(yīng)涂刷所屬鐵路局和車(chē)輛段的簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)。例如，“京局莊段”表示北京鐵路局石家莊車(chē)輛段的配屬車(chē)?？蛙?chē)配屬標(biāo)記涂在車(chē)體兩端墻外側(cè)左下角，貨車(chē)一般涂在側(cè)墻外側(cè)。4．客車(chē)定員標(biāo)記客車(chē)應(yīng)在客室兩內(nèi)端墻上部和車(chē)體外端墻上，按客車(chē)設(shè)備(座位或臥鋪數(shù))標(biāo)明可容納的額定人數(shù)。

（一）共同標(biāo)記Affiliationmark:

allpassengercarsandfixed-ownedgoodsvehiclesshouldbebrushedtheabbreviationoftheirrespectiverailwaybureauanddepot.Forexample,the"BeijingBureauZhuangSection"saidtheBeijingRailwayBureau’sShijiazhuangDepotvehicles.Passengertrain’saffiliationmarkispaintedonbothsidesofthelowerleftcorneroftheoutsidewall;freighttrain’saffiliationmarkisgenerallypaintedonthelateralwall.Passengercapacitytag:passengercarsshouldbeinthepassengerroomontheinsideofthetwowallsandthecarexteriorwall,accordingtopassengerequipment(seatsorsleeper)thatcanaccommodatetheratednumber.Commonmarks5．車(chē)輛車(chē)型、車(chē)號(hào)編碼標(biāo)記貨車(chē)一般涂在外側(cè)墻或車(chē)門(mén)上，客車(chē)涂在兩側(cè)墻的兩端靠近車(chē)門(mén)處和客室內(nèi)端墻上部。在客車(chē)車(chē)型車(chē)號(hào)標(biāo)記的左側(cè)或右側(cè)，還用漢字標(biāo)明該車(chē)車(chē)種，如“硬座車(chē)”等，以便旅客識(shí)別。

（一）共同標(biāo)記Vehiclemodels,vehiclecodemarks:freighttrainsareusuallypaintedontheoutsidewallordoor;passengertrainsarepaintedonbothsidesofthewallwhichisattheupperendwallnearthedoorandpassengerroom.Ontheleftsideorrightsideofthepassengertrainnumber,itisalsomarkedwithChinesecharacters,suchas"hardseatcar"andsoon,inordertohelppassengerstoidentify.Commonmarks為了表示車(chē)輛類(lèi)型、構(gòu)造特點(diǎn)以及便于運(yùn)用和管理，在車(chē)輛規(guī)定的處所，由車(chē)輛工廠或車(chē)輛段涂寫(xiě)規(guī)定的車(chē)種、車(chē)型、車(chē)號(hào)編碼?？蛙?chē)車(chē)輛的車(chē)型、車(chē)號(hào)編碼貨車(chē)車(chē)輛的車(chē)型、車(chē)號(hào)編碼一）共同標(biāo)記Inordertoshowthetypeofvehicles,constructionfeatures,aswellaseasytouseandmanagement,thevehicleplantorvehicledepotwritetheprescribedmodels,models,vehiclecodeonthevehicles.PassengertrainmodelsandcodeFreighttrainmodelsandcodeCommonmarks客車(chē)的車(chē)型車(chē)號(hào)由基本型號(hào)、輔助型號(hào)和車(chē)輛制造順序號(hào)碼三部分組成。（1）基本型號(hào)基本型號(hào)即車(chē)輛的車(chē)種編碼，一般用2個(gè)或3個(gè)大寫(xiě)漢語(yǔ)拼音字母表示。如“YZ”、“YW”、“SYZ”等。Passengertrainmodelsandcodeiscomposedofthebasicmodels,auxiliarymodelsandvehiclemanufacturingsequencenumber.1)BasicmodelsThebasicmodelisthevehicletypecode,generallywith2or3capitalizedChinesephoneticalphabet.E.g.“YZ”、“YW”、“SYZ”(2)輔助型號(hào)為表示同一種型號(hào)的客車(chē)的不同結(jié)構(gòu)系列及內(nèi)部有特殊設(shè)施時(shí)，用一位或兩位小阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字及小號(hào)漢語(yǔ)拼音字母表示，附在基本型號(hào)的右下角。將這些小阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字和小漢語(yǔ)拼音字母稱(chēng)為車(chē)輛的輔助型號(hào)。例如YZ22、YZ25B等中的“22”、“25B”均為輔助型號(hào)。

2)AuxiliarymodelsInordertoexpressthesametypeofpassengertrain’sdifferentstructureseriesandinternalspecialfacilities,oneortwosmallArabicnumeralsandsmallChinesephoneticalphabetindicateauxiliarymodels,attachedtothebottomrightcornerofthebasicmodels.Forexample,"22"and"25B"in

