EPON技術(shù)及應(yīng)用課件：數(shù)據(jù)基礎(chǔ)-3

V1.2路由基礎(chǔ)課程目標(biāo)通過(guò)本章的學(xué)習(xí)，你可以獲得以下收獲：掌握路由表的組成掌握路由器的工作原理、IP路由過(guò)程了解VLAN間的路由課程內(nèi)容路由器的定義與作用基本概念路由器工作原理IP路由過(guò)程VLAN路由路由器的定義和作用路由器——用于網(wǎng)絡(luò)互連的計(jì)算機(jī)設(shè)備路由器的核心作用是實(shí)現(xiàn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)互連，數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)路由（尋徑）：路由表建立、刷新交換：在網(wǎng)絡(luò)之間轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)分組數(shù)據(jù)隔離廣播，指定訪問(wèn)規(guī)則異種網(wǎng)絡(luò)互連路由表路由器為執(zhí)行數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)路徑選擇所需要的信息被包含在路由器的一個(gè)表項(xiàng)中，稱(chēng)為“路由表”當(dāng)路由器檢查到包的目的IP地址時(shí)，它就可以根據(jù)路由表的內(nèi)容決定包應(yīng)該轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)到哪個(gè)下一跳地址上去。路由表被存放在路由器的RAM上路由表的構(gòu)成路由表的構(gòu)成目的網(wǎng)絡(luò)地址（Dest）掩碼（Mask）下一跳地址（Gw）發(fā)送的物理端口（interface）路由信息的來(lái)源（Owner）路由優(yōu)先級(jí)（pri）度量值（metric）路由表的構(gòu)成路由表構(gòu)成示例172.16.8.0 --目的邏輯網(wǎng)絡(luò)地址或子網(wǎng)地址255.255.255.0--目的邏輯網(wǎng)絡(luò)地址或子網(wǎng)地址的網(wǎng)絡(luò)掩碼1.1.1.1 --下一跳邏輯地址

fei_1/1

--學(xué)習(xí)到這條路由的接口和數(shù)據(jù)的轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)接口static --路由器學(xué)習(xí)到這條路由的方式1 --路由優(yōu)先級(jí)0 --Metric值

DestMaskGwInterfaceOwnerprimetric172.16.8.0255.255.255.01.1.1.1fei_1/1static10路由表的建立和維護(hù)路由表最開(kāi)始是如何建立起來(lái)的？在路由表建立起來(lái)之后，是如何進(jìn)行維護(hù)的？直連路由路由分類(lèi)靜態(tài)路由動(dòng)態(tài)路由192.168.0.1/30192.168.0.2/3010.0.0.1/24172.16.0.1/24IPv4RoutingTable:DestMaskGwInterfaceOwnerprimetric10.0.0.0255.255.255.010.0.0.1fei_1/1direct0010.0.0.1255.255.255.25510.0.0.1fei_1/1address00192.168.0.0255.255.255.252192.168.0.1e1_1direct00192.168.0.1255.255.255.255192.168.0.1e1_1address00直連路由直連路由當(dāng)接口配置了網(wǎng)絡(luò)協(xié)議地址并狀態(tài)正常時(shí)，接口上配置的網(wǎng)段地址自動(dòng)出現(xiàn)在路由表中并與接口關(guān)聯(lián)，并隨接口的狀態(tài)變化在路由表中自動(dòng)出現(xiàn)或消失ABfei_1/1e1_1靜態(tài)路由系統(tǒng)管理員手工設(shè)置的路由，不會(huì)隨網(wǎng)絡(luò)拓?fù)涞淖兓兓酚杀碇猩l件：下一跳是否可達(dá)優(yōu)點(diǎn)：不占用網(wǎng)絡(luò)、系統(tǒng)資源缺點(diǎn)：需要管理員手工逐條配置，不能自動(dòng)對(duì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)狀態(tài)變化作出調(diào)整ZXR10(config)#iproute<prefix><net-mask><forwarding-router's-address>靜態(tài)路由的配置iproute10.0.0.0255.0.0.0172.16.2.2

