新高考英語二輪復(fù)習大題突破+限時集訓(xùn)專題03 閱讀理解說明文（解析版）

專題03閱讀理解說明文說明文閱讀理解一般作為全國卷閱談理解中的CD篇，主要分為兩種類型：實驗研究和介紹說明型。說明文是對事物的形狀，性質(zhì)，特征，成果或公用等進行介紹，解釋或闡述的文章，把我所說明事物的特征和本質(zhì)是理解說明文的關(guān)鍵，說明事物特征的方法很多，主要有定義法，解釋法，比較法，比喻法，數(shù)字法，圖標法，引用法和距離法等。說明文的特點是客觀、簡潔、準確、清晰，文章很少表達作者的情感傾向。閱讀說明文的重點在于讀懂它說明的事物或事理，了解事物的性質(zhì)、結(jié)構(gòu)、形成原因、功能；了解事物的意義和特征等。Teenagersaroundtheworldarefamiliarwiththegreatpainofboredom.Andeveryparentisfamiliarwiththesoundsofgroaning(咕噥的)kids,sulking(生悶氣)intheirroomorpacingaimlesslyaroundthehouse.Butsometimes,it’sthisverysenseofboredomthatcaninspirecreativityandcreatefast-growingtrends.Thisistrueforpickleball(匹克球),nowapopularsportintheWest.AccordingtotheMentalFlosswebsite,thesportwasinventedinthesummerof1965.Atthattime,FrankPritchard,13,hadnothingtodoinhisfamily’ssummerhomeinWashington,US.Aftercomplainingloudly,hisfather,Joel,suggestedhemakeupagame.WhenFrankreplied“Whydon’tyou?”hisfathergladlytookupthechallenge.Thus,pickleballwasborn.Certainpartsoftennis,badmintonandping-pongcanbeseenfrompickleball.It’sabatgameplayedonabadminton-sizedcourtwithwhatlookslikeawiffleball(威浮球)overalownet.Onlytheservingteamcanscorepoints,andallservesmustbemadewithanunderhandstroke(擊球).Thepopularityofpickleballhasgrownsteadilyoverthelastdecade.AccordingtoMentalFloss,thenumberofpickleballcourtshasgrownbyanestimated385percentworldwidesince2010.Onereasonforitspopularityisthatit’s“asportforeveryone”.Anyonecanplaypickleballbecauseit’srelativelyeasytopickup.Therearesimplerules,andallpeopleneedisacoupleofbatsandaball,whichisaffordableandaccessibletoall.Plus,pickleballisasportcenteredaroundfunandfriendship.Thegamelastsasshortas15minutes,whichmeanslessrunningandstressforplayers.Pritchardsaidthatthegame’srapidriseinpopularitywasamazing,especiallyconsideringthatabad-temperedkid“inspiredasportscrazebymakingastink(吵鬧)aboutbeingboredoneafternoon56yearsago”.1．Whatdoweknowaboutpickleball,accordingtothepassage?A．Itwasinventedaccidentallybyayoungboy.B．Itisagamesuitableforfamilygatherings.C．Itcombineselementsfromseveralballgames.D．Thegame’sjudgescomefromaservingteam.2．WhatdoesParagraph4mainlytalkabout?A．Whypickleballhasbecomesowellreceived.B．Whatequipmentpickleballplayersneed.C．Howsignificantpickleballistotheworld.D．Whatrulesmustbeobeyedinpickleball.3．WhatdidPritchardthinkofthepopularityofpickleball?A．Unexpected. B．Reasonable. C．Natural. D．Awkward.4．Whydoestheauthorwritethepassage?A．Toadviseustojoininsportsgames.B．Toteachushowtoplaypickleball.C．Totellusthebirthofasportsgame.D．Tomotivateustofollownewtrends.【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文。作者介紹了現(xiàn)在很流行的匹克球特殊的起源——因為一個孩子在一個夏日里感到無聊而誕生。1．C【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第一句“Certainpartsoftennis,badmintonandpingpongcanbeseenfrompickleball.(網(wǎng)球、羽毛球和乒乓球的某些部分可以從匹克球中看到。)”可知，匹克球結(jié)合了網(wǎng)球、羽毛球及乒乓球的元素。故選C。2．A【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第四段第一句“Thepopularityofpickleballhasgrownsteadilyoverthelastdecade.(匹克球的受歡迎程度在過去十年中穩(wěn)步增長。)”及本段內(nèi)容可知，匹克球在過去的十年間一直受到人們的歡迎。本段介紹了匹克球受歡迎的原因：易學(xué)及設(shè)備簡單、增進友誼及充滿樂趣、運動強度不大。故選A。3．A【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“Pritchardsaidthatthegame’srapidriseinpopularitywasamazing,especiallyconsideringthatabad-temperedkid“inspiredasportscrazebymakingastink(吵鬧)aboutbeingboredoneafternoon56yearsago”.