YZ22,YZ25B,etc.areallauxiliarymodels(3)客車(chē)制造順序號(hào)碼表示按預(yù)先規(guī)定的規(guī)則而編排的某一車(chē)種的順序號(hào)碼。用以區(qū)分同一類(lèi)型的不同車(chē)輛，用大阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字表示，記在基本型號(hào)和輔助型號(hào)的右側(cè)。例如，客車(chē)車(chē)號(hào)標(biāo)記YZ25B

38788，其中Yz表示基本型號(hào)(硬座車(chē))；25B表示輔助型號(hào)(非空調(diào)型或本車(chē)供電空調(diào)型)；38788表示客車(chē)制造順序號(hào)碼。

3)VehiclemanufacturingsequencenumberItrepresentstheordernumberofaparticularvehicleprogrammedaccordingtoapredeterminedrule,whichisusedtodistinguishbetweendifferenttypesofvehiclesofthesametype,withlargeArabicnumerals,recordedontherightofbasicmodelandauxiliarymodels.Forexample,thepassengertrainnumbermarkedYZ25B38788,whereYzrepresentsthebasemodel(hardseattrain);25Bisanauxiliarytype(non-air-conditioningtypeoravehicle-suppliedair-conditioningtype),and38788isapassengertrainmanufacturingsequencenumber.車(chē)種編號(hào)RZ110000——199999YZ300000——499999RW500000——599999YW600000——799999VehicletypeNumberRZ110000——199999YZ300000——499999RW500000——599999YW600000——799999貨車(chē)的車(chē)型車(chē)號(hào)由基本型號(hào)、輔助型號(hào)和車(chē)輛制造順序號(hào)碼三部分組成。(1)車(chē)種編碼方法車(chē)種編碼原則上用該車(chē)種漢字名稱(chēng)中關(guān)鍵字的一個(gè)大寫(xiě)漢語(yǔ)拼音字母表示。(2)車(chē)型編碼方法車(chē)型編碼用大寫(xiě)漢語(yǔ)拼音字母和數(shù)字混合表示，依次由下面三部分組成：

Freighttrainmodelsandcodeiscomposedofthebasicmodels,auxiliarymodelsandvehiclemanufacturingsequencenumber.(1)

VehicletypeencodingmethodVehiclecodeinprincipleshouldbeindicatedbyChinesecharactersinthenameofacapitalizedChinesephoneticalphabet.(2)VehicleencodingmethodVehiclecodeisthemixedrepresentationofcapitalizedChinesephoneticalphabetanddigital,followedbythefollowingthreeparts:

第一部分為貨車(chē)所屬車(chē)種編碼，用l位大寫(xiě)字母表示，作為車(chē)型編碼的首部。如C、P、N、G等第二部分為貨車(chē)的重量系列或順序系列，用1位或2位數(shù)字或大寫(xiě)字母表示。第三部分為貨車(chē)的材質(zhì)或結(jié)構(gòu)，用1位或2位大寫(xiě)字母表示。

Thefirstpartofthevehiclebelongstothevehiclecode,withl-bitcapitalletters,asthefirsttraincoding.SuchasC,P,N,Gandsoon.Thesecondpartisthetrain'sweightseriesorsequenceofseries,with1or2digitsorcapitalletters.Thethirdpartisthematerialorstructureofgoodsvehicles,with1or2capitalletters.例如：C62A型敞車(chē)C62A

車(chē)種重量系列結(jié)構(gòu)

C62B型敞車(chē)C62B

車(chē)種重量系列材質(zhì)(耐候鋼)

N17A型敝車(chē)N17A

車(chē)種順序系列結(jié)構(gòu)Forexample:C62AGondolaC62Avehicletype

weightseriesstructureC62BGondolaC62Bvehicletype

weightseriesmaterial(weatheringsteel)N17ApassengertrainN17Avehicleseriesstructure(3)車(chē)號(hào)編碼方法

l、車(chē)號(hào)采用七位數(shù)字代碼，可編貨車(chē)的容量為9999999輛。

2、同車(chē)種車(chē)型貨車(chē)的車(chē)號(hào)必須集中在TB／T2435--93劃定的碼域內(nèi)，以便從車(chē)號(hào)編碼反映貨車(chē)的車(chē)種、車(chē)型。

3、每輛貨車(chē)的車(chē)號(hào)編碼在全國(guó)范圍必須唯一。

(3)Vehiclemanufacturingsequencenumber①Thevehiclecodeusesseven-digitcode,thecapacityofthelorryis9,999,999vehicles.②

ThevehiclenumberofsamevehicletypemustbeconcentratedinthecodeareaofTB/T2435-93,inordertoreflectthetruckcodefromthevehicletypeencodingandvehicleencoding.③Thecodenumberofeachtruckmustbeuniqueacrossthecountry.編碼車(chē)種編碼車(chē)種編碼棚車(chē)P集裝箱車(chē)X水泥車(chē)U敞車(chē)C礦石車(chē)K糧食車(chē)L平車(chē)N長(zhǎng)大貨物車(chē)D特種車(chē)T罐車(chē)G毒品車(chē)W冷藏車(chē)B家畜車(chē)JCodeVehicletype