這是一條單向路由，還需要在對(duì)方的路由器上配置一條相反的路由。StubNetwork172.16.2.1172.16.1.0B172.16.2.2Network10.0.0.0BAfei_1/1缺省路由缺省路由是一個(gè)路由表?xiàng)l目用來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)在路由表中找不到明確路由條目的數(shù)據(jù)包可以是管理員設(shè)定的靜態(tài)路由，也可以是動(dòng)態(tài)路由協(xié)議自動(dòng)產(chǎn)生的；優(yōu)點(diǎn)：極大減少路由表?xiàng)l目缺點(diǎn)：不正確配置可能導(dǎo)致路由環(huán)路可能導(dǎo)致非最佳路由缺省路由配置StubNetworkiproute0.0.0.00.0.0.0172.16.2.2

172.16.2.1172.16.1.0B172.16.2.2NetworkABfei_1/1

路由協(xié)議是運(yùn)行在路由器上的軟件進(jìn)程，與其他路由器上相同路由協(xié)議之間交換路由信息，學(xué)習(xí)非直連網(wǎng)絡(luò)的路由信息，加入路由表。并且在網(wǎng)絡(luò)拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)變化時(shí)自動(dòng)調(diào)整，維護(hù)正確的路由信息。RIPOSPFRIPOSPF1.0.0.0/82.0.0.0/83.0.0.0/8動(dòng)態(tài)路由RIPOSPF路由表10.0.0.0/16fei_1/1注意：必須是完全相同的一條路由才進(jìn)行路由優(yōu)先級(jí)的比較10.0.0.0/16fei_1/310.0.0.0/16fei_1/3路由優(yōu)先級(jí)從路由優(yōu)先級(jí)最高（優(yōu)先級(jí)數(shù)值最?。┑膮f(xié)議獲取的路由被優(yōu)先選擇加入路由表中。Connectedinterface 0Staticroute 1ExternalBGP 20OSPF 110IS-IS 115RIPv1,v2 120InternalBGP 200Special(內(nèi)部處理使用)

255RouteSourceDefaultpriority各種路由協(xié)議缺省優(yōu)先級(jí)Network10M專(zhuān)線DDN有備份鏈路的情況下如何設(shè)置路由？fei_1/1178.1.1.1177.1.1.1路由優(yōu)先級(jí)應(yīng)用-浮動(dòng)靜態(tài)路由ZXR10(config)#iproute10.0.0.0255.0.0.0177.1.1.1ZXR10(config)#iproute10.0.0.0255.0.0.0178.1.1.15tag200Network10M專(zhuān)線DDNfei_1/1177.1.1.1178.1.1.1浮動(dòng)靜態(tài)路由配置最長(zhǎng)匹配原則10.1.1.1

?ZXR10#showiprouteIPv4RoutingTable:DestMaskGwInterfaceOwnerprimetric1.0.0.0255.0.0.01.1.1.1fei_1/1direct001.1.1.1255.255.255.2551.1.1.1fei_1/1address002.0.0.0255.0.0.02.1.1.1fei_1/2direct002.1.1.1255.255.255.2552.1.1.1fei_1/2address003.0.0.0255.0.0.03.1.1.1fei_1/3direct003.1.1.1255.255.255.2553.1.1.1fei_1/3address0010.0.0.0255.0.0.01.1.1.1fei_1/1ospf1101010.1.0.0255.255.0.02.1.1.1fei_1/2static1010.1.1.0255.255.255.03.1.1.1fei_1/3rip12050.0.0.00.0.0.01.1.1.1fei_1/1static00課程內(nèi)容路由器的定義與作用基本概念路由器工作原理IP路由過(guò)程VLAN路由同網(wǎng)段內(nèi)的通信—ARP請(qǐng)求過(guò)程IP地址： 192.168.1.3MAC地址：00:20:AF:00:00:03IP：192.168.1.1MAC：00:20:AF:00:00:01IP：192.168.1.2MAC：00:20:AF:00:00:02ABCFei_1/1Fei_1/2Fei_1/3Switch假設(shè)A要與B通信目的MAC:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff源MAC:00:20:af:00:00:01目的IP:192.169.1.2源IP:192.169.1.1ARP請(qǐng)求

