語法復(fù)習(xí)八：動詞時態(tài)和語態(tài)

語法復(fù)習(xí)八：動詞時態(tài)和語態(tài)（1）一、動詞的分類和形式：動詞是表示動作和狀態(tài)的詞。動詞有時態(tài)、語態(tài)和語氣3種形式的變化。 1、動詞按其能否獨立作謂語而分為：“謂語動詞”和“非謂語動詞”兩種 2、動詞的4種基本形式：動詞原形、過去式、過去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞。 3、動詞按其構(gòu)成動詞詞組作用分為：實義動詞、連系動詞、情態(tài)動詞和助動詞。1）實義動詞分為及物動詞和不及物動詞。還可分為持續(xù)性動詞和瞬間動詞；2）連系動詞有兩種：一種表特征或狀態(tài)，另一種表狀態(tài)變化過程。 4、五種不同的短語動詞：1）“動詞+介詞”；2）“動詞+副詞”；3）“動詞+副詞+介詞”；4）“動詞+名詞（或代詞）+介詞”；5）“be+形容詞（包括相當(dāng)于形容詞的過去分詞+介詞”。二、動詞的時態(tài)：1、一般現(xiàn)在時的用法：1）表示現(xiàn)在的習(xí)慣，經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。2）表示主語的特征、性格和能力。3）表示客觀事實或真理。4）表示按照計劃安排好的將來行為。（只限于是go,come,leave,start,stop,be等開始或移動意義的詞。）2、一般過去時的用法：1）表示過去的動作或狀態(tài)。2）敘述過去連續(xù)發(fā)生的事情。3）表示過去一段時間內(nèi)經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作。3、一般將來時的用法：1）表示將來的動作或狀態(tài)。2）表示將來的經(jīng)常動作。4、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時的用法：1）表示說話時正在進(jìn)行的動作。2）表示現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動作。（說話時動作不一定進(jìn)行。）5、過去進(jìn)行進(jìn)的用法：1）過去某一時刻或某一段時間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動作。2）表示移動的動詞：come,start,stay,leave,go等詞的過去進(jìn)行時可以表示過去的將來要發(fā)生的動作。3）wasgoingtodo可以表示在過去某一時間之后發(fā)生的動作。6、現(xiàn)在完成時的用法：1）表示剛剛完成的動作，常與just連用。2）表示過去發(fā)生而持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)，甚至延續(xù)到將來。常與since,for連用，但for,since不能與終止性的動詞連用。3）表示過去的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。7、現(xiàn)在完成時與一般過去時的區(qū)別：1）現(xiàn)在完成時與現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系，它表示過去的動作對現(xiàn)在所產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果、影響。一般過去時通常表示在過去某一具體時間發(fā)生的動作，與現(xiàn)在沒什么聯(lián)系。2）現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的行為；一般過去時著重過去某一時刻的某一具體動作。8、過去完成的用法：1）表示在過去某一或動作之前已經(jīng)完成的動作。常與by,before等介詞短語或一個狀語從句或上下文暗示。2）表示由過去某一時間開始，一直延續(xù)到過去另一時間的動作，常和for（有時可省去）或since構(gòu)成的短語或since引導(dǎo)的從句連用。9、過去將來時的用法：表示對于過去某一時刻而言將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。練習(xí)一：動詞時態(tài)與語態(tài)（1）1.WhenIsawMary,she______onthepiano.A.isplaying B.plays C.wasplaying D.played2.She______thedoorbeforeshegoesaway.A.hadlocked B.islocking C.haslocked. D.waslocking.3.Ahunterisamanwho______animals.A.catch B.catches C.willcatch D.wascatching4.What_____ifIdrinkthis?A.happens B.ishappening C.willhappen D.ishappened5.IwillvisityouifFather______me.A.let B.lets C.isletting D.willlet6.Lookout!Thattree_____falldown.A.isgoingto B.willbe C.shall D.would7.Myuncle_____toseeme.He'llbeheresoon.A.comes B.iscoming C.hadcome D.came8.Theycan'tleaveuntilthey_____theirwork.A.did B.aredoing C.havedone D.hasdone9."Hasheseenthisfilm?" "Yes.He______itseveraldaysago."A.saw B.hasseen C.hadseen D.wasseeing10.NowMikeisn'there.He______MrGreen's.Perhapshe______backinafewminutes.A.wentto;iscoming B.hasgoneto;willcomeC.hasbeento;willbe D.isgoingto;hascome11.Thatdayhe._______hisclothesbeforehecametoseeme.A.haswashed