CodeVehicletype

CodeBoxcarPContainertruckXCementingtruckUGondolaCOrecarKFoodtruckLFlatcarNOversizecommoditycarDSpecialvehicleTTankGDrugcarWRefrigeratedtruckBStockcarJVehicletype

NumberrangeBoxcar3000000——3499999Gondola4000000——4899999Flatcar5000000——5099999Containertruck5200000——5249999Tank6000000——63099996、貨車(chē)性能標(biāo)記貨車(chē)性能標(biāo)記一般涂打在車(chē)體兩側(cè)墻的右端。

(1)載重，表示該車(chē)允許的最大載重量(t)，又稱(chēng)標(biāo)記載重。

(2)自重，表示車(chē)輛本身的全部重量(t)。

(3)容積，表示可供裝載貨物的最大容積(m。)，并在其下部括號(hào)內(nèi)注明“內(nèi)長(zhǎng)×內(nèi)寬×內(nèi)高”或“內(nèi)長(zhǎng)×內(nèi)寬”尺寸，以便裝車(chē)時(shí)參考。

Truckperformancemarking:

generallypaintedontherightsideofthewallofthetrainbody.(1)Load,themaximumload(T),whichindicatesthemaximumloadofthevehicle.

(2)Weight,thetotalweightofthevehicleitself(t).

(3)Volume,representsthemaximumvolumeofgoodsavailableforloading(M.),andindicatesthe"length*innerwidth*high"or"long*width"sizeinthelowerbrackets,fortrainloadingreference.平車(chē)、集裝箱車(chē)、長(zhǎng)大貨物車(chē)不涂打容積標(biāo)記，而涂打長(zhǎng)、寬標(biāo)記。

(4)換長(zhǎng)，是車(chē)輛換算長(zhǎng)度的簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)，又稱(chēng)計(jì)算長(zhǎng)度或簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)計(jì)長(zhǎng)。車(chē)輛的換長(zhǎng)等于車(chē)輛全長(zhǎng)除以1l(保留小數(shù)一位，尾數(shù)四舍五人)。

7、車(chē)輛檢修標(biāo)記

廠、段修標(biāo)記和輔修標(biāo)記。(詳見(jiàn)第3節(jié))Flatcar,containertrucksandoversizecommoditycar

arenotcoatedwithvolumemark,butwiththelengthandwidthmarks.(4)Vehicleconversionlength,alsoknownasthelengthofcalculation.Theconversionlengthofthevehicleisequaltothelengthofthevehicledividedby1l(retainadecimal,mantissarounded).7.Vehiclemaintenancemarks:plantandsegment’srepairmarkandminormark.

1、人字標(biāo)記。表示該棚車(chē)設(shè)有床托可以利用床托搭床板；車(chē)頂中央設(shè)有煙筒口，可以安裝火爐；車(chē)體兩側(cè)有較多的車(chē)窗，能通風(fēng)換氣，且為竹、木地板，并設(shè)有便器等。必要時(shí)，該車(chē)可以代替客車(chē)運(yùn)送人員。

2、環(huán)形標(biāo)記。表示車(chē)內(nèi)設(shè)有拴馬環(huán)或攔馬桿座的敞車(chē)或棚車(chē)。

3、國(guó)際聯(lián)運(yùn)標(biāo)記。表示該車(chē)輛各部分符合國(guó)際聯(lián)運(yùn)的技術(shù)要求，可以參加國(guó)際聯(lián)運(yùn)。HerringbonemarkItindicatesthattheboxcariswithabedwhichcanbeusedtobuildbedboard;Thecenteroftheroofiswithapipemouthwhichyoucanbeusedtoinstallthestove;Therearemanywindowsonbothsidesofthecarbodywhichcanventilate,thefloorismadeofbambooorwood,andthetoiletissetthere,too.Ifnecessary,thecarcanreplacethepassengertraintotransportpersonnel.2.AnnularmarkItmeansagondolacaroraboxcarwithahorseshoeringorahorseshoebar.3.InternationaltransportmarkItmeansthatthevariouspartsofthevehicleaccordwiththetechnicalrequirementsofinternationaltransport,itcanparticipateininternationaltransport.4．禁止通過(guò)裝有車(chē)輛減速器的駝峰標(biāo)記表示該車(chē)輛下部尺寸與機(jī)械化駝峰的減速器尺寸相抵觸，或受車(chē)內(nèi)設(shè)備的限制等，禁止通過(guò)裝有車(chē)輛減速器的駝峰。

5．關(guān)字標(biāo)記表示部分有活動(dòng)墻板的車(chē)輛，活動(dòng)墻板放下時(shí)超過(guò)機(jī)車(chē)車(chē)輛限界，裝卸貨物后，必須關(guān)好活動(dòng)墻板，以保證行車(chē)安全。

6、卷字標(biāo)記表示該車(chē)輛(部分敞車(chē)、礦石車(chē)等)兩側(cè)梁端部設(shè)有掛卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)鋼絲繩的掛鉤，以便進(jìn)行卷?yè)P(yáng)倒車(chē)。