MACPort00:20:af:00:00:01fei_1/1A判斷與B屬于同一網(wǎng)段A在ARP表中查找B的MAC地址A發(fā)送ARP請(qǐng)求報(bào)文查找B的MAC同網(wǎng)段內(nèi)的通信—ARP響應(yīng)IP地址： 192.168.1.3MAC地址：00:20:AF:00:00:03IP：192.168.1.1MAC：00:20:AF:00:00:01IP：192.168.1.2MAC：00:20:AF:00:00:02ABCFei_1/1Fei_1/2Fei_1/3Switch目的MAC:00:20:af:00:00:01源MAC:00:20:af:00:00:02目的IP:192.169.1.1源IP:192.169.1.2ARP響應(yīng)

MACPort00:20:af:00:00:01fei_1/100:20:af:00:00:02fei_1/2同網(wǎng)段內(nèi)的通信—報(bào)文轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)IP地址： 192.168.1.3MAC地址：00:20:AF:00:00:03IP：192.168.1.1MAC：00:20:AF:00:00:01IP：192.168.1.2MAC：00:20:AF:00:00:02ABCFei_1/1Fei_1/2Fei_1/3Switch目的MAC:00:20:af:00:00:02源MAC:00:20:af:00:00:01目的IP:192.169.1.2源IP:192.169.1.1

MACPort00:20:af:00:00:01fei_1/100:20:af:00:00:02fei_1/2不同網(wǎng)段間的通信IP:10.1.1.9G:10.1.1.10MAC:00:20:AF:00:00:03IP:10.1.1.5/30G:10.1.1.6MAC:00:20:AF:00:00:02ABCRouterIP:10.1.1.1/30G:10.1.1.2MAC:00:20:AF:00:00:01假設(shè)A要與B通信A判斷與B處于不同網(wǎng)段A查找網(wǎng)關(guān)的MAC地址fei_1/1:10.1.1.2/30MAC:00:20:AF:00:00:04fei_1/2:10.1.1.6/30MAC:00:20:AF:00:00:05fei_1/3:10.1.1.10/30MAC:00:20:AF:00:00:05目的MAC:00:20:af:00:00:04源MAC:00:20:af:00:00:01目的IP:10.1.1.5源IP:10.1.1.1A發(fā)送報(bào)文給B，目的MAC是網(wǎng)關(guān)

Destnetworkinterface10.1.1.0255.255.255.252fei_1/110.1.1.4255.255.255.252fei_1/210.1.1.8255.255.255.252fei_1/3不同網(wǎng)段間的通信—路由器轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)IP:10.1.1.9G:10.1.1.10MAC:00:20:AF:00:00:03IP:10.1.1.5/30G:10.1.1.6MAC:00:20:AF:00:00:02ABCRouterIP:10.1.1.1/30G:10.1.1.2MAC:00:20:AF:00:00:01fei_1/1:10.1.1.2/30MAC:00:20:AF:00:00:04fei_1/2:10.1.1.6/30MAC:00:20:AF:00:00:05fei_1/3:10.1.1.10/30MAC:00:20:AF:00:00:05

Destnetworkinterface10.1.1.0255.255.255.252fei_1/110.1.1.4255.255.255.252fei_1/210.1.1.8255.255.255.252fei_1/3目的MAC:00:20:af:00:00:02源MAC:00:20:af:00:00:05目的IP:10.1.1.5源IP:10.1.1.1判斷與對(duì)端是否處于同一網(wǎng)段檢查ARP表是否有對(duì)端的MAC地址做數(shù)據(jù)鏈路層封裝（目的MAC為對(duì)端MAC地址）通過(guò)物理層發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)通過(guò)ARP獲得對(duì)端MAC地址YESNOYESNO是否配置了缺省網(wǎng)關(guān)？YES檢查ARP表是否有網(wǎng)關(guān)MAC地址做數(shù)據(jù)鏈路層封裝（目的MAC為網(wǎng)關(guān)MAC地址）通過(guò)ARP獲得網(wǎng)關(guān)MAC地址NO發(fā)送錯(cuò)誤信息YESNOEnd

