英語四級語法指導(dǎo)

學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載2013年英語四級語法指導(dǎo)倒裝句精講全部倒裝和部分倒裝:如果謂語在主語前面,就是倒裝語序.倒裝語序又分為全部倒裝和部分倒裝.在全部倒裝的句子中,整個謂語都放在主語的前面:

Herearesomeregisteredlettersforyou.

Incameamanwithawhitebeard.

在部分倒裝的句子中只是謂語中的一部分(如助動詞,情態(tài)動詞,或系動詞be等)放在主語前面,其余部分仍在主語后面:

Undernocircumstancesmustasoldierleavehispost.

Icouldn’tanswerthequestion.Norcouldanyoneelseinourclass.

Onlyinthiswayisitpossibletoaccomplishtheabove-mentionedglorioustask.

以neither,nor,so等開始的句子:由so引起的表示前面所說情況也適用于另一人(或東西)的句子(肯定句),由neither,nor引起的表示前面所說情況也適用于另一人(或東西)的句子(否定句),助動詞或be置于主語前.

“Wemuststartforthework-sitenow”.“Somustwe.”

Iamquitewillingtohelpandsoaretheothers.

Hedidn’tdropanyhint.Nor(Neither)didhissecretary.

“Iwon’tdosuchathing.”“Nor(Neither)willI.”

如果一個句子只是重復(fù)前面一句話的意思,盡管是用so開頭,語序也不要顛倒.

“Itwascoldyesterday.”“Soitwas.”

“TomorrowwillbeMonday.”“Soitwill.”

當(dāng)句首狀語為never,little,notonly,notuntil,hardly,scarcely等否定詞或有否定意義的詞語時,一般引起部分倒裝.

Nolongeraretheystayingwithus.

Nosoonerhadhearrivedtherethanhefellill.

UndernocircumstancescouldIagreetosuchaprinciple.

表示位置或方向的副詞提前,謂語動詞為go,come等表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動作動詞而主語又較長時,通常用全部倒裝:

Therewasasuddengustofwindandawaywenthishat.

ThedoorburstopenandIrushedthecrowd.

Therecomesthebus!

Nowcomesyourturn.

1.如果主語是代詞,仍用正常語序:Therecomesyourturn.

有here引起,謂語為be的句子,也要倒裝:

HereisChina’slargesttropicalforest.

Herearesomepicture-books.

2.如果主語是代詞,仍用正常語序:Hereweare.Thisisthenewrailwaystation.

“Givemesomepaper.”“Hereyouare.”

3.表語和系動詞提前:介詞短語:OntheothersidewasnorthernXinjiang.

Nearthesouthernendofthevillagewasalargepearorchard.

形容詞:Veryimportantinthefarmer’slifeistheradioweatherreport.

Worstofallwerethehumiliationshesuffered.

副詞:Belowisarestaurant.

Southwestofthereservoirwere2,000acresofsandywasteland.

分詞:HousedintheCulturalPalacearealibrary,anauditoriumandrecreationrooms.

Hiddenundergroundisawealthofgold,silver,copper,leadandzink.

Lyingonthefloorwasaboyagedabout17.

Standingbesidethetablewasaninterpreter.

4句首狀語若由only+副詞,only+介詞詞組,only+狀語從句構(gòu)成,引起局部倒裝:Onlyyesterdaydidhefindoutthathiswatchwasmissing.

Onlythroughsheerluckdidhemanagetogetsometickets.

Onlybecausethereweresomecancelledbookingsdidhegetsometicketsintheend.

有notonly開頭的句子或分句,往往引起局部倒裝:Notonlydidhecomplainaboutthefood,healsorefusedtopayforit.

Notonlydidthegarageoverchargeme,buttheyhadn’tdoneaverygoodrepairjobeither.非謂語動詞與獨立主格：短語，句子(或者句子，短語)當(dāng)短語部分有獨立主語，并且該主語不同于句子主語，這時短語結(jié)構(gòu)稱為獨立主格。(它最明顯的特點是短語部分有獨立的主語)。

獨立主格的結(jié)構(gòu)1：名詞(代詞)+分詞[現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞]現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動的，正在進行的行為；過去分詞表示被動的，已經(jīng)完成的行為。作題時要通過判斷動作與名詞(代詞)之間的關(guān)系來確定是使用現(xiàn)在分詞還是過去分詞。當(dāng)動作由名詞(代詞)發(fā)出時使用現(xiàn)在分詞，而名詞(代詞)是受動者時則用過去分詞。

1.Silveristhebestconductorofelectricity，copper_B_itclosely。

AfollowedBfollowingCtofollowDbeingfollowed

2.Allthings_A_，theplannedtripwillhavetobecalledoff。

AconsideredBbeconsideredCconsideringDhavingconsideredcalloff取消；cancelvt.取消；四級中的考點就是現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的區(qū)別。