卷4Humpmarking--ProhibitthevehicleequippedwithareducerItindicatesthatthesizeofthelowerpartofthevehicleandthesizeofthemechanicalhumpreducerareinconflict,orrestrictedbytheinsideequipment,thevehicleequippedwithareducerisprohibited.5“Guan”markItmeansthatsomevehiclesarewithmovablewallboard;whenthemovablewallboardIsputdown,itisoverthelimitsofrollingstock;therefore,whenloadingandunloadinggoods,youmustclosethemovablewallboardtoensuretrafficsafety.6“Juan”markThemarkindicatesbothsidesofthebeaminthevehicle(gondolacar,orecar)areprovidedwithahookhangingropewinchinordertowinchreversing.卷7、集中載重標(biāo)記，標(biāo)記栽重大于60噸的平車(chē)、長(zhǎng)大貨物車(chē)等，應(yīng)在車(chē)底架兩側(cè)涂刷集中載重標(biāo)記，標(biāo)明車(chē)輛中部一定尺寸范圍內(nèi)的允許載重量。

8、毒品專(zhuān)用車(chē)標(biāo)記。在毒品車(chē)車(chē)門(mén)上，涂打“毒品專(zhuān)用車(chē)”標(biāo)記，并在車(chē)門(mén)左側(cè)的外側(cè)墻，涂打毒品標(biāo)記，表示該車(chē)輛專(zhuān)門(mén)裝運(yùn)農(nóng)藥等有毒貨物。7.ConcentratedloadmarkItmarksflatcarsoroversizecommoditycars

withaweightofmorethan60tons.Itshouldbepaintedonbothsidesofthechassisframe,indicatingtheallowableloadrangewithinacertainsizeofthevehicle.8.Drug-specificvehiclemark.Thedrugcardoorispaintedwith"drugvehicle"mark;theoutsidewall

ontheleftsideofthedoorispaintedwithadrugmark;itmeansthevehicleisusedforspecializedtransportofpesticidesandothertoxicgoods.9、特字標(biāo)記。表示可以裝運(yùn)坦克及其他其他重量較大的特殊貨物的車(chē)輛。10．救援列車(chē)標(biāo)記。在車(chē)輛兩側(cè)中央涂刷白色色帶，表示救援列車(chē)。特9.“Te”markItmeansavehiclecapableoftransportingtanksandotherheavierspecialcargoes.10.RescueTrainMarkBothsidesofthecentralvehicleisbrushedwhiteribbon,whichsaystherescuetrain.三、車(chē)輛方位和技術(shù)參數(shù)為了便于運(yùn)用、檢修車(chē)輛，鐵道部對(duì)車(chē)輛方位及車(chē)輛配件位置有統(tǒng)一規(guī)定。

III.VehicleorientationandtechnicalparametersInordertofacilitatetheuseandmaintenanceofvehicles,MinistryofRailwayssetunifiedprovisionsonthevehiclepositionandlocationofvehicleaccessories.1、車(chē)輛方向的確定鐵道部規(guī)定車(chē)輛兩端分別稱(chēng)一位端、二位端。如何確定一、二位端，是按制動(dòng)缸活塞桿推出的方向來(lái)確定，即制動(dòng)缸活塞桿推出的方向?yàn)樵撥?chē)一位端(手制動(dòng)機(jī)一般裝設(shè)在一位端)，另一端為二位端。對(duì)于多制動(dòng)缸的車(chē)輛以手制動(dòng)機(jī)的一端為一位端。為便于檢修，每輛車(chē)都涂刷1、2位定位標(biāo)記，以表示車(chē)輛的一位端和二位端。在貨車(chē)兩側(cè)梁的端部或兩側(cè)墻外側(cè)下部用自鉛油涂1或2(客車(chē)則涂在車(chē)梯的外側(cè)和車(chē)內(nèi)兩端墻上部)。1ConfirmationofvehicledirectionTheMinistryofRailwaysprovidesthatthetwoendsofthevehiclearerespectivelycalledposition1andposition2.Thedirectionofbrakecylinderpistonroddeterminestheposition,thatis,thelaunchdirectionofthebrakecylinderpistonrodisposition1

(handbrakeisgenerallyinstalledinposition1).Andtheotherendisposition2.Forvehicleswithmultiplebrakecylinders,theendwithhandbrakeisposition1.Inordertofacilitatemaintenance,eachcarispaintedpositionmarkstoindicateposition1andposition2

ofthevehicle.Apply1or2fromtheendofthebeamoneithersideofthefreighttrainorfromtheoutsideofthetwosidewalls(thepassengertrainispaintedontheoutsideoftheladderandonthetopofbothinsidewallsofthevehicle).制動(dòng)缸1位端2位端1234BrakecylinderPosition1Position2