(Pritchard說，這款游戲受歡迎程度的迅速上升令人驚訝，尤其是考慮到一個壞脾氣的孩子“通過在56年前的一個下午發(fā)牢騷(吵鬧)激發(fā)了一場體育熱潮”。)”可推斷，他對匹克球的流行感到出乎意料。故選A。4．C【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)全文可知，文章作者介紹了現(xiàn)在很流行的匹克球特殊的起源——因為一個孩子在一個夏日里感到無聊而誕生。從而可以推斷作者的寫作目的就是向讀者介紹匹克球的產(chǎn)生。故選C。說明文閱讀理解主要考查以下題型：一、主旨大意題主旨大意題主要考查學(xué)生對所讀材料或所讀材料片斷）中心思想的概括，做這類題時，考生應(yīng)通讀全文，把握文章大意或中心思想，同時注意文章的主題句，因為主題句表達中心思想，其他句子均圍繞主題句進行展開。主題句通常位于文章第一段首句，第一段末句或全文末句等地方，但位于段落中間（通常是第一段或最后一段的中間）也是完全可能的，主旨大意題的考查形式很多，如概括標題、主題、段意、中心思想等。二、事實細節(jié)題顧名思義，事實細節(jié)題即對文章的某個事實或細節(jié)而設(shè)置的試題，事實細節(jié)題的命題方法很多，如可能是對某個細節(jié)用同義結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換后進行考查，也可能是將文章中的幾個細節(jié)放在一起要求考生判斷是非（選出正確的一項或選出錯誤的一項）或?qū)讉€細節(jié)進行排序等。解答這類試題時，一個常用的方法就是運用定位法，即根據(jù)題干或選項中的線索詞從原文中找到相關(guān)的句子，與選項進行比校從而確定答案（此時要特別注意一些常見的同義裝換或簡單換算）。三、代詞指代題這類題要求考生根據(jù)一定的上下文推測代詞的指代意義，它主要考查考生在一定語境中對上下文邏輯關(guān)系的正確理解。做這類題時，考生不僅要讀懂相關(guān)句子的句意，理順相關(guān)句子的邏輯關(guān)系，而且還要學(xué)會合理變通，尤其要學(xué)會變通理解其中的同義表達。四、詞義猜測題即要求考生根據(jù)一定的上下文猜測生詞的詞義，它是高考英語閱讀理解中的一個難點，同學(xué)們應(yīng)引起充分重視。猜測生詞詞義的方法很多，常用的有同義解釋法、因果推斷法、前后對比法，基本構(gòu)詞法，語境理解法，舉例說明法，常識背景法、類屬分析法等。（一）、Intheendlesssky,theunaidedhumaneyeshouldbeabletoperceiveseveralthousandstarsonaclear,darknight.Unfortunately,growinglightpollutionhasdisabledpeoplefromthenightlyview.Newcitizen-science-basedresearchthrowsalarminglightontheproblemof“skyglow”—thediffuseillumination(漫射照明)ofthenightskythatisaformoflightpollution.Thedatacamefromcrowd-sourcedobservationscollectedfromaroundtheworldaspartofGlobeatNight,aprogramdevelopedbyastronomerConnieWalker.Lightpollutionhasharmfuleffectsonthepracticeofastronomybutalsoonhumanhealthandwildlife,sinceitdisturbsthecyclefromsunlighttostarlightthatbiologicalsystemshaveevolvedalongside.Furthermore,thelossofvisiblestarsisagreatlossofhumanculturalheritage.Untilrelativelyrecently,humansthroughouthistoryhadanimpressiveviewofthestarrynightsky,andtheeffectofthisnightlyspectacle(壯觀)isevidentinancientcultures.GlobeatNighthasbeengatheringdataonstarvisibilitysince2006.AnyonecansubmitobservationsthroughtheGlobeatNightwebapplication.Participantsrecordwhichonebestmatcheswhattheycanseeintheskywithoutanytelescopesorotherinstruments.Researchersfindthatthelossofvisiblestarsindicatesanincreaseinskybrightnessof9.6%peryearwhileroughly2%ismeasuredbysatellites.Existingsatellitesarenotwellsuitedtomeasuringskyglowasitappearstohumans,becausetheycannotdetectwavelengthsshorterthan500nanometers(納米).WhiteLEDs,withshorterwavelengthsunder500nanometers,nowareincreasinglycommonlyusedinoutdoorlighting.Buthumaneyesaremoresensitivetotheseshorterwavelengthsatnighttime.Space-basedinstrumentsdonotmeasurelightfromwindows,either.Butthesesourcesaresignificantcontributorstoskyglowusseenfromtheground.“Theincreaseinskyglowoverthepastdecadeunderlinestheimportanceofredoublingoureffortsanddevelopingnewstrategiestoprotectdarkskies,”saidWalker.“TheGlobeatNightdatasetisnecessaryinourongoingevaluationofchangesinskyglow,andweencouragewhoevercantogetinvolvedtohelpprotectthestarrynightsky.”1．WhatisapurposeofGlobeatNight?A．Todevelopnewlightsources. B．Tocollectdataonstarvisibility.C．Tohelpastronomersexplorespace. D．Topopularizescienceamongcitizens.2．