新高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí)題型專練12 自然環(huán)保類閱讀理解(原卷版)

高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí)題型專練（新高考）12自然環(huán)保類閱讀理解【命題意圖】閱讀理解從能力的角度來講，考查學(xué)生運用英語的能力，具體地說，就是通過閱讀有關(guān)文章提取有用信息的能力?！究荚嚪较颉?人與自然和諧發(fā)展”是時代的主題，生態(tài)環(huán)保的話題也越來越多地出現(xiàn)在新試題中。在命題方面有以下趨勢：|1.題材：強調(diào)人與自然和諧發(fā)展。2.選材：關(guān)注人、自然的生存現(xiàn)狀和未來發(fā)展。3.命題：形式多樣，突出整體理解，合理推斷?！镜梅忠c】1.應(yīng)試生態(tài)環(huán)保類題目時，在理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上，要重點突破歸納主旨大意技能，因為推斷是以整體理解為基礎(chǔ)的推斷能力。那么，怎樣歸納主旨大意？（1）尋找具體段落的中心思想的方法是：找出每小段的主題句。主題句通常有這樣的特點：①有一個話題（topic）；②有闡述控制性概念（controllingidea）偶爾也可在一段中間；③有的文章無明顯主題句，主題句隱含在段意之中。這就需要讀者進(jìn)一步加工概括了。（2）尋找整篇文章的中心思想的方法建立在尋找具體段落中心的基礎(chǔ)上的。應(yīng)觀察全文的結(jié)構(gòu)安排，理解文章濃墨重筆寫的“重心”，考慮文章組織材料及支撐性細(xì)節(jié)是服務(wù)于什么的，分析故事的發(fā)展結(jié)局都是圍繞什么中心大意來安排的。（3）典型錯誤：①忽視文章的結(jié)構(gòu)；②混淆了中心與支撐細(xì)節(jié)或材料的區(qū)別；③忽視文章表意的傾向性；④漏掉了主要的特征詞。2.怎樣正確推理判斷推理判斷試題要求考生盡量考慮文中全部信息或事實，在通篇理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上領(lǐng)會作者的言外之意，并作出正確的推理和判斷。（1）數(shù)據(jù)推斷題解答此類題，關(guān)鍵是要善于捕捉有關(guān)數(shù)字的信息，然后在透徹理解原文的字面意義和題意的基礎(chǔ)上，運用自己的數(shù)學(xué)知識，對其進(jìn)行分析、推算，從而得出正確的結(jié)論。（2）知識推斷題根據(jù)文章中所闡述的細(xì)節(jié)，運用基礎(chǔ)知識進(jìn)行分析、推敲，從而得出符合文章原義的結(jié)論的一種推斷方法。（3）邏輯結(jié)論推斷題根據(jù)事實、論點、例證等一系列論據(jù)材料，不是根據(jù)自己的經(jīng)驗、態(tài)度、觀點或愛好去理解文章的內(nèi)涵。解答這類題的前提是要首先獲得短文的主題思想或列舉的具體事實，然后按題意要求進(jìn)行推斷。（4）對作者態(tài)度、傾向的推斷題作者的傾向和感情往往隱含在文章的字里行間，或流露于修飾的詞語之中，因此，在推斷過星中，應(yīng)特別注意文中作者的措辭。【真題再現(xiàn)】【2020·全國卷I，D】Theconnectionbetweenpeopleandplantshaslongbeenthesubjectofscientificresearch.Recentstudieshavefoundpositiveeffects.AstudyconductedinYoungstown，Ohio，forexample,discoveredthatgreenerareasofthecityexperiencedlesscrime.Inanother，employeeswereshowntobe15%moreproductivewhentheirworkplacesweredecoratedwithhouseplants.TheengineersattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)havetakenitastepfurtherchangingtheactualcompositionofplantsinordertogetthemtoperformdiverse，evenunusualfunctions.Theseincludeplantsthathavesensorsprintedontotheirleavestoshowwhenthey’reshortofwaterandaplantthatcandetectharmfulchemicalsingroundwater.＂We’rethinkingabouthowwecanengineerplantstoreplacefunctionsofthethingsthatweuseeveryday,＂explainedMichaelStrano,aprofessorofchemicalengineeringatMIT.Oneofhislatestprojectshasbeentomakeplantsgrow(發(fā)光)inexperimentsusingsomecommonvegetables.Strano’steamfoundthattheycouldcreateafaintlightforthree-and-a-halfhours.Thelight，aboutone-thousandthoftheamountneededtoreadby，isjustastart.Thetechnology,Stranosaid,couldonedaybeusedtolighttheroomsoreventoturntreeintoself-poweredstreetlamps.inthefuture，theteamhopestodevelopaversionofthetechnologythatcanbesprayedontoplantleavesinaone-offtreatmentthatwouldlasttheplant’slifetime.Theengineersarealsotryingtodevelopanonandoff＂switch＂wheretheglowwouldfadewhenexposedtodaylight.Lightingaccountsforabout7%ofthetotalelectricityconsumedintheUS.Sincelightingisoftenfarremovedfromthepowersource(電源)-suchasthedistancefromapowerplanttostreetlampsonaremotehighway-alotofenergyislostduringtransmission(傳輸).Glowingplantscouldreducethisdistanceandthereforehelpsaveenergy.32.