獲取對(duì)端IP地址通信流程IP通信流程基本概念I(lǐng)P通信流程基本概念I(lǐng)P通訊是基于hopbyhop的方式從源到目的之間源IP和目的IP地址保持不變每經(jīng)過(guò)一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)鏈路層，數(shù)據(jù)鏈路層封裝都要做相應(yīng)的重新封裝返回的數(shù)據(jù)選路與到達(dá)的數(shù)據(jù)選路無(wú)關(guān)路由過(guò)程示例192.168.6.0/24192.168.2.0/24e1_1e1_1fei_1/1192.168.2.3192.168.1.0/24192.168.3.0/24192.168.3.3192.168.4.1/24R1R2R3R1路由表192.168.4.0255.255.255.0192.168.4.1e1_1direct00192.168.2.0255.255.255.0192.168.2.1fei_1/1direct00192.168.1.0255.255.255.0192.168.4.2e1_1rip1201192.168.6.0255.255.255.0192.168.4.2e1_1rip1201192.168.3.0255.255.255.0192.168.4.2e1_1rip1202e1_2e1_1fei_1/1fei_1/1目的地址為:192.168.3.3AB192.168.4.2/241.目的地址為:192.168.3.3192.168.6.2/24192.168.2.0/24192.168.2.3192.168.1.0/24192.168.3.0/24192.168.3.3192.168.4.0/24R1R2R3R2路由表192.168.4.0255.255.255.0192.168.4.2e1_1direct00192.168.6.0255.255.255.0192.168.6.1e1_2direct00192.168.1.0255.255.255.0192.168.1.1fei_1/1direct00192.168.2.0255.255.255.0192.168.4.1e1_1rip1201192.168.3.0255.255.255.0192.168.6.2e1_2rip1201e1_1e1_1fei_1/1e1_2e1_1fei_1/1fei_1/1目的地址為:192.168.3.3路由過(guò)程示例（續(xù)）192.168.6.1/24路由過(guò)程示例（續(xù)）192.168.6.0/24192.168.2.0/24192.168.2.3192.168.1.0/24192.168.3.0/24192.168.3.3192.168.4.0/24R1R2R3R3路由表192.168.3.0255.255.255.0192.168.3.1fei_1/1direct00

192.168.6.0255.255.255.0192.168.6.2e1_1direct00192.168.1.0255.255.255.0192.168.6.1e1_1rip1201192.168.4.0255.255.255.0192.168.6.1e1_1rip1201192.168.2.0255.255.255.0192.168.6.1e1_1rip1202反方向數(shù)據(jù)包的轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)流程？e1_1e1_1fei_1/1e1_2e1_1fei_1/1fei_1/1目的地址為:192.168.3.3課程內(nèi)容路由器的定義與作用基本概念路由器工作原理IP路由過(guò)程VLAN路由VLANoneVLANtwoVLANthree方式一普通路由方式二單臂路由方式三三層/多層交換機(jī)VLANoneVLANtwoVLANthreefei_1/1fei_1/3fei_1/2VLANoneVLANtwoVLANthree802.1Qtrunkencapsulationfei_1/1.1fei_1/1.2fei_1/1.3VLAN間路由VLANoneVLANtwoVLANthreefei_1/1fei_1/3配置：路由器上在多個(gè)物理接口配置不同

VLAN缺省網(wǎng)關(guān)IP地址，交換機(jī)上的端口設(shè)置為ACCESSPORT，分別屬于不同的VLAN特點(diǎn)：需要多個(gè)路由器物理接口，成本高靈活性與可擴(kuò)展性差fei_1/2方式一：普通路由VLANoneVLANtwoVLANthree802.1Qtrunkencapsulationfei_1/1.1fei_1/1.2fei_1/1.3ZXR10(config)#interfacefei_1/1.1ZXR10(config-subif)#encapsulationdot1Q1ZXR10(co