Whatdoesthelossofvisiblestarsleadto?A．Poorerhumanhealth. B．Fewerwildlifespecies.C．Moredelicatebiologicalsystems. D．Lessnightlycultureelementsofthesky.3．Whatdoestheauthorstressinparagraph5?A．Satellitesplayavitalrole. B．WhiteLEDsarewidelyused.C．Crowd-sourceddataareinvaluable. D．Shorterwavelengthsarehardtodetect.4．WhatcanbeinferredfromWalker’swords?A．Theirconsistenteffortspayoff. B．Thedatasetneedstobeupdated.C．Moreparticipantsareexpectedtojoinin. D．Theskyglowhasbeenover—emphasized.【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹光污染正在奪走我們的夜空，使得星星在我們眼前消失。1．B【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段“GlobeatNighthasbeengatheringdataonstarvisibilitysince2006.

”（自2006年以來，“天空輝光”一直在收集恒星能見度的數(shù)據(jù)。）可知，“天空輝光”的目的是收集星星能見度的數(shù)據(jù)。故選B。2．D【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“Furthermore,thelossofvisiblestarsisagreatlossofhumanculturalheritage.Untilrelativelyrecently,humansthroughouthistoryhadanimpressiveviewofthestarrynightsky,andtheeffectofthisnightlyspectacle(壯觀)isevidentinancientcultures.(此外，可見星星的損失是人類文化遺產(chǎn)的巨大損失。直到最近，歷史上的人類都能看到令人印象深刻的星空，這種夜間奇觀的影響在古代文化中很明顯。)”可知，可見星星的缺失會導(dǎo)致較少的夜間天空文化元素。故選D。3．C【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第五段“Butthesesourcesaresignificantcontributorstoskyglowusseenfromtheground.(但這些光源是我們從地面看到的天空發(fā)光的重要貢獻者。)”可推斷，作者在第五段中強調(diào)了眾包數(shù)據(jù)是無價的。故選C。4．C【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“TheGlobeatNightdatasetisnecessaryinourongoingevaluationofchangesinskyglow,andweencouragewhoevercantogetinvolvedtohelpprotectthestarrynightsky.(全球夜間數(shù)據(jù)集對于我們持續(xù)評估天空輝光的變化是必要的，我們鼓勵任何可以參與的人來幫助保護星空。)”可推斷，Walker期望會有更多的參與者加入。故選C。（二）、There’vebeenplentyofTokyo2020headlinesaboutHendZaza,theSyriantabletennisgeniuswho,at12yearsold,isoneoftheyoungestOlympiansofalltime.Buttherearesomestrikingpersonalstoriesontheothersideoftheagespectrum(年齡譜),too.OksanaChusovitina,a46-year-oldgymnastfromUzbekistan,impressivelycompetedinhereighthOlympicGamesthissummer.Chusovitina,whocompetedinasportdominatedbyteenageathletes,receivedastandingovation(鼓掌歡呼)afterperforminginwhatshesaidwouldbeherlastOlympics.“Ifeelverygoodtobehere.ButthiswillforsurebemylastOlympics,shetoldreporters.“I’m46yearsold.Nothingisgoingtochangethat.I’malive,I’mhappy,I’mherewithoutanyinjuries,andIcanstandonmyown,”sheaddedwithalaugh.Thenthere’sAustralianequestrian(馬術(shù)師)MaryHanna,whoatage66isthesecond-oldestfemaleathleteinOlympichistoryandtheoldestOlympiancompetinginTokyo.“Throughtheirefforts,HannaandChusovitinaarechangingtheconversationaroundageandagility.They’reproofthatyoucancompeteorputyourselfuptoaphysicalchallengewaypastwhatisconsideredyourpeak,”saidMichaelStones,aprofessoratLakeheadUniversityinOntario,Canada,whoresearcheshealthyagingandphysicalperformance.“It’sgreatthatthisyear’sOlympicsincludesomanyyoungerandolderathletes,”hetoldHuffPost.“Theyshowthatagealoneisnotaninsurmountable(不可克服的)barriertoexcellenceinphysicalactivities.”TheseOlympiansalsolendthegamessomeexperienceandmaturity,especiallyinteamsports,saidSandraHunter,aprofessorofexercisescienceatMarquetteUniversityinMilwaukee,Wisconsin.“Theseolderathletescanhelpguidetheyoungerones,particularlywithallthementalandpsychologicalchallengesthatwe’veseen,”shesaid.