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.Anewstudyofdifferentplants.B.Abigfallincrimerates.C.Employeesfromvariousworkplaces.D.Benefitsfromgreenplants.33.WhatisthefunctionofthesensorsprintedonplantleavesbyMITengineer?A.Todetectplants’lackofwaterB.TochangecompositionsofplantsC.Tomakethelifeofplantslonger.D.Totestchemicalsinplants.34.Whatcanweexpectoftheglowingplantsinthefuture?A.Theywillspeedupenergyproduction.B.Theymaytransmitelectricitytothehome.C.Theymighthelpreduceenergyconsumption.D.Theycouldtaketheplaceofpowerplants.35.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A.Canwegrowmoreglowingplants?B.Howdowelivewithglowingplants?C.Couldglowingplantsreplacelamps?D.Howareglowingplantsmadepollution-free?【答案】32.D33.A34.C35.C【解析】這是一篇說明文。文章主要說明了綠色植物對人們很有好處，因此麻省理工學(xué)院的工程師開發(fā)了一種發(fā)光植物。文章介紹了他們發(fā)明這種植物的過程，以及這種植物的一些優(yōu)勢，指出在未來發(fā)光植物有可能取代路燈，達(dá)到節(jié)約能源的作用。32.主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段中AstudyconductedinYoungstown,Ohio,forexample,discoveredthatgreenerareasofthecityexperiencedlesscrime.Inanother,employeeswereshowntobe15%moreproductivewhentheirworkplacesweredecoratedwithhouseplants.可知例如，在俄亥俄州揚斯敦進(jìn)行的一項研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，城市綠化較好的地區(qū)犯罪率較低。在另一項研究中，當(dāng)員工的工作場所被室內(nèi)植物裝飾時，他們的工作效率會提高15%。由此可知，第一段的主旨是關(guān)于綠色植物的益處。故選D。33.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中Theseincludeplantsthathavesensorsprintedontheirleavestoshowwhenthey'reshortofwaterandaplantthatcandetectharmfulchemicalsingroundwater.可知這就包括葉子上印有傳感器來顯示植物缺水的情況的植物，還有一種植物可以檢測到地下水中的有害化學(xué)物質(zhì)。由此可知，麻省理工學(xué)院工程師植物葉片上印上傳感器的作用是檢測植物缺水的情況。故選A。34.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中Glowingplantscouldreducethisdistanceandthereforehelpsaveenergy.可知發(fā)光的植物可以縮短這段距離，從而幫助節(jié)約能源。由此可知，這種發(fā)光的植物在未來可能有助于減少能源消耗。故選C。35.主旨大意題。根據(jù)最后一段中Lightingaccountsforabout7%ofthetotalelectricityconsumedintheUS.Sincelightingisoftenfarremovedfromthepowersource-suchasthedistancefromapowerplanttostreetlampsonaremotehighway-alotofenergyislostduringtransmission.Glowingplantscouldreducethisdistanceandthereforehelpsaveenergy.可知照明約占美國總耗電量的7%。由于照明通常遠(yuǎn)離電源，例如從發(fā)電廠到偏僻公路上路燈的距離，在傳輸過程中會損失大量能源。發(fā)光的植物可以縮短這段距離，從而幫助節(jié)約能源。結(jié)合文章主要說明了綠色植物對人們很有好處，因此麻省理工學(xué)院的工程師開發(fā)了一種發(fā)光植物，文章介紹了他們發(fā)明這種植物的過程，以及這種植物的一些優(yōu)勢，指出在未來發(fā)光植物有可能取代路燈，達(dá)到節(jié)約能源的作用。由此可知，C選項“發(fā)光的植物能取代路燈嗎？”最符合文章標(biāo)題。故選C。【題型演練】1Greenlandisthebiggestislandintheworld.Andtheicesheetthatsitsatopitismassive.