獨立主格的結(jié)構(gòu)2：with+名詞(代詞)+分詞[句子當(dāng)中作狀語]3.AftertheArabstateswonindependence，greatemphasiswaslaidonexpandingeducation，withgirlsaswellasboys_C_togotoschool。

AtobeencouragedBbeenencouragedCbeingencouragedDbeencouragedaswellas和(相當(dāng)于and)；beencouraged不會考。

動詞不定式有預(yù)示將來行為的含義。tobeencouraged將要被鼓勵；

beenencouraged已經(jīng)被鼓勵完了，與主句的謂語動詞相對；beingencouraged正在被鼓勵

短語部分沒有獨立主語，則短語結(jié)構(gòu)稱為非謂語動詞。

非謂語動詞的結(jié)構(gòu)：分詞(分詞短語)

句子的主語決定非謂語動詞中的分詞是用主動還是被動形式。如果是句子的主語發(fā)出動作，則使用現(xiàn)在分詞；如果動作不是由句子的主語發(fā)出，則使用過去分詞。

1.Nomatterhowfrequently_A_，theworksofBeethovenalwaysattractlargeaudiences。

AperformedBperformingCtobeperformedDbeingperformedperformvt.表演，演出，演奏；

tobeperformed將要被演奏；beingperformed正在被演奏；

一些特殊的動詞：

第一點：forget忘記；[反義]remember記得；

這兩個詞后加動詞不定式表示將要進行的行為；這兩個詞后加動詞ing形式表示已經(jīng)做過的事情。

注意：動名詞與現(xiàn)在分詞形式一樣，但含義不同。這兩個詞后加動詞ing形式都是動名詞。

forgettodosth.忘記要去做某事；forgetdoingsth.忘記做過某事；

remembertodosth.記得要去做某事；rememberdoingsth.記得做過某事；

2.Iremember_B_tohelpusifweevergotintotrouble。

AonceofferingBhimonceofferingChimtoofferDtoofferhimoffervt.提出，提供；offersb.sth./offertodosth。

himonceoffering如果改成hisonceoffering也正確。2013年大學(xué)英語四級常用語法精選Ⅰ動詞(時態(tài),語態(tài),用法,省略,一致性等)時態(tài)1)現(xiàn)在完成進行時態(tài)(have/hasbeen+-ing分詞構(gòu)成):動作或狀態(tài)從過去某時開始,繼續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,可能繼續(xù)下去,也可能剛剛結(jié)束.

I’vebeenwritinglettersforanhour.

I’vebeensittinginthegarden.

2)過去完成進行時(由hadbeen+ing分詞構(gòu)成):過去某個時刻以前一直在進行的動作

I’dbeenworkingforsometimewhenhecalled.

Wehadbeenwaitingforherfortwohoursbythetimeshecame.

3)將來完成進行時:將來某個時刻以前一直在進行的動作.

Bynextsummer,hewillhavebeenworkingherefortwentyyears.

Inanothermonth’stimeshe’llhavebeenstudyinghereforthreeyears.

4)將來完成時(由shall/willhave+過去分詞構(gòu)成):將來某時已發(fā)生的事.

Ishallhavefinishedthisonebeforelunch.

They’llhavehittheyear’stargetbytheendofOctober.

語態(tài)可以有兩種被動結(jié)構(gòu)的類型,例如:

Hewassaidtobejealousofhersuccess.

Itwassaidthathewasjealousofhersuccess.

能同時適用于上述兩個句型的主動詞通常都是表示“估計”,“相信”等意義的動詞,常見的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等.

Itissupposedthattheshiphasbeensunk.

Theshipissupposedtohavebeensunk.

擔(dān)當(dāng)besupposedto與不定式的一般形式搭配時往往表示不同的意義.例如:

Whyareyoudrivingsofastinthisarea?Youaresupposedtoknowthespeedtoknowthespeedlimit.(你應(yīng)該曉得速度限制)

雙賓語及賓補結(jié)構(gòu)的被動語態(tài)

雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu)的被動語態(tài):雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時,可以把主動結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z,另一個賓語仍然保留在謂語后面,但多數(shù)是把間接賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z.

Hewasaskedanumberofquestionsatthepressconference.

Twodayswereallowedthemformakingthenecessarypreparations.

賓補結(jié)構(gòu)的被動語態(tài):

ShewascalledBigSisterbyeverybody.

Thenhewasmadeasquadleader.

Hewasconsideredquitequalifiedforthejob.

Theroomwasalwayskeptcleanandtidy.

短語動詞Vi+advTheplanetookofftwohourslate.

Vi+prepTheylookedroundtheCathedral.

Vi+prep(有被動語態(tài))

She’slookingafterhersister’schildren.