“Theybringalevelofmaturitytotheteamsandsurroundingathletesthatallowstheyoungerathletestolearn.”“Ifyoulimityourchoicesonlytowhatseemspossibleorreasonable,youdisconnectyourselffromwhatyoutrulywant,andallthatisleftiscompromise.”ThequotefromAmericanwriterRobertFritzishighlyconsistentwiththeOlympicspiritaswellasenlighteningusonourwaytosuccess.5．WhoisOksanaChusovitina?A．A12-year-oldtabletennisplayer.B．A46-year-oldgymnastfromSyria.C．A66-year-oldAustralianequestrian.D．Aneight-timeOlympianfromUzbekistan.6．Thefirstparagraphisintendedto________.A．leadinthetopicofthepassageB．stresstheimportanceofbeingageniusC．tellthedifferencebetweenyoungerandolderathletesD．introducearesearchonperformancesofyoungerathletes7．What’sprofessorMichaelStones’sattitudetothoseyoungerandolderOlympians?A．Doubtful. B．Uncaring.C．Supportive. D．Indifferent.8．Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?A．Olympicathletesshouldtrytheirbesttobeuninjured.B．Olympicathletesprovesuccessisnotrelatedtoage.C．Olympiansshowthatagealoneisnotaninsurmountablebarrier.D．Olderathletesarechangingtheconversationaroundageandagility.【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了兩位在奧運賽場上全力挑戰(zhàn)自我的大齡運動員，她們展現(xiàn)了真正的奧運精神。5．D【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第一句“OksanaChusovitina,a46-year-oldgymnastfromUzbekistan,impressivelycompetedinhereighthOlympicGamesthissummer.(來自烏茲別克斯坦的46歲體操運動員OksanaChusovitina在今年夏天參加了她的第八個奧運會，令人印象深刻。)”可知，OksanaChusovitin是參加了八次夏季奧運會的烏茲別克斯坦體操運動員。故選D。6．A【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“There’vebeenplentyofTokyo2020headlinesaboutHendZaza,theSyriantabletennisgeniuswho,at12yearsold,isoneoftheyoungestOlympiansofalltime.(2020年東京奧運會上有很多關(guān)于敘利亞乒乓球天才HendZaza的頭條新聞，他12歲，是有史以來最年輕的奧運選手之一。)”以及第二段“Buttherearesomestrikingpersonalstoriesontheothersideoftheagespectrum(年齡譜),too.(但是，在年齡譜的另一邊也有一些引人注目的個人故事。)”可知，開篇文章介紹介紹2020年東京奧運會上一名奧運歷史上最年輕運動員入手，從而引出下文出現(xiàn)的大齡運動員的事跡。故選A。7．C【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段中的““It’sgreatthatthisyear’sOlympicsincludesomanyyoungerandolderathletes,”hetoldHuffPost.“Theyshowthatagealoneisnotaninsurmountable(不可克服的)barriertoexcellenceinphysicalactivities.”(“今年的奧運會包括這么多年輕和年長的運動員，這真是太好了，”他告訴赫芬頓郵報?！八麄儽砻?，年齡本身并不是體育活動卓越的不可逾越的障礙?！?”可知，professorMichaelStones認為有這么多如此年輕的和年齡大的運動員很不錯，由此可以推斷，他對這些年輕和年紀大的運動員參加比賽表示支持。故選C。8．B【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段中的““Theyshowthatagealoneisnotaninsurmountable(不可克服的)barriertoexcellenceinphysicalactivities.”(“他們表明，年齡本身并不是體育活動卓越的不可逾越障礙。”)”以及尾段中的““Ifyoulimityourchoicesonlytowhatseemspossibleorreasonable,youdisconnectyourselffromwhatyoutrulywant,andallthatisleftiscompromise.”(“如果你把你的選擇限制在看似可能或合理的事情上，你就會把自己與你真正想要的東西脫節(jié)，剩下的就是妥協(xié)?！?”可知，在體育活動方面，年齡問題是可以逾越的，我們不能把選擇限制在看似合理的事情上，并結(jié)合全文介紹奧運史上年齡最大和最小運動員的事跡，我們可以推斷出運動員的成功與否跟年齡無關(guān)。故選B。