2、車(chē)輛左右兩側(cè)都裝設(shè)的零部件位置的確定如軸箱、車(chē)輪等配件，規(guī)定為：站在一位端，面對(duì)車(chē)輛，從一位端的配件開(kāi)始由左向右交互數(shù)到二位端，如(第)1位車(chē)輪、(第)2位車(chē)輪；(第)3位車(chē)輪、(第)4位車(chē)輪等。

制動(dòng)缸手制動(dòng)機(jī)1位端2位端123413243、非左右兩側(cè)都裝設(shè)的配件稱(chēng)呼規(guī)定如車(chē)鉤、車(chē)軸、轉(zhuǎn)向架等，規(guī)定由1位端開(kāi)始，順次數(shù)到2位端，如(第)1位車(chē)鉤、(第)3位車(chē)軸、(第)2位轉(zhuǎn)向架等。

4、列車(chē)中車(chē)輛前、后、左、右的確定編掛在列車(chē)中的車(chē)輛，其前、后、左、右的確定方法是按照列車(chē)運(yùn)行方向規(guī)定的。其前進(jìn)的一端稱(chēng)為前部，相反的那一端稱(chēng)為后部，面向前部站立而定出其左右。3CallprovisionsforaccessoriesequippedontheleftandrightsidesSuchascouplers,axles,bogies,etc.,providedbythebeginningofposition1,thenit’scountedaccordingtothenumberofsequencetoposition2,suchas(1)coupler,(3)axle,(2)bogies.4Confirmationoffront,rear,leftandrightpartsfortrain

Themethodofdeterminingisspecifiedinaccordancewiththerunningdirectionofthetrain.Theforwardendiscalledthefront,theoppositeendiscalledtherear;theleftandrightaredeterminedbythefrontpart.

編成列車(chē)中的車(chē)輛，機(jī)車(chē)后部的車(chē)輛，稱(chēng)為機(jī)后，如機(jī)后第3輛、機(jī)后第10輛等；亦可稱(chēng)守車(chē)前部的車(chē)輛為守前，如守前l(fā)輛、守前5輛。后前左右后前左右Therearofthevehiclewhichiscompiledintothetrainisknownasafter-machine,suchasthe3rd

after-machine,the10th

after-machine;Thefrontofthevehicleisalsoknownasfront-caboose,suchasfront-caboosel,front-caboose5.（一）車(chē)輛方位和軸距5、車(chē)輛的軸距和定距（1）車(chē)輛全長(zhǎng)，車(chē)輛兩端兩個(gè)車(chē)鉤均處于閉鎖位置，鉤舌內(nèi)側(cè)面之間的距離。用此來(lái)計(jì)算列車(chē)全長(zhǎng)。車(chē)輛全長(zhǎng)和列車(chē)全長(zhǎng)一般用換長(zhǎng)表示。

5Thevehicle'swheelbaseandfixeddistance

(1)Thelengthofthevehicleisthedistancebetweentheinnersurfaceoftheknucklewhentwocouplersatbothendsofthevehicleareinaclosedposition.Usethistocalculatethelengthofthetrain.Thefulllengthofthevehicleandthelengthofthetrainaregenerallyexpressedintermsoflength.Vehicleorientationandwheelbase（一）車(chē)輛方位和軸距（2）全軸距（最前后車(chē)軸中心線間的水平距離）（3）車(chē)輛定距（底架兩心盤(pán)中心銷(xiāo)之間的水平距離）（4）固定軸距（同一轉(zhuǎn)向架最前后車(chē)軸中心線間的距離）定距全軸距固定軸距車(chē)輛全長(zhǎng)定距全軸距固定軸距車(chē)輛全長(zhǎng)(2)Theentirewheelbase(thedistancebetweenthefrontandrearaxlecenterline)(3)Fixeddistance(thehorizontaldistancebetweenthecenterpinsofthecenterframeofthechassis)(4)Fixedwheelbase(thedistancebetweenthefrontandrearaxlecenterlineinthesamebogie)ThelengthofthevehicleTheentirewheelbaseFixeddistanceFixedwheelbase（二）車(chē)輛技術(shù)參數(shù)表明車(chē)輛技術(shù)指標(biāo)有自重、載重、容積和定員等。1、自重：空車(chē)時(shí)車(chē)輛自身具備的質(zhì)量。2、載重：車(chē)輛標(biāo)記中所注明的貨物或旅客或行李包裹的質(zhì)量。3、總重：車(chē)輛的自重和載重之和。4、自重系數(shù)：貨車(chē)的為自重與額定載重的比值，客車(chē)的為客車(chē)自重與定員數(shù)之比值。5、軸重：車(chē)輛總重與車(chē)輛軸數(shù)之比。6、車(chē)鉤中心線高度：指空車(chē)時(shí)，車(chē)鉤中心線至軌面的垂直距離，機(jī)車(chē)車(chē)輛一般為880mm。VehicletechnicalparametersVehicletechnicalindicatorsincludeself-weight,load,volumeandcapacityandsoon.1Selfweight:qualityoftheemptyvehicle2load:thegoodsorpassengerorbaggagepackagequality

indicatedbyvehiclemarks3thetotalweight:thevehicle'sownweightandload.4Selfweightcoefficient:freighttrain:ratioofself-weightandratedload;passengertrain:ratioofpassengerweightandcapacity.5Axleweight:ratiooftotalvehicleweightandnumberofvehicles.6Couplercenterlineheight:theverticaldistancefromthecouplercenterlinetotherailsurfacewhenvehicleisempty,itisgenerally880mmforlocomotivesandrollingstock.小結(jié)鐵路車(chē)輛按用途分：客車(chē)、貨車(chē)、特種用途車(chē)三類(lèi)。車(chē)輛標(biāo)記分：共同標(biāo)記、特殊標(biāo)記。包括車(chē)輛方位和軸距、車(chē)輛技術(shù)參數(shù)。