“Thepileoficebeingsothick,itextendsmorethan10,000feetabovetheocean.Andifallthaticeweretomeltandgointotheocean,globalsealevelswouldriseby24feeteverywherearoundtheworld,”saidJasonBriner,ageologistattheUniversityatBuffalo.Theicesheetismelting,ofcourse.Butjusthowmuch,comparedtothepast?Briner’steamdidacomputersimulation（模擬）ofthesouthwestoftheGreenlandicesheet,whichhesaysisagoodproxyforicemeltacrosstheentireicesheet.Theresearcherspluggedpastclimatedataintothatmodelto“hindcast”,ratherthanforecast,thepastactivityoftheicesheet.Theythencheckedthemodel’spredictionsofthepastshapeandsizeoftheicesheetbylookingatpilesofrocksanddirtonGreenlandtoday,whichoutlinetheedgesofancientice.Andthesimulationwasingoodagreementwiththeactualsituation.Usingthatreconstructionoftheicesheetovertime,theteamcouldcomparetheicesheet’shistoriclossestothosehappeningtodayunderhuman-causedglobalwarming.AndtheydeterminedthatGreenlandisontracktolosemoreicethiscenturythanduringanycenturyinthepast12,000years—possiblyfourtimesasmuch.TheresultsappearinthejournalNature.Ultimatelyit’suptoushowmuchiceactuallymelts.“Humanityhasthebutton—thecarbonbutton—andthatbuttonisgoingtoinfluencetheratesoficelossfromtheGreenlandicesheet.”Iftheworldgoesnetcarbonzeroby2100,forexample,Brinersaysicelosscouldstop,entirelyattheendofthecentury,accordingtoonemodel.“Thatwaswhatkeptmefrombeingcompletelydepressedaboutourstudy.”Dozensofcountrieshavealreadyannouncedgoalstogonetcarbonzerobythemiddleofthiscentury—sofartheU.S.isnotoneofthem.1.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“proxy”inParagraph2referto?A.Example. B.Recommendation.C.Combination. D.Interpretation.2.WhatdowelearnfromthecomputersimulationdonebyBriner’steam?A.Itisconductedbypredictingtheactivityoftheicesheet.B.Itcentersonicemeltthroughouttheentireicesheet.C.Itconsistswiththeicesheet’sactualcircumstance.D.Itshowstheicesheet’slossesareindecline.3.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A.Toarousepeople’sinterestinGreenland.B.Topointouttheimportanceofcomputersimulation.C.Toemphasizetheaccuracyofthesimulation.D.ToappealtoAmericatogonetcarbonzero.4.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.AmericaCausestheIceSheettoMeltB.GlobalSeaLevelsAreRisingC.GreenlandIsMeltingFasterD.ManCanConquerNature2Whileorcasareknownfortheirwell-designedjointattacksonunsuspectingoceanicanimals,theyhaveneverposedathreattohumans.However,sinceJuly2020,thenormallysocialanimalshavebeenintentionallyattackingsailboatsoffthecoastsofSpain.Theunusualhostilityispuzzlingscientistsworldwide.ThestrangebehaviorfirstsurfacedonJuly29,whenVictoriaMorris,abiologygraduate,noticednineorcascirclingthe46footboatshewascrewingneartheshoresoftheStraitofGibraltar.Shewasinitiallycheerfultoseethefriendlyanimals,withwhichshehadnumerousencounterswhileteachingsailinginNewZealand.However,thatchangedwhentheorcasstartedstrikingtheboatrepeatedlyforalmostanhour.“Theyalmostturnedtheboatoverandthedeafeningnoisewasterrifying,”shesaid.Thecontinuousattacksbroketheboat'sautomaticrudder,leavingtheboatdisabled.SpanishbiologistRocioEspadasays,“Itiscrazy.I'veseenthesewhalesgrowfrombabies.Iknowtheirlifestories.I'veneverseenorheardofattacks.”Sincethen,over30moresimilarincidentshavebeenreported.Someresearchersbelievetheorcas'unusualbehaviorcouldbearesultoftheoverfishingoftuna—orcas'primaryfoodsource—whichhasleftthearea'sorcasstarvingandunabletofeedtheirbabies.