一、（2023·廣東廣州·統(tǒng)考二模）Thisparagraphisnotordinary.Lookatit.Atfirst,itwon’tlooktooodd.Justanormalparagraph—youmaythink.Butlookatitagainandyoumightfinditabitunusual.Canyouspotit?Isanything...missing?Whatyou’vejustreadisalipogram-atextwithoutaparticularletter.Itisthehardestkindasitdoesn’tcontaintheletterE-themostcommonletterintheEnglishlanguage.Trywritingoneyourselfandyou’llimaginethetaskfacedbytheFrenchwriterGeorgesPerec,whenafriendchallengedhimtowriteawholenovelwithoutusingE-aletterwhichisevenmorecommoninFrench.Perecwasafrighteninglycleverwriter,aloverofwordgamesandpuzzlesandalsoamasteroftheChineseboardgameGo.AswellaswritingcrosswordpuzzlesforParismagazines,hehadalreadywrittena5,000-wordpalindrome,atextthatreadsthesameforwardsandbackwards,likethewell-known“Aman,aplan,acanal-Panama.”Buthisfriendsthoughtthistaskwouldbebeyondhim.Perectookupthechallenge.Hewasunabletousemorethan70%oftheFrenchwords,includingthosemostcommonlyused.Surprisingly,hediscoveredthis“impossible”ruleunlockedhisimagination.Helaterclaimedhewrotethisnovelfasterthananyofhisotherbooks.Hewasforcedtothinkandfightforeverysentence.Hehadnochoicebuttobeoriginal.TheresultwasLaDisparition,adetectivestoryaboutthemysteriousdisappearanceofacharacternamedA．Vowl.TheonlyEswerethefourinhisnameonthecover.Despitethedozensofcluesaboutthefantasticallydifficultrule,manyoriginalreviewersfailedtospotwhatwasstaringtheminthefaces—themissingletter.Embarrassingforthecritics,buthilariousforthewriterandhisfriends.Fortunately,thegamePerecwasplayingdidnotdestroythebookitself.Everysentenceseemstwistedslightlyoutofshape,andtheresultingstyleisunique.1．Whydoesthewriterstartwithalipogram?A．ToprovePerec’sworkishard.B．TointroducePerec’stoughtask.C．Todemonstratewhatalipogramis.D．Tochallengereaderstowriteone.2．WhichofthefollowingisNOTapalindrome?A．Madam. B．Nursesran.C．NoXinNixon. D．Nolemons,nomelon.3．WhatdidPerecthinkofthechallengehetookup?A．Itforcedhimtowritefaster. B．Itenrichedhiswritingstyles.C．Nowriterbuthecouldmakeit. D．Itfreedhiscreativityinwriting.4．Whatdoestheunderlineword“hilarious”meaninparagraph5?A．Confusing. B．Surprising. C．Verylucky. D．Extremelyfunny.【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了佩雷克是一位聰明得驚人的作家，熱愛文字游戲和謎題，也是中國棋盤游戲圍棋的大師。1．B【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中“Whatyou’vejustreadisalipogram-atextwithoutaparticularletter.Itisthehardestkindasitdoesn’tcontaintheletterE-themostcommonletterintheEnglishlanguage.(你剛剛讀到的是一篇漏字文——一篇沒有特定字母的文章。它是最難的一種，因為它不包含字母E——英語中最常見的字母)”可知，文章開頭提到的漏字文是最難的一種，由此為了介紹佩雷克的艱巨任務(wù)。故選B。2．B【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中“AswellaswritingcrosswordpuzzlesforParismagazines,hehadalreadywrittena5000-wordpalindrome,atextthatreadsthesameforwardsandbackwards,likethewell-known“Aman,aplan,acanal-Panama.”(除了為巴黎的雜志寫填字游戲，他還寫了一篇5000字的回文，前后讀起來是一樣的，比如著名的“Aman,aplan,acanal-Panama.”)”可知，回文是一種正反讀都一樣的詞語，構(gòu)成一種對稱結(jié)構(gòu)。B選項不符合該特點。故選B。3．D【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中“Perectookupthechallenge.Hewasunabletousemorethan70%oftheFrenchwords,includingthosemostcommonlyused.Surprisingly,hediscoveredthis“impossible”ruleunlockedhisimagination.(佩雷克接受了挑戰(zhàn)。他不能使用超過70%的法語單詞，包括那些最常用的單詞。令人驚訝的是，他發(fā)現(xiàn)這個“不可能”的規(guī)則釋放了他的想象力。)”可知，佩雷克認為他所接受的挑戰(zhàn)釋放了他在寫作上的創(chuàng)造力。故選D。4．D【解析】詞義猜測題。根據(jù)劃線詞前面的句子“Despitethedozensofcluesaboutthefantasticallydifficultrule,manyoriginalreviewersfailedtospotwhatwasstaringtheminthefaces—themissingletter.Embarrassingforthecritics(盡管關(guān)于這條極其困難的規(guī)則有幾十條線索，但許多最初的評審者都沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)他們臉上正在盯著的東西——丟失的字母。對評論家來說很尷尬，)”可知，不知道有缺失的字母對于評論家來說這是很尷尬的事情，其與后文構(gòu)成轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，但是對于作者和他的朋友來說這是極大的樂趣。