SummaryRailwayvehiclescanbedividedintothreecategoriesbypurpose:passengertrains,freighttrains,andspecialpurposevehicles.Markingofvehicles:commonmarks,specialmarks.Vehicleorientationandtechnicalparametersincludevehicleorientationandwheelbase,vehicletechnicalparameters.第二節(jié)車(chē)輛構(gòu)造車(chē)輛的構(gòu)造一般由車(chē)體、車(chē)內(nèi)設(shè)備、走行裝置、車(chē)輛緩沖裝置、制動(dòng)裝置等五個(gè)部分組成。2.2BasicConstructionofVehiclesGenerally,thestructureofvehicleiscomposedbyvehiclebody,interiorequipment,runninggear,bufferdeviceandbrakingdevice.。第二節(jié)車(chē)輛構(gòu)造一、車(chē)體及車(chē)底架車(chē)體及車(chē)底架構(gòu)成一個(gè)整體，是容納旅客、裝載貨物的部分。車(chē)體及車(chē)底架包括底架、側(cè)端墻、車(chē)頂?shù)冉M成部分。其中底架(俗稱(chēng)車(chē)底盤(pán))是車(chē)體的基礎(chǔ)，由各種橫向粱、縱向梁、輔助梁和地板等構(gòu)成。車(chē)輛上部的重量、車(chē)輛運(yùn)行中縱向沖擊力由車(chē)體與車(chē)底架共同承受。

I.VehiclebodyandundercarriageframeThebodyandundercarriage

frameconstituteawhole,whichistoaccommodatepassengersandloadcargo.Vehiclebodyandundercarriageframeincludeundercarriage

frame,sideendwall,roof,etc.undercarriage

frame(commonlyknownaschassis)isthebaseofvehiclebody,composedbyallsortsoftransversebeams,longitudinalbeams,assistedbeamsandfloor.Thevehiclebodyandtheundercarriageframebeartheweightofvehicleupperpartandlongitudinalimpactforceinvehicleoperation.sidebeam

endbeam

bodycenterplate

supplementarybeam

centersill

corbel二、車(chē)內(nèi)設(shè)備車(chē)內(nèi)設(shè)備是指為旅客提供必要的乘車(chē)條件所配置的設(shè)備和為保證運(yùn)輸貨物和貨運(yùn)人員的要求所配置的設(shè)備。如客車(chē)內(nèi)的坐席、臥鋪、茶桌、行李架、衛(wèi)生問(wèn)、給水、取暖、通風(fēng)、照明、空調(diào)及各種電氣設(shè)備和供電裝置；貨車(chē)中的冷藏車(chē)內(nèi)裝設(shè)的制冷降溫等設(shè)備和乘務(wù)人員的生活設(shè)施等。

II.InteriorequipmentInteriorequipmentreferstofacilitiesforthetravelerswhichprovidenecessaryconditionsfortheride,andfacilitiestomeettherequirementsofgoodstransportationandthestaff,suchaspassengertrain’sseats,sleeper,teatable,luggagerack,toilet,watersupply,heating,ventilation,lighting,airconditioningandavarietyofelectricalequipmentandpowersupply,andfreighttrain’scoolingequipmentandcrewlivingfacilities.三、走行部

車(chē)輛走行部設(shè)在車(chē)底架下部，是承受并傳遞車(chē)輛重量(自重和載重)，緩和振動(dòng)，保證車(chē)輛安全運(yùn)行的部分。目前，我國(guó)鐵道車(chē)輛的走行部大都采用轉(zhuǎn)向架結(jié)構(gòu)。轉(zhuǎn)向架由輪對(duì)、軸箱油潤(rùn)裝置、構(gòu)架(或側(cè)架)、搖枕、彈簧減振裝置等部件組成。III.