B.washed C.hadbeenwashingD.waswashed12.Ihaven'tfinishedmycomposition. I______fortwohoursandahalf.A.havewrittenit B.havebeenwritingitC.wroteit D.amwrittingit13.IwilltakemydaughterwithmewhenI_____ShangHai,A.goto B.willgoto C.havebeento D.havegoneto14.Thisbrightgirl______thetruthinfrontoftheenemy.A.didn'tsay B.couldn'tspeakto C.said D.didn'ttell15.Thebridgewhich______lastyearlooksreallybeautiful.A.wasbuilt B.built C.wassetup D.hadbeenbuilt16."When______schoolbegin?" "NextMonday."A.has B.does C.did D.isgoingto17.Iwill______heretillyougivemesomemoney.A.leave B.notleave C.come D.return18.I_____heresinceImovedhere.A.willwork B.worked C.work D.havebeenworking19.EverytimeI_____there,Iwillbuyhimsomethingnice.A.went B.willgo C.go D.havegone20.Itwassaidthathisfather______.A.hasdied B.died. C.hasbeendead D.haddied21.Wewon'tgounlessyou______soon.A.hadcome B.came C.willcome D.come22._____sixyearssinceIbeganstudyingEnglish.A.Theyhavebeen B.itis C.Itwas D.Thereare23.They______theSummerA.havegoneto B.havebeento C.havebeenin D.havegoneinto24."Howlonghaven'tweseeneachother?""Well,it_____nearlytwoyearssincewe______last."A.is/havemet B.was/hadmet C.is/met D.hasbeen/hadmet25."Haveyouseentheartexhibition?""No,_____there."A.itwasnotbeingheld B.theydidn'tholdC.ithadnotheld D.theywereholdingit26.Don'tgetoffthebusuntilit______.A.stop B.willstop C.stopped D.hasstopped27."Where______therecorder?Ican'tseeitanywhere.""I_____itrighthere.Butnowit'sgone."A.didyouput/haveput B.haveyouput/putC.hadyouput/wasputting D.wereyouputting/haveput28.Theyaskedmetohaveadrinkwiththem.Isaidthatitwas10yearssinceI______agooddrink.A.hadenjoyed B.wasenjoying C.enjoyedD.hadbeenenjoying29.Don'tcometonight.Iwouldratheryou_____tomorrow.A.come B.came C.willcome D.coming30.______you______?A.Do/marry B.Have/married C.Have/beenmarried D.Are/married31.Whenhe______allthenewspapers,he'llgohome.A.sells B.hassold C.willhavesold D.willbesold32."Thiscloth_____welland_____long.""Ok.I'lltakeit."A.washes/lasts B.iswashed/lasted C.washes/islasted D.iswashing/lasting33."Hurryup,you______onthephone.""Oh,I'mcoming.Thankyou."A.arewanted B.arebeingwanted C.want D.arewanting34.I______seeyou,butIdidn't,forIhadnotime.A.hadwantedto B.haswantedto C.wanted D.waswanted35.I______inGuangZhouforsixyearsbythisOctober.A.havelived B.wasliving C.willbeliving D.shallhavelived36.Bythistimenextyearhe______fromthecollege.A.willbegraduating B.shouldbegraduatingC.willhavegraduated D.isgraduating37.Ourteachertoldusthattheearth_____fromwesttoeast.A.turns B.turn C.hasturned D.hadturned38.Mybrother_____whilehe_____hisbicycleandhurthimself.A.fell/wasriding B.fell/wereridingC.hadfallen/rode D.hadfallen/wasriding39.Billsaidhe____twenty-onethenextyear.A.wasgoingtobe B.wasabouttobe C.couldbe D.wastobe40.Itishightimeyou_____inbednow.A.are B.were C.willbe D.wouldbe41.Afterawhileanagreement_____.A.wasarrivedat B.wasarrivedin C.wasarrived D.hasbeenarrived42.TheairlinerfromBeijing_____at3:00p.m.A.isabouttoarrive B.hasarrived C.arrives D.isgoingtoarrive43.