故劃線詞hilarious與D選項Extremelyfunny為同義詞，意為“非常有趣的”。故選D。二、（2023·河北·校聯(lián)考模擬預(yù)測）Aroboticgameofcatandmouseplayingoutinalabprovidesasightatfuturepossibilitiesofrobotscarryingoutsearch-and-rescuemissionswithoutmuchhumanguidance.TheTianjicatrobotdevelopedbyresearchersatTsinghuaUniversityinChinausesabrain-inspiredcomputingchipcalledTianjicX.Theso-calledneuromorphicchip(神經(jīng)形態(tài)芯片)canrunmultipleartificialintelligencetechniquesatthesametimeinanenergy-efficientmanner.Itisoneexampleofexperimentswithneuromorphicsystemsthatcouldallowsmallrobotstomakedecisionsusinglimitedcomputingresourcesandpower.TheresearcherschallengedtheTianjicatrobottochase(追逐)anotherrobotthatwassettomoverandomlyinaroomfilledwithobstacles.ThisrequiredTianjicattotrackthemouserobotbyusingbothvisualrecognitionandsounddetection,andtofigureoutthebestpathtochasedownitspretendprey(假想獵物)withoutknockingonanything.TheteamsaysthattheTianjicXchipreducedtheamountofpowerrequiredfortherobotcattomakedecisionsduringthechasebyabout.halfcomparedwithanNVIDIAchipdesignedforAIcomputing.Performingacat-and-mousechasewouldbeastepupindifficultyformostcommercializedrobots,whichusuallyfollowverypredictableroutinesinwarehousesorfactories.Manyrobotsthatinteractwithmorecomplexandunpredictableenvironmentsrelyonremotecontrolbyhumanoperators,orelsemustmaintainwirelessconnectionswithdistantdatacentresthathavethecomputingpowernecessaryformoreintensivedecision-making.Neuromorphicsystemshaven’tyetbeencommercializedinabigway,buttheirrelativelylowsize,weightandpowerrequirementscouldprovidepracticaladvantagesorroboticdeployment(部署).TheTianjicatrobotisworldwideacknowledged.“Forrobotics,thisisveryimportantbecauseitallowsthesystemtooperateforlongerdurationsinhard-to-reachenvironmentswithgreaterautonomy,”saysJeffreyKrichmarattheUniversityofCalifornia,Irvine.5．Whatdotheresearcherswanttherobottodobytestingit?A．Dorescue-work.B．Assistinresearch.C．Helpgetridofrats.D．Savepower.6．Whatdoesparagraph3mainlytellus?A．Whytherobotchasesanotherrobot.B．Whattherobot’spretendpreyislike.C．Howresearcherstesttherobot.D．Howmuchpowertherobotusesinanaction.7．WhatmakesaTianJicatrobothaveadvantagesoverothers?A．Itssmallsize.B．Itsmouse-likeshape.C．Itsbusinessvalue.D．Itsdatecenter.8．What’sJeffreyKrichmar’sattitudetowardstheinventionoftheTianjicatrobot?A．Negative.B．Doubtful.C．Unconcerned.D．Favorable.【語篇解讀】這是一篇說明文。介紹了清華大學(xué)研發(fā)的一款名為Tianjicat的機器人，通過應(yīng)用實驗室里玩的貓和老鼠的機器人游戲測試Tianjicat的多方面綜合的能力，證明了未來機器人將不需要人工參與，進而可以執(zhí)行搜索和救援任務(wù)或野生動物調(diào)查，有望實現(xiàn)商業(yè)化投入使用。5．A【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段“Aroboticgameofcatandmouseplayingoutinalabprovidesasightatfuturepossibilitiesofrobotscarryingoutsearch-and-rescuemissionswithoutmuchhumanguidance(一場在實驗室里上演的貓捉老鼠的機器人游戲讓我們看到了未來機器人在沒有人類指導(dǎo)的情況下執(zhí)行搜救任務(wù)的可能性)”可知，研究人員希望通過測試來讓機器人執(zhí)行搜救任務(wù)。故選A。6．C【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第三段“TheresearcherschallengedtheTianjicatrobottochase(追逐)anotherrobotthatwassettomoverandomlyinaroomfilledwithobstacles(研究人員讓Tianjicat機器人去追趕另一個機器人，這個機器人被設(shè)定在一個充滿障礙物的房間里隨機移動)”可知，第三段主要在介紹研究人員如何測試機器人的。故選C。7．