RunninggearRunninggearislocatedinthelowerpartofundercarriage

frame,whichistoinheritandpassthevehicleweight(weightandload),tomoderatevibrationandtoguaranteethesafeoperationofthevehicleparts.Atpresent,mostoftherailwayvehiclesinChinaarebogiestructures.Thebogieconsistsofwheelset,axleboxoil-lubricateddevice,frame(orsideframe),bolster,andspringdampingdeviceandothercomponents.1wheelset2axleboxspring

device3frame4bolsterspringdevice5basicbrakedevice23t軸重三支點(diǎn)通用敞車(chē)23taxlethree-fulcrumgeneralgondola四、車(chē)鉤緩沖裝置車(chē)鉤緩沖裝置由車(chē)鉤及緩沖裝置(緩沖器)組成。安裝在車(chē)底架兩端的中梁(習(xí)慣上稱(chēng)中梁兩端為牽引粱)上，其功用是將機(jī)車(chē)與車(chē)輛、車(chē)輛與車(chē)輛相互連接，結(jié)成列車(chē)或車(chē)列，并傳遞牽引力和沖擊力，緩和機(jī)車(chē)車(chē)輛的沖擊。要求具有強(qiáng)度大，摘掛方便、緩沖性能良好的特點(diǎn)。

CouplerdraftgearCouplerdraftgeariscomposedofcouplerandbufferdevice(buffer).Installedonoppositesidesofthebodyframecentersill(customarilycalltractionbeam),itsfunctionistointerconnectthelocomotiveandvehicle,andinterconnectvehicleandvehicletoformatrain,andtodelivertractionandimpact,toeasetheimpactoflocomotivevehicles.Theutilitymodelhastheadvantagesofhighstrength,convenienthangingandhanging,goodbufferperformance.Coupleranddraftgear1hooktongue2hookbody3hooktail4hooktailpin5hooktailframe6follower車(chē)鉤的三態(tài)作用根據(jù)鐵路運(yùn)輸生產(chǎn)的需要，車(chē)鉤應(yīng)具有閉鎖、開(kāi)鎖、全開(kāi)三種作用。車(chē)輛連掛后車(chē)鉤應(yīng)具有閉鎖作用以保證列車(chē)運(yùn)行時(shí)各車(chē)鉤不能任意分離；摘掛車(chē)輛時(shí)，車(chē)鉤應(yīng)具有開(kāi)鎖作用，以便使兩連掛的車(chē)鉤脫開(kāi)；連掛車(chē)輛時(shí)，車(chē)鉤應(yīng)具有全開(kāi)作用，使其中一個(gè)車(chē)鉤鉤舌完全張開(kāi)，才能使另一車(chē)鉤的鉤舌進(jìn)入其鉤腕內(nèi)，以便兩鉤連掛。1、閉鎖位置——是兩車(chē)鉤互相連掛在一起的位置。Accordingtotheneedsofrailtransportproduction,couplershouldhavethreeroles:locking,unlock,fullyopen.Whenthevehicleishung,thecouplershouldhavethefunctionoflockingsoastoensurethatthecouplercannotbeseparatedwhenthetrainisrunning.Whenthevehicleishoisted,thecouplershouldhavethefunctionofunlocking,soastodisconnectthetwocouplers.Fullyopen,sothatoneofthecouplerfullyopenthetongueinordertomakeanothercouplerhookenterintothehookwrist,sothatthetwohooksarelinkedtohang.1Lockingposition—thelocationofthetwocouplerswhichhangtogetherwitheachotherThreestatesofcoupler車(chē)鉤的三態(tài)作用2、開(kāi)鎖位置開(kāi)鎖位置是車(chē)輛準(zhǔn)備相互分離的位置。摘解車(chē)輛時(shí)，應(yīng)使一方車(chē)鉤呈開(kāi)鎖位，牽動(dòng)另一輛車(chē)即可摘開(kāi)車(chē)鉤，使兩車(chē)輛分離。車(chē)鉤處在開(kāi)鎖位置時(shí)，鉤舌并未轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)開(kāi)放，但只要相鄰車(chē)輛牽動(dòng)，即可使車(chē)鉤轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)開(kāi)放，兩鉤分離。3、全開(kāi)位置全開(kāi)位置是準(zhǔn)備車(chē)輛間連掛的位置。車(chē)輛連掛之前，必須使其中的一個(gè)車(chē)鉤處于全開(kāi)位置，鉤舌張開(kāi)，兩鉤才能連掛上。2Theunlockposition—thelocationofthevehiclewhichisreadytoseparateTheunlockedpositioniswherethevehiclesarereadytobeseparatedfromeachother.Whendecipheringavehicle,oneofthecouplersshallbeintheunlockedpositionandpulltheothervehicletoremovethecouplerandseparatethetwovehicles.Whenthecouplerisintheunlockedposition,theknuckleisnotturnedopen,butaslongastheadjacentvehicleisinvolved,thecouplercanbeopenedandthetwohooksareseparated.

