高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法

19.2用it作主語(yǔ)的句子19.2.1用it作人稱代詞（personalpronoun）1）it最基本的用法是作人稱代詞，主要代表剛提到的東西以避免重復(fù)：Didtheblacksnakefrightenyou?–Yes,itdid.Lookatthatcar.It’sgoingmuchtoofast.“Where’smycoat?”“It’sinthecupboard.”2）也可代表抽象的事物：Thegovernmenthasbecomeveryunpopularsinceitintroducedthenewtax.Itwasagreatsurprisetomewhenhedidathinglikethat.“I’vebrokenthemirror.”“Itcan’tbehelped.”It’sallmyfault.3）也可以指動(dòng)物或未知性別的嬰兒：“Isthisyourdog?”“No,itisn’t.”Hernewbabyistiny.Itonlyweighs2kilos.Whatabeautifulbaby—isitaboy?4）還可代表一個(gè)彼此都知其何所指的東西：Doesititchmuch？Wheredoesithurt?It’smeningitis.19.2.2非人稱代詞itIt有時(shí)并不指具體東西，而指天氣、時(shí)間、環(huán)境等，稱為非人稱代詞it（impersonalit），可以：1）指天氣：It’sraining(snowing).It’sfrosty(alovelyday).It’safinenight(fullmoontonight).It’ssunny(abitwindy).Itwaspouringwithrain.Itwasverycold(quitewarm)attheweekend.2）指時(shí)間：It’sTuesdaytoday.It’snearlyhalfpasteight.It’sthethirdofJune.Itwastwilight(midnight)whentheycameoutofthehall.“Whattimeisit?”“It’stentoeleven.”It’sfiveyearssinceIsawyoulast.It’sourweddinganniversary.3）指環(huán)境：Itgetsverycrowdedhereinthesummer.It’slovelyhere.It’squiet(verynoising)here.They’resuretoseeyou.It’sbrightmoonlight.It’snicedownthere.It’sgettingsodark.4）指距離：HowfarisittoKunming?It’stwomilestothebeach.It’s112milesfromLondontoBirmingham.It’shalfanhour’swalktothecitylibrary.It’sonlytwentyminutes’drivetoouruniversity.Howfarisitfromyourhometoyouroffice?It’saboutanightjourneytothisplacebytrain.19.2.3用于強(qiáng)調(diào)的it1）it可用來(lái)對(duì)句子的某一成分加以強(qiáng)調(diào)，例如NancysawyoursisterinTokyolastweek.可改為許多強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)：、ItwasNancywhosawyoursisterinTokyolastweek.（強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ)）ItwasyoursisterwhomNancysawinTokyolastweek.（強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語(yǔ)）ItwasinTokyothatNancysawyoursisterlastweek.（強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語(yǔ)）ItwaslastweekthatNancysawyoursisterinTokyo.（強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語(yǔ)）從這些句子可以看出這類句子的結(jié)構(gòu)是：It+動(dòng)詞be+強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+who(m)或that+其他部分這類句子可稱為分裂句（cleftsentence），這種結(jié)構(gòu)成為分裂結(jié)構(gòu)（cleftstructure）。2）在強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ)時(shí)，可用who（間或用that）引導(dǎo)后面部分：ItwasPeterwholentusthemoney.Itwasyouwhohadbeenwrong.Wasityouwho(that)brokethewindow?Whowasitthatcalledthemeeting?若主語(yǔ)是物不是人，則需用that：Buthereit’smywordthatcounts.3）在強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語(yǔ)或介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，若是人關(guān)系代詞用whom，間或用that（a），若是物則需用that（b）：a.It’sTomwhomyoushouldask.ItwasJiminwhomshestillhadherfaith.ItwasPeterwithwhomIfirstcameincontact.Itwasthepresidentthat(whom)Jeanshotyesterday.It’smethatheblamed.It’spilotsthatweneed,notgroundstaff.b.It’smoneythattheywant.It’sSpainthatthey’regoingto,notPortugal.ItwasakeythatIfoundthere.4）在強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語(yǔ)時(shí)后面多用that：ItwasonMondaynightthatallthishappened.It’stodaythathe’sgoing.ItwasherethathechieflydifferedfromanEnglishman.Whyisitthatyouobjecttotheidea?5）在口語(yǔ)中，who,that這類關(guān)系代詞有時(shí)省略：IthinkitwasGoethesaidthis.ItwasPhilipdroveMissSophiayesterday,wasn’tit?ItwasyouIthoughtofallthetime.ItwasthenIheardPhuong’ssteps.Whatisityouwantmetode?Wasitin1980thishappened?6）有些否定句也可改成這種強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)： Ididn’thearfromheruntillastsummer. Itwasn’tuntillastsummerthatIheardfromher. Ididn’tdoallthisformyself. Itwasn’tformyselfthatIdidallthis.. Ididnothaveanopportunityofseeingheragainforseveralyears. Itwasn’tforseveralyearsthatIhadanopportunityofseeingheragain.問(wèn)句也可變成這種結(jié)構(gòu)： Whocalledhim“comrade”? Whowasitthatcalledhim“comrade”? WhydoeseveryonethinkI’mnarrow-minded? WhyisitthateveryonethinksI’mnarrow-minded? Howdidyouforgettolockthedoor? Howwasitthatyouforgottolockthedoor?19.2.4先行主語(yǔ)it1）it可以用作先行詞，作為句子形式上的主語(yǔ)，而把真正的主語(yǔ)移到句子后部去。這可使句子變得更平穩(wěn)，不致主語(yǔ)太長(zhǎng)，顯得頭重腳輕。這種it稱為先行主語(yǔ)（preparatorysubject）?？梢频骄渥雍蟛咳サ闹髡Z(yǔ)最常見(jiàn)的是不定式。句子謂語(yǔ)可有下面幾種類型：a.be+形容詞+不定式：Itiseasytocriticizeothers.It’sbettertobeearly.It’sabsurdtobeafraid.It’snicenottobedependentonthem.b.be+名詞+不定式：Itwashisdutytotakecareoftheorphans.It’saprivilegetovisityourcountry.Itwouldbeapitytomissthisopportunity.Itwasnotmyhabittoaskpeopleforthings.c.be+介詞短語(yǔ)+不定式：Itwasagainstmyprincipletodothat.It’sbeyondmetosaywhy.It’snotwithinmypowertohelpthem.It’sunlikehimtobelate;he’susuallyontime.d.及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不定式：Itcost100dollarstorepairthecar.Itgavemegreatpleasuretowatchthem.