______,thatstepisnotsafe!A.Lookaround B.Lookup C.Lookout D.Lookdown44."Haveyou_____himtogiveupsmoking?" "No.I_____,buthewouldn'tlisten."A.persuaded/tried B.tried/persuaded C.tried/tried D.persuaded/persuaded45.Theresearchlaboratoryisgoingto______thenewtypeofcomputertouse.A.take B.make C.put D.send46.Idon'tknowwhenhe______,butwhenhe______,I'llletyouknow.A.willcome/comes B.comes/willcome C.comes/comes D.willcome/willcome47.Howmuchdoyouthinkthatvase_____?A.iscost B.used C.waspaidfor D.cost48.I_____thathewouldbeabletoleavetomorrow,butit'sbeginningtolookdiffcult. A.hope B.hadhoped C.hoped D.amhoping49.“Comeon,Peter,Iwanttoshowyousomething.” “Oh,howniceofyou,I_____you_____tobringmeagift.” A.neverthink/aregoing B.neverthought/weregoing C.didn’tthink/aregoing D.hadn’tthought/weregoing50.It’saniceflat,butit_____aproperbathroom. A.haven’tgot B.hasn’tgot C.wouldn’tget D.doesn’thavegot51.Shehadashockwhensheheardthenews,_____? A.hadn’tshe B.didn’tshe C.wouldn’tshe D.won’tshe52.Thisliquid_____thesaltatroomtemperature. A.becamemixedwith B.wasmixedby C.mixeswith D.hasbeenmixingby

動詞時態(tài)和語態(tài)（2）一、時態(tài)的呼應(yīng)：在復(fù)合句，從句（主要是賓語從句）中的時態(tài)，常受主句謂語動詞的影響，這就叫做時態(tài)的呼應(yīng)，時態(tài)的呼應(yīng)一般有如下的情況。 1、如果主句的謂語動詞為現(xiàn)在時態(tài)，其從句中的謂語動詞應(yīng)該用什么時態(tài)就用什么時態(tài)，如：SheknowsyouhavebeeninBeijingforfiverears. 2、如果主句中的謂語動詞為過去時態(tài)，從句中的謂語動詞就要用過去時態(tài)，但要注意到下列情況：（1）如果從句中的謂語動詞所表示的動作與主句中的謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生，從句中須用一般過去時或過去進(jìn)行時，如：Shesaidshewasbusythen.(2)如果從句中的謂語動詞所表示的動作發(fā)生在主句謂語動詞所表示的動作之前，從句中須用過去完成時，如：Ididn’tknowthatshehadbeentoLondontwice.(3)如果從句中的謂語動詞所表示的動作發(fā)生在主句謂語動詞所表示的動作之后，從句須用過去將來時，如：Theydidn’tknowwhentheywouldhavearest.(4)如果從句中說明的是一種普遍真理現(xiàn)象，雖然主句的謂語動詞為過去時態(tài)從句中仍要用一般現(xiàn)在時，如：WhenIwasalittlechild,myfathertoldmethattheearthisround.(5)如果從句中有表示具體過去時間的狀語，雖然其謂語動詞所表示的動作發(fā)生在主句謂語動詞所表示的動作之前，從句仍用一般過去時，但如果該狀語表示的時間不具體，則從句仍要用過去完成時，如：二、被動語態(tài)：英語動詞的語態(tài)有兩種：主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者，被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者，在被動語態(tài)的句子中，動作的執(zhí)行者，一般由介詞by引起的短語來表示，如:Weoftenhelpthem.(主動)我們常幫助他們。Theyareoftenhelpedbyus.(被動)他們常被我們幫助。1、被動語態(tài)各時態(tài)的形式是由助動詞be的各時態(tài)的形式加及物動詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成。2、被動語態(tài)八種時態(tài)的用法例句:被動語態(tài)常用的八種時態(tài)的基本用法和主動語態(tài)各時態(tài)的基本用法相同，只是句中的主語不是動作的執(zhí)行者，而是動作的承受者，如:(1)一般現(xiàn)在時：NowEnglishistaughtinallmiddleschoolsinourcountry.(2)一般過去時：TheGreathallofthePeoplewasbuiltin1959.(3)一般將來時:Whenwilltheworkbefinished?(4)過去將來時：Hetoldusthattheworkwouldbefinishedthenextday.(5)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時：Yourtractorisbeingrepairednow.