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19.2用it作主語(yǔ)的句子19.2.1用it作人稱代詞(personalpronoun)1)it最基本的用法是作人稱代詞,主要代表剛提到的東西以避免重復(fù):Didtheblacksnakefrightenyou?–Yes,itdid.Lookatthatcar.It’sgoingmuchtoofast.“Where’smycoat?”“It’sinthecupboard.”2)也可代表抽象的事物:Thegovernmenthasbecomeveryunpopularsinceitintroducedthenewtax.Itwasagreatsurprisetomewhenhedidathinglikethat.“I’vebrokenthemirror.”“Itcan’tbehelped.”It’sallmyfault.3)也可以指動(dòng)物或未知性別的嬰兒:“Isthisyourdog?”“No,itisn’t.”Hernewbabyistiny.Itonlyweighs2kilos.Whatabeautifulbaby—isitaboy?4)還可代表一個(gè)彼此都知其何所指的東西:Doesititchmuch?Wheredoesithurt?It’smeningitis.19.2.2非人稱代詞itIt有時(shí)并不指具體東西,而指天氣、時(shí)間、環(huán)境等,稱為非人稱代詞it(impersonalit),可以:1)指天氣:It’sraining(snowing).It’sfrosty(alovelyday).It’safinenight(fullmoontonight).It’ssunny(abitwindy).Itwaspouringwithrain.Itwasverycold(quitewarm)attheweekend.2)指時(shí)間:It’sTuesdaytoday.It’snearlyhalfpasteight.It’sthethirdofJune.Itwastwilight(midnight)whentheycameoutofthehall.“Whattimeisit?”“It’stentoeleven.”It’sfiveyearssinceIsawyoulast.It’sourweddinganniversary.3)指環(huán)境:Itgetsverycrowdedhereinthesummer.It’slovelyhere.It’squiet(verynoising)here.They’resuretoseeyou.It’sbrightmoonlight.It’snicedownthere.It’sgettingsodark.4)指距離:HowfarisittoKunming?It’stwomilestothebeach.It’s112milesfromLondontoBirmingham.It’shalfanhour’swalktothecitylibrary.It’sonlytwentyminutes’drivetoouruniversity.Howfarisitfromyourhometoyouroffice?It’saboutanightjourneytothisplacebytrain.19.2.3用于強(qiáng)調(diào)的it1)it可用來(lái)對(duì)句子的某一成分加以強(qiáng)調(diào),例如NancysawyoursisterinTokyolastweek.可改為許多強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu):、ItwasNancywhosawyoursisterinTokyolastweek.(強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ))ItwasyoursisterwhomNancysawinTokyolastweek.(強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語(yǔ))ItwasinTokyothatNancysawyoursisterlastweek.(強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語(yǔ))ItwaslastweekthatNancysawyoursisterinTokyo.(強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語(yǔ))從這些句子可以看出這類句子的結(jié)構(gòu)是:It+動(dòng)詞be+強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+who(m)或that+其他部分這類句子可稱為分裂句(cleftsentence),這種結(jié)構(gòu)成為分裂結(jié)構(gòu)(cleftstructure)。2)在強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ)時(shí),可用who(間或用that)引導(dǎo)后面部分:ItwasPeterwholentusthemoney.Itwasyouwhohadbeenwrong.Wasityouwho(that)brokethewindow?Whowasitthatcalledthemeeting?若主語(yǔ)是物不是人,則需用that:Buthereit’smywordthatcounts.3)在強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語(yǔ)或介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí),若是人關(guān)系代詞用whom,間或用that(a),若是物則需用that(b):a.It’sTomwhomyoushouldask.ItwasJiminwhomshestillhadherfaith.ItwasPeterwithwhomIfirstcameincontact.Itwasthepresidentthat(whom)Jeanshotyesterday.It’smethatheblamed.It’spilotsthatweneed,notgroundstaff.b.It’smoneythattheywant.It’sSpainthatthey’regoingto,notPortugal.ItwasakeythatIfoundthere.4)在強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語(yǔ)時(shí)后面多用that:ItwasonMondaynightthatallthishappened.It’stodaythathe’sgoing.ItwasherethathechieflydifferedfromanEnglishman.Whyisitthatyouobjecttotheidea?5)在口語(yǔ)中,who,that這類關(guān)系代詞有時(shí)省略:IthinkitwasGoethesaidthis.ItwasPhilipdroveMissSophiayesterday,wasn’tit?ItwasyouIthoughtofallthetime.ItwasthenIheardPhuong’ssteps.Whatisityouwantmetode?Wasitin1980thishappened?6)有些否定句也可改成這種強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu): Ididn’thearfromheruntillastsummer. Itwasn’tuntillastsummerthatIheardfromher. Ididn’tdoallthisformyself. Itwasn’tformyselfthatIdidallthis.. Ididnothaveanopportunityofseeingheragainforseveralyears. Itwasn’tforseveralyearsthatIhadanopportunityofseeingheragain.問(wèn)句也可變成這種結(jié)構(gòu): Whocalledhim“comrade”? Whowasitthatcalledhim“comrade”? WhydoeseveryonethinkI’mnarrow-minded? WhyisitthateveryonethinksI’mnarrow-minded? Howdidyouforgettolockthedoor? Howwasitthatyouforgottolockthedoor?19.2.4先行主語(yǔ)it1)it可以用作先行詞,作為句子形式上的主語(yǔ),而把真正的主語(yǔ)移到句子后部去。這可使句子變得更平穩(wěn),不致主語(yǔ)太長(zhǎng),顯得頭重腳輕。這種it稱為先行主語(yǔ)(preparatorysubject)??梢频骄渥雍蟛咳サ闹髡Z(yǔ)最常見(jiàn)的是不定式。句子謂語(yǔ)可有下面幾種類型:a.be+形容詞+不定式:Itiseasytocriticizeothers.It’sbettertobeearly.It’sabsurdtobeafraid.It’snicenottobedependentonthem.b.be+名詞+不定式:Itwashisdutytotakecareoftheorphans.It’saprivilegetovisityourcountry.Itwouldbeapitytomissthisopportunity.Itwasnotmyhabittoaskpeopleforthings.c.be+介詞短語(yǔ)+不定式:Itwasagainstmyprincipletodothat.It’sbeyondmetosaywhy.It’snotwithinmypowertohelpthem.It’sunlikehimtobelate;he’susuallyontime.d.及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不定式:Itcost100dollarstorepairthecar.Itgavemegreatpleasuretowatchthem.

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