A【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第四段“Neuromorphicsystemshaven’tyetbeencommercializedinabigway,buttheirrelativelylowsize,weightandpowerrequirementscouldprovidepracticaladvantagesorroboticdeployment(神經(jīng)形態(tài)系統(tǒng)還沒有大規(guī)模商業(yè)化，但它們相對較小的尺寸、重量和功率要求可以提供實際優(yōu)勢或用于機器人調(diào)動)”可知，該機器人較小的體型是其優(yōu)勢。故選A。8．D【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“Forrobotics,thisisveryimportantbecauseitallowsthesystemtooperateforlongerdurationsinhard-to-reachenvironmentswithgreaterautonomy(對于機器人來說，這非常重要，因為它允許系統(tǒng)在難以到達的環(huán)境中運行更長的時間，具有更大的自主權(quán))”可知，JeffreyKrichmar對此機器人持支持的態(tài)度。故選D。三、（2023·湖南株洲·統(tǒng)考一模）SittingatthetopofamountainonLaGomeraIslad,Antonioissuedaninvitationtothreevisitinghikersinthedistance—“Comeoverhere”.We’regoingtotreatyoutolunch“-withoutspeakingword:Hewhistled(吹口哨)it.Antonio,71,saidinhisyouth,whennativesratherthantouristswalkedtherockyfootpathsofhisisland,hisnewswouldhavebeengreetedrightawaybyarespondingwhistle,loudandclear.Buthismessagewaslostonthesehikers,andtheycontinuedtheirjourney.AntonioisaproudguardianofLaGomera’swhistlinglanguage,whichhecalledthepoetryofmyisland.”Headded.Likepoetry,whistlingdoesnotneedtobeusefulinordertobespecialandbeautiful.“Thelanguage,officiallyknownasSilboGomero,replaceswrittenletterswithwhistledsoundsthatvarybypitch(高音)andlength.Unfortunately,therearefewerwhistlesthanSpanishletters,soasoundcanhavemultiplemeanings,causingmisunderstandings.Withitsdistinctgeography,it’seasytoseewhywhistlingcameintoexistenceonLaGomera.Onmostoftheisland,deepvalleysrunfromhighpeaksdowntotheocean,andplentyoftimeandeffortarerequiredtotravelevenashortdistanceoverland.Whistlingdevelopedasagoodalternativewaytodeliveramessage,withitssoundcarryingfartherthanshouting--asmuchastwomilesacrosssomevalleyswithfavorablewindconditions.In2009,theisland’slanguagewasaddedbyUNESCOtoitslistoftheIntangibleCulturalHeritageofHumanity.Butwithwhistlingnolongeressentialforcommunication,SilboGomero’ssurvivalmostlyreliesona1999lawthathasmadeteachingitanecessarypartofLaGomerasschoolcourses.ErinGerhards,alocalgirlkeentoimproveherwhistling,said,“Whistlingisawaytohonorthepeoplethatlivedhereinthepastandtorememberwedidn’tstartwithtechnologybutsimplebeginnings.”9．HowdidthehikersreacttoAntonio’sinvitation?A．Theyignoredit. B．Theywavedtheirhands,C．Theywhistledback. D．Theystoppedsuddenly.10．WhyisLaGomera’swhistlinglanguagelikelytobemisinterpreted?A．Becauseitisaformofpoetry. B．Becausethesamesoundcarriesdifferentmeanings.C．Becauseitisn’tusefulinlife. D．Becauseitssoundsincludevariouspitchesandlengths.11．WhatisParagraph3mainlyabout?A．ThetouristattractionsofLaGomera.B．ThegeographicfeaturesofLaGomera.C．Thereasonforwhistling’suseonLaGomera.D．Thecomparisonbetweenwhistlingandshouting.12．WhatcanbeinferredfromParagraph4?A．Erinfiguresouthowislanderslivedbefore.B．SilboGomeroistaughtinLaGomera’sschools.C．TechnologyoutweighstraditionsonLaGomera.D．SilboGomeroisimportantindailyconversations.【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文。主要介紹了SilboGomero這種哨子語言。9．A【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中“Buthismessagewaslostonthesehikers,andtheycontinuedtheirjourney.(但是這些徒步旅行者沒有領(lǐng)會他的意思，他們繼續(xù)他們的旅程)”可知，徒步旅行者忽略了安東尼奧的邀請。故選A。10．B【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“Thelanguage,officiallyknownasSilboGomero,replaceswrittenletterswithwhistledsoundsthatvarybypitchandlength.