3Fullyopenposition-thelocationofthevehiclehangingThefullyopenpositioniswheretheready-to-hangvehiclesarelinked.Beforethevehicleishung,oneofthecouplersmustbeinthefullyopenpositionwithopenhooktongueandthetwohooksarehangingwitheachother.車(chē)鉤的分類(lèi)圖13號(hào)車(chē)鉤鉤頭配件1-鉤頭；2-鉤舌；3-鉤鎖；4-鉤舌推鐵；5-上鎖銷(xiāo)；6-上鎖銷(xiāo)桿；7-下鎖銷(xiāo)；8下鎖銷(xiāo)桿；9下鎖銷(xiāo)鉤；10-鉤舌銷(xiāo)。No.13hookheadaccessories1-hookhead;2-hooktongue;3-hooklock;4-hooktonguepushiron;5-upperlockingpin6-upperlockingpinrod;7-lowerlockingpin;8-lowerlockingpinrod;9-lowerlockingpinhook;10-hooktonguepin.Couplerclassification車(chē)鉤的分類(lèi)

15號(hào)車(chē)鉤外形1-鉤頭；2-鉤身；3-鉤尾。

No.15couplershape1-hookhead;2-hookbody;3-hooktail.Couplerclassification緩沖裝置緩沖裝置(緩沖器)是用來(lái)減小列車(chē)運(yùn)行中由于機(jī)車(chē)牽引力的變化或起動(dòng)、制動(dòng)及調(diào)車(chē)作業(yè)時(shí)車(chē)輛相互碰撞引起的沖擊和振動(dòng)，從而減小對(duì)車(chē)體結(jié)構(gòu)和貨物的破損及提高列車(chē)運(yùn)行的平穩(wěn)性。目前，我國(guó)鐵路車(chē)輛上主要采用的摩擦式緩沖器有1號(hào)(用于客車(chē))、2號(hào)(用于貨車(chē))；摩擦橡膠式緩沖器有MX—l型緩沖器(用于貨車(chē))。BufferdeviceBufferdevice(buffer)isusedtoreducethetrainoperationduetothechangeofthelocomotivetractionorstartingbrakingandshuntingoperationwhenthevehiclecollisioncausedbyshockandvibration,soastoreducethedamagetothebodystructureandgoodsandimprovethesmoothrunningofthetrain.Atpresent,ChineserailwaymainlyadoptsfrictionbufferNO.1(forpassengertrain)NO.2(forfreighttrain);frictionrubbershockabsorberwithMXlbuffer(usedinfreighttrain)五、制動(dòng)裝置制動(dòng)裝置的功用是保證高速運(yùn)行中的列車(chē)能按需要實(shí)現(xiàn)減速或在規(guī)定的距離內(nèi)實(shí)現(xiàn)停車(chē)；或在溜放調(diào)車(chē)時(shí)使車(chē)輛停車(chē)。制動(dòng)裝置是保證列車(chē)安全運(yùn)行的重要部分。

V.BrakeThefunctionofthebrakeistoguaranteethehigh-speedrunningtraintoslowdownaccordingtotheneedorparkwithinaprescribeddistance,orparkwhilefly-shunting.Thebrakingdeviceisanimportantparttoinsurethesaferunningofthetrain.制動(dòng)機(jī)的分類(lèi)根據(jù)動(dòng)力來(lái)源及操作方法，制動(dòng)機(jī)主要有以下幾種。1、自動(dòng)空氣制動(dòng)機(jī)。自動(dòng)空氣制動(dòng)機(jī)是以壓縮空氣為動(dòng)力的制動(dòng)機(jī)，也是目前世界上廣泛采用的制動(dòng)機(jī)。它的特點(diǎn)是“排風(fēng)(減壓)制動(dòng)，充風(fēng)(增壓)緩解”。2、電空制動(dòng)機(jī)。電空制動(dòng)機(jī)是以壓縮空氣為動(dòng)力、用電氣來(lái)操縱控制的制動(dòng)機(jī)。其最大優(yōu)點(diǎn)是全列車(chē)的空氣制動(dòng)機(jī)動(dòng)作迅速、前后一致，可縮短制動(dòng)空走距離，減少列車(chē)縱向沖擊，列車(chē)越長(zhǎng)，其優(yōu)點(diǎn)越突出。3、手制動(dòng)機(jī)手制動(dòng)機(jī)是以人力為動(dòng)力的制動(dòng)機(jī)，即利用人力轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)把手或手輪，以鏈條帶動(dòng)或用杠桿撥動(dòng)的方法使閘瓦壓緊車(chē)輪踏面而達(dá)到制動(dòng)目的的裝置叫手制動(dòng)機(jī)。Theclassificationofthebrake1

AutomaticairbrakeAutomaticairbrakeisbasedoncompressedairasthedrivingforceofthebrake,isalsowidelyusedintheworldofthebrake.Itischaracterizedby"exhaust(decompression)brake,inflatable(pressurized)relief.“2

Electric-airbrakeElectro-airbrakeisbasedoncompressedairaspower,withelectriccontroltocontrolthebrake.Itsbiggestadvantageisfastandconsistent,whichcanshortenthedistanceofthebrakeandreducetheverticalimpactofthewholetrain.Thelongerthetrainis,themoreoutstandingtheadvantageis.3

HandbrakeHandbrakeisbasedonhumanpowerbrake,itisusingmanpowertoturnthehandleorhandwheel.Thebrakeisdrivenbythechainorusesthelevertoggleapproachsothatbrakeshoe