Thechildrenwerealwayswelllookedafter.

Vi+adv+prepIbegantolookforwardtotheirvisits.

Vt+O+advSomewomenchoosetostayathomeandbringuptheirchildren.

Thechildrenwerebroughtupbytheirmother.

Theytookhimon.

Vt+adv+O(無被動語態(tài))

Iamtryingtogiveupsmoking.

Vt+O+prepWetalkedDonaldintoagreement.在以as,than,when,if,unless等引導(dǎo)的從句中的省略:在有些狀語從句中,如果謂語包含有動詞be,主語又和主句的主語一致a),或者主語是itb),就常常可以把從句中的主語和謂語的一部分(特別是動詞be)省略掉.

Lookoutforcarswhencrossingthestreet.

Whentakenaccordingtothedirections,thedrughasnosideeffects.

Whiletherehejoinedinvoluntarylabouronaproject.

Althoughnotyetsixmonthsold,shewasabletowalkwithoutsupport.

Ifnotwellmanaged,irrigationcanbeharmful.

Thoughreducedinnumbers,theygainedinfightingcapacity.

Thisviewpoint,howeverunderstandable,iswrong.

Enemies,oncediscovered,weretightlyencircledandcompletelywipedout.

Shehurriedlylefttheroomasthough/ifangry.

Sheworkedextremelyhardthoughstillratherpoorinhealth.

Fillintheapplicationasinstructed.

Wheneverknown,suchfactsshouldbereported.

Thedocumentswillbereturnedassoonassigned.

Hesaidthatnoacrobatcouldeverperformthosedaringfeatsunlesstrainedveryyoung.

Oncehavingmadeapromise,youshouldkeepit.

IfnecessaryI’llhavetheletterduplicated.

Fillintheblankswitharticleswhere(ver)necessary.

Ifpossible,Ishouldliketohavetwocopiesofit.

Asscheduled,theymetonJanuary20attheChineseEmbassy.

在以thana)或asb)引起的從句中,常會有一些成分省略.

Hetoldmenottousemorematerialthan(itis)necessary.

Weshouldthinkmoreofthecollectivethanofourselves.

Theyworkedwithasmuchenthusiasmasyoungpeople(did).

Heisnowavice-manager,butstilloftenworksinthekitchenasbefore.

Theirtrainingisfree,asisalleducation.

Wewill,asalways,standonyourside.

錯誤的省略

HislifeisasfullycommittedtobooksasanyoneIknow.

Whilestandingthereinhernightgown,twobulletsstruckthewallbesideher.

一致

如果主語是單數(shù),盡管后面跟有with,togetherwith,aswellas,asmuchas,nolessthan,morethan等引導(dǎo)的短語,謂語動詞仍舊用單數(shù)形式.

Terry,alongwithherfriend,goesskatingeverySaturday.

Anexpert,togetherwithsomeassistants,wassenttohelpinthiswork.

Thecaptain,aswellasthecoaches,wasdisappointedintheteam.代詞作主語時的一致each,either,neither和由some,any,no,every構(gòu)成的復(fù)合代詞,都作單數(shù)看待.

Eachofushassomethingtosay.

Iseverybodyready?

Somebodyisusingthephone.

Neitherofushasgonethroughregulartraining.

Haseitherofthemtoldyou?

some,few,both,many等作復(fù)數(shù)

some可后接復(fù)數(shù),也可接單數(shù),表示某一.

none作復(fù)數(shù)看待時較多,但也有時作單數(shù)看待,主要看說話人腦中聯(lián)系想到的是復(fù)數(shù)還是單數(shù)概念,但none在代表不可數(shù)的東西時總是看作單數(shù):

NoneofthebooksareeasyenoughforusNoneofusseemtohavethoughtofit.

None(=notasingleone)ofushasgotacamera.

None(=nobody)hasfeltitmorekeenlythanshedid.

Noneofthisworriesme.

all和most可后接復(fù)數(shù),也可接不可數(shù)名詞(allofthe…,mostofthe…),動詞用單數(shù).

由and或both…and連接名詞詞組時,后用復(fù)數(shù);由notonly…but(also),either…or,neither…nor或or連接的并列主語,謂語通常和最鄰近的主語一致

Notonlytheswitchesbutalsotheoldwritinghasbeenchanged.

Mysisterormybrotherislikelytobeathome.

EitheryouorMrYangistodothework.

NeithermywifenorImyselfamabletopersuademydaughtertochangehermind.

如果一個句子是由there或here引導(dǎo),而主語又不止一個,謂語通常也和最鄰近的那個主語一致。

Therewascarvedintheboardadragonandaphoenix.

Hereisapen,afewenvelopesandsomepaperforyou.

people,police,cattle,poultry(家禽),militia(民兵)等通常都用作復(fù)數(shù).