Unfortunately,therearefewerwhistlesthanSpanishletters,soasoundcanhavemultiplemeanings,causingmisunderstandings.(這種語言的官方名稱是席爾波戈梅洛語(SilboGomero)，它用不同音高和長度的哨聲取代了書面字母。不幸的是，哨子的數(shù)量比西班牙字母要少，所以一個聲音可能有多種含義，導(dǎo)致誤解)”可知，因為同樣的聲音有不同的含義，導(dǎo)致哨聲可能會被誤解。故選B。11．C【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第三段“Withitsdistinctgeography,it’seasytoseewhywhistlingcameintoexistenceonLaGomera.

Onmostoftheisland,deepvalleysrunfromhighpeaksdowntotheocean,andplentyoftimeandeffortarerequiredtotravelevenashortdistanceoverland.

Whistlingdevelopedasagoodalternativewaytodeliveramessage,withitssoundcarryingfartherthanshouting--asmuchastwomilesacrosssomevalleyswithfavorablewindconditions.(由于其獨特的地理位置，很容易理解為什么吹口哨會出現(xiàn)在拉戈梅拉。在島上的大部分地方，深谷從山峰向下延伸到海洋，即使是很短的距離，也需要大量的時間和精力。吹口哨成為了傳遞信息的另一種很好的方式，它的聲音比喊叫傳播得更遠——在風向有利的山谷里，它的聲音可以傳播兩英里)”可知，第三段主要講述了在拉戈梅拉島上使用哨子語言的原因。故選C。12．B【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段中“Butwithwhistlingnolongeressentialforcommunication,SilboGomero’ssurvivalmostlyreliesona1999lawthathasmadeteachingitanecessarypartofLaGomerasschoolcourses.(但隨著口哨聲不再是交流的必要手段，SilboGomero的幸存主要依賴于1999年的一項法律，該法律將傳授口哨聲作為拉戈梅拉學(xué)校課程的必要組成部分)”可推知，戈梅拉的學(xué)校教授Silbo，故選B。四、（2023·江蘇南京·校聯(lián)考一模）Youremotionhelpsyoumakesenseoftheworld.Atthecoreofanemotionisasubjectiveexperienceofthevalenceofit—whatemotionscientistscall“affect”(情感).Generallyspeaking,affectiswhatwearemostfocusedon.Doyouhavechocolatecakeinfrontofyou?That’sgood!Doyouseeaspideronthetable!That’sbad!Youraffectivereactionstellyouwhichexperiencesaredesirable,andwhicharen’t,butthetotalemotionalexperienceincludesallyoudoandthink.Youcanlearnalotbyobservinganddescribingthem.Youcanalsolearnalotbyappreciatingtheirsecretlife.Theproblemis:theaffectivefeaturesofemotionstendtodominate.Oursubjectivevalenceofemotionisalmostallwecansee.Whenemotionsareonlyaboutwhatispleasantorunpleasantinsubjectiveexperiencerightnow,themoreimportantfeaturesofemotiondisappear.Ifyoucanslowdownandexpand;ifyoustoprunningorclinging(沉浸其中)andadoptasenseofcuriosity,emotionsbecomemoresubtleanddifferent.Whenfearcomesup,don’twalkawaysothatfeardissipates.Instead,stay.Allowyourselftofeelthenervousness,thesweating,andeverythingelsethatcomesalongwithit.Itisoneofthehardestthingstodoinlife,butit’salsooneofthemostrewarding.Ifyourun,youaretellingbasicpartsofyourbrain,“Iguessthisthreatreallywasreal.Ibetterstayawayfromit.”Youaretrainingyourselftofear,regardlessofthatsituation.Ifyoucling,youaresaying,“Escapefromthisemotionisathreat”,andsinceitisnotahappyexperience,happinessslipsthroughyourhandslikesand.Notethatyoucannotfoolyourself.Justallowthefullemotion.Youwillneverenterintotheirsecretlifeuntilyoustoprunningorclinging.Tocontrolyourlife,youneedtoactivelytrainyouremotionstobeyourally(同盟).Observe.Describe.Appreciate.Dothatandyoumayfindyouhavealliesforhealthylivingthatw