“Isaworcaslookatboatscarryingfish.Theintelligentanimalsmayknowhumansaresomehowrelatedtofoodshortages,”saysKenBalcomb,anAmericanscientist.However,AlfredoLopezaSpanishbiologyprofessor,thinkstheattackswerepreventativemeasurestheorcasadoptedtoprotectthemselvesagainstboatinjuries.Theresearchercametothisconclusionafterlookingatthefootageofafewincidentsfilmedonthesceneandnoticingthattwooftheyoungorcasinvolvedhadseriousinjuries.Thescientistwasn'tsureiftheorcaswerehurtduringorbeforetherecentboatencounters.Lopezsaid,“Ourinterpretationisthattheydon'thavetheslightestintentionofattackingpeople.”Hopefully,theexpertswillfindawaytorestoretheharmonybetweentheanimalsandhumanssoon.5.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“hostility”inparagraph1mean?A.Unfriendliness. B.Defence. C.Cooperation. D.Impatience.6.WhatdoweknowaboutVictoriaMorris?A.Hermajorledhertoanticipateorcas'intenseattacks.B.Sherarelyspottedorcaswhenworkingasasailingcoach.C.Herjoygavewaytofearaftertheorcasbeganattackingtheboat.D.Shewasdoingresearchontheshorewhenshecaughtsightofnineorcas.7.WhatdidRocioEspadathinkoftheorcas'behaviorofattackinghumans?A.Predictable. B.Abnormal. C.Unavoidable. D.Natural.8.WhichofthefollowingmayAlfredoLopezagreewith?A.Orcasfrequentlygethurtbyboats. B.Orcasenjoyplayingtricksonhumans.C.Orcasarepunishinghumansforoverfishing. D.Orcasattackboatstosafeguardagainstdangers.3TheNewSouthWalesgovernmentusedplanestodropmorethan4,000poundsofcarrotsandsweetpotatoes,totheforestswhicharedamagedbytherecentwildfires.Thefiresarereportedtohavekilledmorethanabillionwildanimalsanddestroyedalandofmorethan84thousandsquarekilometers—abouttwicethesizeofMaryland.Whatisworse,mostAustraliansareworryingaboutwhenthewildfireswillbefullyputout.“Thehomeofseveralimportantwallabies(沙袋鼠)wasburntintherecentfires,”NewSouthWalesEnvironmentMinisterMattKeansaidonSunday.Keansaidthedropsarewhatwallabiesneed.Theplanisdesignedtohelpwallabiesandallowthemtorecover.Fireseasonsoftentakeplaceinthecountry,butthisyearthefireshavebeenquitedevastating.Thecountryexperiencedoneofitshottestanddriestyears,whichmadeithardertoputoutthefires.Besideswildanimals,thefireshavetakenthelivesofatleast25peopleanddestroyedmorethan2,000homes.“Ithinkthere’snothingtocomparewiththedamagethat’sgoingonoversuchalargeareasoquickly.It’sabigeventintermsofgeographyandthenumberofwildanimals,”Dickman,ananimalprotectionexpert,saidinaninterviewwithNPRlastweek.“WeknowthatthenumberofAustralianwildanimalshasbeengoingdownoverthelastseveraldecades,andit’sprobablyfairlywellknownthatAustralia’sgottheworld’shighestrateofextinctionofanimals,”headded.“It’seventslikethisthatmayincreasethespeedofextinctionofalotofotheranimals.So,it’sverysadtime.Everyonehastotrytheirbesttodosomethingforthem.”9.WhydidtheAustraliangovernmentdroppotatoes?A.Tofeedtheanimals. B.Totraptheanimals.C.Toplantpotatoesthere. D.Tohelpthepeople.10.