Cattlearegrazingonthepasture.

Thepolicearelookingforhim.

有些集體名詞有時作單數(shù)看待,有時作復(fù)數(shù)看待,主要根據(jù)意思來決定.

Hisfamilyisn’tverylarge.

Hisfamilyareallmusiclovers.

Thecommitteemeetstwiceamonth.

Thecommitteearedividedinopinion.

Theaudiencewasenormous.

Theaudienceweregreatlymovedatthewords.

有些名詞單復(fù)數(shù)同形,可根據(jù)意思決定謂語動詞的數(shù):

Thisnewseriesisbeginningnextmonth.

Thesenewseriesarebeginningnextmonth.

Thisspeciesisnowextinct.

Thesespeciesarenowextinct.

表示時間,重量,長度,價值等的名詞,盡管仍是復(fù)數(shù)形式,如果作整體看待,動詞也可用單數(shù)形式(當(dāng)然用復(fù)數(shù)動詞也是可以的):

Threeweekswasallowedformakingthenecessarypreparations.

Onehundredliwascoveredinasinglenight.

書名,國家名用單數(shù):

TalesfromShakespeareisabookbyCharlesLamb.

學(xué)科名,如mathematics,economics用單數(shù).

manya或morethanone所修飾的詞作主語時,謂語動詞多用單數(shù)形式:

Manyapersonhashadthatkindofexperience.

Morethanonepersonhasinvolvedinthecase.

anumberof后接復(fù)數(shù),thenumberof后接單數(shù):

Anumberofbookshavebeenpublishedonthesubject.

Thenumberofbookspublishedonthesubjectissimplyamazing.

oneofthose后用單數(shù).在“oneof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+關(guān)系分句”結(jié)構(gòu)中，關(guān)系分句中謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式在一般情況下有兩形式，一是根據(jù)先行詞采用復(fù)數(shù)形式：

Joanisoneofthosepeoplewhogooutoftheirwaytobehelpful.

當(dāng)one之前友theonly等限定詞和修飾語時，關(guān)系分句謂語動詞根據(jù)one而定，即采用單數(shù)形式：

Heistheonlyoneofthoseboyswhoiswillingtotakeonanotherassignment.

Joanisoneofthosepeoplewhogooutoftheirwaytobehelpful.

當(dāng)one之前友theonly等限定詞和修飾語時，關(guān)系分句謂語動詞根據(jù)one而定，即采用單數(shù)形式：

Heistheonlyoneofthoseboyswhoiswillingtotakeonanotherassignment.

Ⅱ非謂語動詞不定式

形式

主動形式被動形式

一般式todotobedone

完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone

進行式tobedoing

完成進行式tohavebeendoing

完成式:不定式的一般形式所表示的動作,通常與主要謂語表示的動作(狀態(tài))同時(或幾乎同時)發(fā)生,或是在它之后發(fā)生.假如不定式所表示的動作,在謂語所表示的動作(狀態(tài))之前發(fā)生,就要用不定式的完成式。

Iamgladtohaveseenyourmother(=IamgladIhaveseenyourmother).

(比較:Iamgladtoseeyou.)

Heissaidtohavewrittenanewbookaboutworkers.

Hepretendednottohaveseenme.

進行式:如果主要謂語表示的動作(狀態(tài))發(fā)生時,不定式表示的動作正在進行,這時要用不定式的進行式。

Youarenotsupposedtobeworking.Youhaven'tquiterecoveredyet.

Wedidn'texpectyoutobewaitingforushere.

Hepretendedtobelisteningattentively.

完成進行式:在謂語所表示的時間之前一直進行的動作,就要用不定式的完成進行式.

Thestrugglewasknowntohavebeengoingfortwentyyears.

Wearehappytohavebeenworkingwithyou.被動式:當(dāng)不定式的邏輯上的主語是不定式所表示的動作的承受者時,不定式一般要用被動形式.

Itisanhonourformetobeaskedtospeakhere.

Shehatedtobeflattered.

Hewantedthelettertobetypedatonce.

Thisisboundtobefoundout.

Therearealotofthingstobedone.

Shewastooyoungtobeassignedsuchwork.

功用:不定式可以作主語(a),賓語(b),表語(c),定語(d)或是狀語(e).

a.Toscoldherwouldnotbejust.

b.Weareplanningtobuildareservoirhere.

c.Oneofourmaintasksnowistomechanizeagriculture.

d.Doyouhaveanythingtodeclare?

e.Wehavecometolearnfromyou.

不帶to的不定式:在“動詞+賓語+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中,如果動詞是表示感覺意義的see,hear,watch,smell,feel,notice等,或是表示“致使”意義的have,make,let等,其后的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)不帶to.

Johnmadehertellhimeverything.

這類結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換為被動語態(tài)時,后面的不帶