(6)過去進(jìn)行時：Thechildwasbeingexaminedbythedoctorwhentheycamein.(7)現(xiàn)在完成時：Theworkhasn’tbeenfinishedyet.(8)過去完成:Thenewplanhadbeencarriedoutbeforethesecondexperimentbegan. 3、在下列情況下，一般使用被動語態(tài)：（1）當(dāng)不知道動作執(zhí)行者是誰或沒有必要提到動作執(zhí)行者時，如：PaperwasfirstmadeinChina.（2）當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)或突出動作承受者的作用時，如：Thenewmachinewasinventedbya20-year-oldyoungworker. 4、由主動語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換為被動語態(tài)的幾種句型：（1）將一個句子由主動語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換為被動語態(tài)時，可按下列步驟進(jìn)行：①先將主動結(jié)構(gòu)的賓語改為被動結(jié)構(gòu)的主語；②再將主動語態(tài)動詞改為被動語態(tài)動詞；③最后在被動語態(tài)之后加介詞by，并將主動結(jié)構(gòu)的主語放在by之后（經(jīng)常被省略），構(gòu)成介詞短語；④由主動語態(tài)動詞改為被動語態(tài)動詞時，要注意被動語態(tài)動詞中助動詞be的各種形式變化，因為被動語態(tài)動詞的不同人稱和數(shù)是由助動詞be不同的形式來表示的，如：Treesareplantedeveryspring.（２）如果主動語態(tài)動詞后又有直接賓語，又有間接賓語，一般是將間接賓語改為被動語態(tài)句中的主語，將直接賓語保留在原處。如將直接賓語改為被動語態(tài)句中的主語，將間接賓語保留在原處時，一般要在間接賓語前加介詞to或for，如：Grandmatoldmeaninterestingstorylastnight.→Ｉwastoldaninterestingstorylastnight./Aninterestingstorywastoldtomelastnight.（３）主動語態(tài)中的賓語加帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語時，改為被動語態(tài)時，就將賓語改為主語，將賓補(bǔ)保留在原處，而成為被動語態(tài)句中主語的補(bǔ)足語了。賓補(bǔ)可以有下列幾種情況：①賓補(bǔ)為動詞不定式，如：Theyaskedhertosingasong.→Shewasaskedtosingasong.在動詞make,see,hear,watch,notice等之后，不定式的to在主動語態(tài)里可要省略，而被動語態(tài)里不能省，如：Tomwasseentocomeoutofthelab.②賓補(bǔ)為分詞，如：Theyheardthemsingingatthetime.→Theywereheardsingingatthattime.③賓補(bǔ)為形容詞、副詞、名詞或介詞短語，如：Shekeptmebusyallthemorning.→Iwaskeptbusyallthemorning.（４）如果主動語態(tài)中的謂語動詞為短語動詞，改為被動語態(tài)時，要注意不要遺漏短語中的介詞或副詞，以保持短語動詞的完整性，如：Shealwaystakesgoodcareofthechildren.→Thechildrenarealwaystakengoodcareof.（５）含有情態(tài)動詞的動詞改為被動語態(tài)時是將情態(tài)動詞后面的動詞原形改為被動語態(tài)，因其前有情態(tài)動詞，所以構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)的助動詞be就要使用原形，如：TheymustfinishtheworkbeforeFriday.→TheworkmustbefinishedbeforeFriday.（６）begoingto,beto,usedto,haveto和hadbetter等結(jié)構(gòu)，其作用相當(dāng)于情態(tài)動詞或助動詞，在改為被動語態(tài)時，只需將后面的動詞原形改為被動語態(tài)即可，如：Thearenotgoingtoputoffthefootballmatch.→Thefootballmatchisnotgoingtobeputoff. 練習(xí)二、動詞時態(tài)與語態(tài)（2）53.Anexhibitionofpaintings____atthemuseumnextweek.A.aretobeheldB.istobeheldC.areholding D.willhold54.I'msorry,sir.Yourrecorderisn'treadyyet.It_____inthefactory.A.isbeingrepairedB.isrepairedC.hasbeenrepaired D.hasn'trepaired55.Everypossiblemeans,butnoneprovesuccessful.A.hastriedB.hasbeentriedC.isbeingtriedD.tried56._______thattheycanpassthewrittenexamthistime.A.ThatishopedB.ItishopedC.Thathopes D.Ithopes57.Mylittlesisterhasbrokenmywatch. ----Mywatch_____bymylittlesister.A.isbrokenB.hasbrokenC.havebeenbroken D.hasbeenbroken58.HewascleaninghisroomwhenIenteredthehouse.----Hisroom_____byhimwhenIenteredtheroom.A.wasbeingcleaned B.wascleanedC.wasbeingcleaningD.hasbeencleaned59.IshallhaveFinishedreadingthenovelbydinnertime.