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“devastating”inParagraph3probablymean?A.Damaging. B.Interesting.C.Surprising. D.Tiring.11.WhatcanweknowabouttherecentAustralianwildfiresfromthetext?A.Theyhavebeenundercontrol.B.Theweatherishelpfulinputtingoutthem.C.Theyhavekilledasmallamountofwildlife.D.Theyhavegreatlyinfluencedbothpeopleandanimals.12.WhatdoesDickmanwanttostressinthelastparagraph?A.Australiahasalotofwildlife.B.Australianshavesufferedalot.C.Australiansshouldprotectthewildlife.D.Thegovernmentisresponsibleforthewildfires.4Everybodyhatesrats.Butintheearthquakecapitalsoftheworld-Japan,LosAngeles,Turkey-ratswillsoonbeman'snewbestfriends.Whathappensafteranearthquake?Wesendinrescuedogs.Why?Becausetheycansmellpeople.Dogssavelives.Theyhelprescuerstofindlivingpeople.Butdogsarebigandtheycan'tgetintosmallspaces.Sonowanewresearchprojectisusingasmalleranimaltosavelives:therat.Howdoesitwork?First，theratistrainedtosmellpeople.Whenthishappens,therat'sbraingivesasignal.Thisissenttoasmallradioonitsback,andthentherescuersfollowtheradiosignals.Whentherat'sbrainactivityjumps,therescuersknowthatsomeoneisalive.Therathassmelledthatperson.Althoughtherearealreadyrobotswhichcandothisjob,ratsarebetter.ChristianLinsteratCornellUniversity-NewYorksays,“Robots'nosesdon'tworkwellwhenthereareothersmellsaround.Ratsaregoodatthat.”Ratscanalsoseeinthedark.Theyarecheaperandquickertotrainthandogs,andunlikerobots,theydon'tneedelectricity!The“ratproject”isnotfinished,butJulieRyanofInternationalRescueCorpsinScotlandsays,“Itwouldbefantastic.Aratcouldgetintospaceswecouldn'tgettoandaratwouldgetoutifitwasn'tsafe.”Perhapsforthefirsttimeinhistory,peoplewillbehappytoseearatinabuilding(butonlyafteranearthquake,ofcourse).13.Intheworldearthquakecapitals,ratswillbecomeman'sbestfriendsbecausetheycan______.A.taketheplaceofman'srescuejobsB.findthepositionofpeoplealivewhoaretrappedinbuildingsC.serveasfoodforpeoplealivewhoaretrappedinbuildingsD.getintosmallspaces14.Fromthethirdparagraphweknowtherescuerscanjudgeapersonisaliveby________.A.thenoisemadebytherat B.therat'sunusualbehaviorC.thesignalsentbytheradioontherat'sback D.thesmellgivenoffbytheperson15.Indoingrescuejobs,________.A.ratssmellbetterthandogsB.dogsdon'tneedtobetrainedtosmellpeopleC.robots'senseofsmellcanbeaffectedbyothersmellsaroundD.ratscannotseeinthedark16.Afterreadingthepassagewecanknow.A.nowadaysratshavereplaceddogsinsearchingforpeopleB.the“ratproject”hasbeencompletedC.peoplearenowhappytoseearatinabuildingD.atpresentpeoplestillusedogsandrobotsinrescues5Identifyingthechemicalmakeupofpigment(色素)usedinancientdocuments,paintings,andwatercolorsiscriticaltorestoringandconservingthepreciousartworks.However,despitenumerousefforts,scientistshadbeenunabletodeterminethesourceoffolium,apopularbluedyeusedtocolormanuscripts(手稿)inEuropeduringthemiddleages—fromthe5thtothe15thcentury.Now,ateamofresearchersfromPortugalhasfinallyuncoveredthemysteriousingredientresponsibleforthegorgeousblueish-purplecolorthathelpedbringancientillustrationsandtextstolife.TheresearchteambeganbyporingoverinstructionspennedbyEuropeandyemakersfromthe12th,14th,and15thcenturies.Theyfoundwhattheywereseekingina15th-centurytextentitledTheBookonHowtoMakeAlltheColorPaintsforIlluminatingBooks.However,translatingtheinstructionswasnoeasytask.ItwaswritteninthenowextinctJudaeo-Portugueselanguage,andthoughthesourceofthedyewastracedbacktoaplant,nonamewasmentioned.However,bypiecingtogethersuggestionsfromthetext,thescientistswereabletodeterminethatthedyewasmadefromthebluish-greenberriesofthechrozophoratinctoriaplant.Afteranextensivesearch,theteamfoundafewvarietiesoftheplantgrowingalongtheroadsidenearthetownofMonsarazinsouthPortugal.Thedetailedinstructionsgavetheresearcherscriticalclues—includingthebesttimetopicktheberries.“Youneedtosqueezethefruits,beingcarefulnottobreaktheseeds,andthentoputthemonlinen(亞麻).”Thescientistsaysthedetailwasimportantsincebrokenseedspollutedthepigment,producinganinferiorqualityink.Thedyedlinen,whichwaslefttodry,wasanefficientwaytostoreandtransportthepigmentduringancienttimes.Whenneeded,theartistwouldsimplycutoffapieceoftheclothanddipitwithwatertosqueezeoutthebluecolor.Oncethekeyingredienthadbeenidentified,theresearchersbegantodeterminethedye’smolecularstructure.Totheirsurprise,theyfoundthatfoliumwasnotlikeanyotherknownpermanentbluedyes—itwasanentirelynewclassofcolor,onetheynamedchrozophoridin.“Chrozophoridinwasusedinancienttimestomakeabeautifulbluedyeforpainting.”theteamwroteinthestudy.“Thus,webelievethatthiswillnotbeourfinalwordonthisamazingplantanditsstoryandthatfurtherdiscoverieswillfollowsoon.”17.Theprimarypurposeofthestudyisto________.A.restoreandconserveancientpreciousartworksB.determinethesubstancemakingupthefoliumC.provetheancientdye-makingtechniquewasorganicD.identifywhichclassofcolorfoliumbelongsto18.Theunderlinedphrase“poringover”inthesecondparagraphmeans________.A.discussingpublicly B.testingrepeatedlyC.passingdirectly D.readingcarefully19.Whatcanbelearnedaboutthebluedyefolium?A.Itwasessentiallyaninferiortypeofink.B.Itwastheonlykindmadefromwildberries.C.Itcouldbecarriedandusedeasily.D.Itwascarefullysqueezedfrombrokenseeds.20.Thearticleismainlyabout_________.A.howthemysteryofathousand-year-oldbluedyewassolvedB.whytheresearcherstookthetroubletorecreatethedyeC.whatneedstobedonetomakeanorganicdyefromaplantD.whenandwherethediscoveryofthedyewasmade6Ahighlevelofmethane(甲烷)gasonMarswasfoundbyNASA'sMarsexplorationvehicle.ThediscoveryisexcitingbecausethepresenceofmethanegascouldsupportthecaseforlifeonMars:NASA'sCuriosityvehiclerecentlyrecordedthelargestlevelofmethaneevermeasuredduringitsseven-yearMarsmission.Methanehasnocolororsmell.AspecialinstrumentonCuriosity'sMarsScienceLaboratoryrecordedtheincreasedgaslevel.Besidesmethane,theinstrumentcanrecordlevelsofwaterandcarbondioxide.Near