普通微生物學(xué)

普通微生物學(xué)ScheduleofMicrobiologyAcademicunit:2credithours/week×17weeksPracticalunit:3credithours/twoweeks(oddweek)×6weeks

Room:

Medicalbuilding1206

references:《微生物學(xué)》,沈萍主編,高等教育出版社?Microbiology?fifthedition,Prescott,Harley,KleinWebsite:/2005wsw、ChapterⅠ:IntroductiontoMicrobiology1、microorganismsandMicrobiologyMicroorganisms(微生物)arenotequaltogerms(病菌)、WhatisMicroorganism?Microorganisms——verytinylifeforms,mostofthemcannotbeseenwithoutmagnificationMicrobiology(微生物學(xué))——thesciencedealswithmicroorganismsBasicaspectAppliedaspectIncluding:Bacteria(細(xì)菌),Fungi(真菌),Algae(藻類),Protozoa(原生動物)andViruses(病毒)Micrometer(

m,微米)isalwaysusedtodescribethesizeofmicroorganisms、Microscope(顯微鏡)isalwaysusedtoobserveindividualmicroorganism、ThediscoveryofmicroorganismsDiseases-----invisiblelivingcreaturesTheconflictoverspontaneousgeneration(自然發(fā)生學(xué)說)---livingorganismscoulddevelopfromnonlivingmatterItalianphysicianFrancescoRedimeat---maggors？？3containersfinegauze:flieslayeggsonthegauzeuncovered:layeggsonthemeatpaper

ThescientificmethodProblemDevelophypothesisSelectinformationneededtotesthypothesisCollectinformationbyobservationorexperimentAnalyzeinformationfalsificationHypothesissupportedHypothesisrejectedConstructnewhypothesisExposetomoretestsEventualfalsificationDevelopnewhypothesisincorporatingstrongpointsofoldhypothesisControlgroup2、ImportanceofMicroorganismstoHumankindTheTotalofbacteriainsoil:10034×1012ton;onthesurfaceofmoney:9million;humanskin:100thousand/cm2;

mouth:>500kinds;

intestines:total1015

大家有疑問的，可以詢問和交流可以互相討論下，但要小聲點1)benefits

ofMicroorganismsManymicroorganismsbenefithumans,producingfoodsweeat,removingwastesweproduce,andmakingantibiotics(抗生素)andvaccines(疫苗)foruseinmedicine、Microorganismsareessentialformaintainingthebalanceofnatureandsustaininglifeonearth、Whichotherbenefitsdomicroorganismshave?WineproductionWineandbeerproductionBeerfermentationMushroomcultureWastewatertreatmentwithmicroorganismMethaneproduction2)MicroorganismsandDiseaseThereducedimpactonhumankindofdiseasescausedbymicroorganismsisdueinparttoadvancesinourscientificknowledgeofmicroorganismsandtheirinteractionswithhuman、

——Vaccines(疫苗)andAntibiotics(抗生素)ThebattlebetweenhumansandmicroorganismswillcontinueEnemiesorfriends?Mortalityduetodifferentdiseasesin1900and1990’sChickenpox(水痘)Measles(麻疹)Smallpox(天花)Colorizedmicrographofthehumanimmunodeficiencyvirus(HIV),thatcauseAIDS,onthesurfaceofacellCoronavirus(冠狀病毒)thatcauseSARSAvianinfluenzavirus(禽流感病毒)Streptococcussuis(豬鏈球菌)thatcancausedeathonbothpigsandhumanbeingsDistributionofHIV/AIDSpatientsSpoilageofdairySpoilageoffood3、HistoricalPerspective

stageⅠ:DiscoveryofMicroorganismsLeeuwenhoek(列文虎克;呂文虎克)ofHollandinventedthefirstmicroscopeandmadethefirstrecordedobservationofbacteriain1670、Leeuwenhoek’smicroscopesandhissketchesofbacteriaLouisPasteur&RobertKoch

a、Pasteur

LouisPasteur(1822～1895)stageⅡ:experimentalstageSpontaneousgenerationofmicroorganisms???b、KochRobertKoch(1843～1910)

discoveryofantibiotics:1929Fleming:discoveryofpenicillin1940Florey:purificationofpenicillinImmunologicalstudiesPasteur-----chickencholera(霍亂)stageⅢ:developmentMainBranchesofMicrobiologystageⅣ:modernmicrobiology4、classificationsandcharacteristics1)classificationsmicroorganismAcellular:virusProkaryotic:Eubacteria(真細(xì)菌)

Archaebacteria(古細(xì)菌)Cellular:Eukaryotic:Fungi(真菌)

Algae(藻類)

Protozoa(原生動物)2)Characteristicssimplestructure,tinysize:measureunit:μmornmaveragelengthofrod:2μm

;1500rodbacteria=thelengthofasesametheratioofsurfaceareatovolume(SA/V)ofmicroorganismislargerthanotherorganism、acellular(virus);unicellular;multicellularstrongdigestionandtransformation

variouswaystoacquirenutrition

thesourceofthenutritiontomicoorganisms:cellulose,lignose,keratin,oil,methanol,methane,plastic,manyorganicpounds

quicklyreproduce,easilyculture

EachE、Coli:10–12grams,20minutes/generationafter24hours:4、7×1022cells,theweightis4722tonsafter48hours:2、2×1043cells,theweightis2、2×1025tons=4000timesoftheweightoftheGlobe！

Manymicroorganismscanbeeasilyculturedinlabs！strongresistbadenvironments,highmutationExtremeenvironment:hightemperature,lowT,highpressureHighmutationtosurvive:突變率:10-5

LotmutationsinshorttimeProductionofPenicillin:20U/ml(1943)10000U/mlDosageofPenicillin:最高:105U/day(40s)數(shù)百萬-千萬單位/次broaddistribution

Soil,water,air,onthesurfaceofanimalsandplantsandsoon10~20×104specieshavebeenconfirmed,