----Thisnovel_____reading(byme)bydinnertime.A.willhavefinished.B.willhasbeenfinishedC.willhavebeingfinishedD.willhavebeenfinished60.Yououghttokeepthesethreeroomsclean.----Thesethreerooms______(byyou).A.areoughtedtokeepcleanB.oughttokeptcleanC.oughttobekeptcleanD.oughttohavebeenkeptclean61.Youareabouttowriteapoem,aren'tyou? ----Apoem_____(byyou),_____?A.isabouttobewritten,aren'tyouB.isabouttobewriting,isn’titC.isabouttobewriting,aren'tyouD.isabouttobewritten,isn’tit62.Shehadbetterleaveanotetohim.----Anote_____tohim(byher).A.hadbetterleftB.hadbebetterleftC.hadbetterbeleftD.hadbetterbeenleft63.Hedoesn'tdohishomeworkeveryday.----Hishomework______byhimeveryday.A.doesn'tbedone B.aren'tdoneC.don'tbedoneD.isn’tdone64.Wemusttakecareofourparentswhentheyareold.----Ourparents______whentheyareold.A.mustbetakencareB.mustbetookcarsC.musttakecareofD.mustbetakencareof65.Peoplelookdownuponhimbecauseheisaliar.----He_____becauseheisaliar.A.islookeddownB.islookeddownuponC.looksdownuponD.looksdown66.Fatherwillgivemeadictionaryonmybirthday.----Adictionary______mebyFatheronmybirthday.A.shallbegiventoB.willgiveC.shallgivetoD.willbegivingto67.Weelectedherleader. ----Shebyus.A.iselectedleaderB.wasleaderelectedC.waselectedleaderD.leaderwaselected68.----Peoplewholivealongthisroadreceivetheirmailintheseboxes.----Whyareallofthe______?A.greypaintedmailboxes B.mailboxesgreypaintedC.mailboxespaintedgrey D.paintedgreymailboxes69.Isawhimentertheroom. ----He______theroom.A.isseenenterB.isseentoenter C.wasseentoenter D.wasseenenter70.Thequestionaskedbyhimishard_____.A.toanswerB.tobeanswered C.tobeanswering D.foranswer71.Howsweetthemusic______!A.soundstobeB.issounded C.issoundedtobe D.sounds72.Inwarmweatherfruitandmeat______long.A.don'tkeepB.cannotbekept C.arenotkept D.arenotkeeping73.Hereceivedatelegram___"MotherSick."A.written B.said C.reading D.writing74.Theclassroom______30feetlong.A.measuresB.ismeasured C.has D.haslength75.Doyouremember______?A.howitisdone B.ithowtobedone C.Howisitdoneby D.howtodo76.tohavebeenrich.A.TheysayB.Itissaid C.Heissaid D.Thatwassaid77.Mathematicsisdifficult______.A.tolearnB.forlearningC.tobelearnedD.oflearning78.MyhairissolongthatImustgotoabarber'sshopand______.A.havetocutitB.haveitcutC.getittobecutD.tocutit79.Thepencil______well.A.writesB.iswrittenC.waswrittenD.writing80.----Ican'tseetheblackboardverywell.----Perhapsyouneed______.A.toexamineyoureyesB.tohaveyoureyesexaminedC.tohaveexaminedyoureyesD.tobeexaminedyoureyes81.----Whereisthecoffeetable?----Tomjusthadit____away.A.moveB.movingC.movedD.moves82.Goodmedicine______tothemouth.A.tastesbitterB.tastesbitterlyC.istastedbitterD.istastedbitterly83.Whichgirlwontheprize? _____A.Bywhichgirlistheprizewon?B.Whichgirlwastheprizewon?C.Bywhichgirldidshewintheprize?D.Bywhichgirlwastheprizewon?84.---Wheredidyougetthathandsomepicture?---