骨與關節(jié)的基本結構與功能Basicstructurea

骨與關節(jié)的基本結構與功能Basicstructureandfunctionofboneandjoints骨的承載基本概念Basicconceptofbonebearingcapacity骨的生物學特性Biologicalcharacteristicsofbone1骨的強度Thestrengthofthebone2骨的剛度Therigidityofthebone3骨的穩(wěn)定性Bonestability骨在承載負荷的情況下抵抗破壞的能力Theabilityofbonetoresistdamageunderload骨在外力作用下抵抗變形的能力Theabilityofbonetoresistdeformationunderexternalforces骨保持原有平衡形態(tài)的能力Theabilityofbonestoretaintheiroriginalbalancedshape

當外力作用于骨時，骨以形變產(chǎn)生內(nèi)部阻抗以抗衡外力Whenanexternalforceactsonthebone,thebonedeformstocreateaninternalresistancetocounteracttheexternalforce應力stress

力force應力stress=

面積area應變strain

骨在外力作用下的局部變形Localdeformationofboneunderexternalforce

變化量variablequantity應變strain=

原長度Theoriginallength應力-應變曲線stress-straincurve應力-應變曲線stress-straincurve骨的載荷基本形式Thebasicformofboneload拉伸stretch壓縮compress彎曲curve剪切cut扭轉reverse復合recombination骨的載荷Boneoftheload骨的兩端收到一對大小相等、方向相反沿軸線的力的作用。骨骼內(nèi)部產(chǎn)生拉應力和應變。Theendsofthebonereceiveapairofequalandoppositeforcesactingalongtheaxis.Tensilestressesandstrainsoccurwithinthebones.拉伸載荷tensileload施加于骨組織表面的兩個沿軸線的大小相等、方向相對的載荷。骨骼內(nèi)部產(chǎn)生壓應力和應變。Twoequalandoppositeaxialloadsappliedtothesurfaceofbonetissue.Compressivestressesandstrainsoccurwithinthebones.壓縮載荷compressiveload使骨沿其軸線發(fā)生彎曲形變的載荷。Aloadthatcausesabonetobendalongitsaxis彎曲載荷bendingload中性軸兩旁一側拉應力和拉應變，另一側壓應力和壓應變。中性軸上沒有應力和應變。Tensilestressandstrainonbothsidesoftheneutralaxis,compressivestressandstrainontheothersidethereisnostressandstrainontheneutralaxis骨的表面受到一對大小相等、方向相反且相距很近的力的作用。Thesurfacesofthebonesareacteduponbyapairofforcesofequalmagnitude,oppositedirectionsandveryclosetogether.剪切載荷shearload加在骨上并使其沿軸線發(fā)生扭轉。Applytotheboneandtwistitalongitsaxis.扭轉載荷torsionload骨的幾何結構不規(guī)則，同時又受到多種不定的載荷。Boneisgeometricallyirregularandsubjectedtoavarietyofvariableloads.復合載荷combinedload骨的生物學特性Biologicalpropertiesofbone骨的生物學特性Biologicalcharacteristicsofbone1234567各向異性anisotropy彈性和堅固性Resilienceandrobustness抗壓力強抗張力差StrongresistancetopressurePoorresistancetotension

耐沖擊力和持續(xù)利差ResistancetoimpactAndthepersistentspread

應力強度的方向性Directivityofstressintensity

機械力對骨的影響Theeffectofmechanicalforcesonbone骨的強度和剛度Strengthandstiffnessofbone概念WOLF定律

骨骼能承受骨組織的機械應變，并具有適應這些功能需要的能力，骨骼結構受應力的影響，負荷增加骨增粗，負荷減少骨變細。Bonecanwithstandthemechanicalstrainofbonetissueandhastheabilitytoadapttotheneedsofthesefunctions.Bonestructureisaffectedbystress.Bonesbecomethickerwithincreasingloadandthinnerwithdecreasingload.想一想

對于中老年人和更年期婦女，什么方法可以預防骨質疏松呢？Tomiddle-agedandsenileandmenopausalwomen,whatmethodcanpreventosteoporosis?凹凸定律ConvexandConcaveRealationship關節(jié)的運動滾動：多點與多點接觸

Multi-pointcontact滑動：單點與多點接觸Singlepointandmulti-pointcontact轉動：旋轉關節(jié)面上單點與單點接觸Singlepointcontactwithsinglepointontherotatedjointsurface關節(jié)的運動凸面-凹面的運動Convex-concavemotion凹面-凸面的運動Concave-convexmotion關節(jié)的運動凸動，滾動和滑動方向相反Convex,rollingandslidinginoppositedirections關節(jié)的運動形式Theformofjointmotion關節(jié)的運動屈伸兩骨相互靠近或遠離Thetwobonesaremovingtowardsorawayfromeachother左屈右伸Leftdownrightout跖屈plantarflexion背伸Backout關節(jié)的運動收展向正中面靠攏或遠離Movetowardsorawayfromthemid