閱讀理解之議論文-2023年中考英語(yǔ)考點(diǎn)專項(xiàng)突破

專項(xiàng)40閱讀理解之議論文

備戰(zhàn)2023年中考英語(yǔ)精選考點(diǎn)專項(xiàng)突破

考點(diǎn)詳解

議論文往往有觀點(diǎn)，有事實(shí)，邏輯性強(qiáng)，命題往往從事實(shí)的有關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)及文章的主旨或作者的表達(dá)意圖

等方面著手，考查我們的思維能力和判斷能力。所以考生要培養(yǎng)根據(jù)上下文猜詞的能力，或者說(shuō)根據(jù)情境

能揣測(cè)作者的意圖。議論文的閱讀同其他體裁文章的閱讀理解一樣，可以有主旨大意、細(xì)節(jié)理解、推理判

斷、詞義猜測(cè)等幾種出題方式。

二、解題方法：

一、重視文章標(biāo)題，找準(zhǔn)全文主題句，把握文章主旨

標(biāo)題往往是全文的主題，審視標(biāo)題，有利于理解全文，提高解題效率。主題句對(duì)全文起提示、啟迪、

概括、歸納之作用。根據(jù)主題句既可以知道文章議論的是什么，也可以知道作者希望讀者了解主題方面的

哪些內(nèi)容。議論文題材偏難，但其框架一般都很清晰，多采用總一分一總的結(jié)構(gòu)，交替使用正面和反面的

論證方式。通常，先總說(shuō)現(xiàn)象或觀點(diǎn)；其次，正面陳述、反面論證；最后作者表明自己的態(tài)度，再次總結(jié)

文章。通常主題句會(huì)出現(xiàn)在文章的首句或句末，在這些地方要多留意表示歸納的詞匯，也可以在具體事例

之后或之前的表示觀點(diǎn)的陳述句中尋找。

二、細(xì)讀文章，注意文章細(xì)節(jié)理解

除主旨題外，細(xì)節(jié)理解題也是閱讀理解題中的基礎(chǔ)題，它主要考查學(xué)生對(duì)文中的具體事例、數(shù)字、時(shí)

間、地點(diǎn)等的理解。經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)排序題（按事情發(fā)展順序排序），圖表題（按文章內(nèi)容找出正確圖形），正誤題（依

據(jù)文章內(nèi)容對(duì)所列的陳述進(jìn)行正誤判斷）。對(duì)這種題型，無(wú)論細(xì)節(jié)題如何變化形式，立足點(diǎn)都應(yīng)是從文章中

找出相應(yīng)詞句作為依據(jù)。雖然答案中有的細(xì)節(jié)在文中很清楚，但可能與問(wèn)題無(wú)關(guān)。細(xì)節(jié)題的破解一般用尋

讀法，即先看試題，再讀文章。對(duì)有關(guān)信息進(jìn)行快速定位，再將相關(guān)信息進(jìn)行整合、分析、對(duì)比，有根據(jù)

地排除干擾項(xiàng)，選出正確答案。假如問(wèn)題采用的是反向思維，題中含有not或except等表示否定意義的詞，

則需要更加留意。此法可以加強(qiáng)閱讀的針對(duì)性，提高做題的準(zhǔn)確率。做此類題目還要特別注意句子的邏輯

關(guān)系。

三、理解整體語(yǔ)篇，掌握作者意圖

做推理判斷題要求考生在閱讀理解整體語(yǔ)篇的同時(shí)，對(duì)作者的態(tài)度、意圖及文章細(xì)節(jié)的發(fā)展作正確的

推理判斷，站在作者的視角，而不是主觀臆斷、憑空想象，從而走入誤區(qū)。英語(yǔ)文章講究使用主題段與主

題句，段與段之間通常有過(guò)渡性詞語(yǔ)連接，承上啟下，使文章行文連貫。有時(shí)文章還會(huì)在時(shí)間順序、空間

順序或邏輯推理上運(yùn)用較高級(jí)的手段進(jìn)行組編。要想準(zhǔn)確、深刻地理解文章，必須對(duì)文章的結(jié)構(gòu)有所了解,

把握全篇的文脈，即句內(nèi)、句間和段落間的修辭手段或邏輯關(guān)系。作者往往在構(gòu)思語(yǔ)篇前會(huì)進(jìn)行預(yù)先設(shè)定:

讀者知道什么，不知道什么，讀者可能與自己共同擁有什么樣的生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)、思想見(jiàn)地和需求欲望等，然后

設(shè)計(jì)一些隱藏在語(yǔ)篇深層的"潛臺(tái)詞”。因此，這類試題要求考生利用主題句進(jìn)行推測(cè)，揣摩文字背后作

者的意圖，運(yùn)用背景知識(shí)去挖掘文章的深層含義，從而正確理解作者的言外之意，同時(shí)認(rèn)真體會(huì)文章的語(yǔ)

氣與感情基調(diào)。

四、多讀多背，擴(kuò)大詞匯量，掌握猜詞技巧

由于當(dāng)今的閱讀文章題材廣泛，體裁多樣，經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)一詞多義，甚至出現(xiàn)沒(méi)學(xué)過(guò)的詞匯。許多學(xué)生感

到困擾很大，有的甚至煩躁得難以堅(jiān)持閱讀下去。要解決閱讀中的生詞問(wèn)題，一是要擴(kuò)大英語(yǔ)詞匯量，二

是要學(xué)習(xí)并掌握一些猜測(cè)生詞詞義的方法，如：利用同義、反義、上義、下義、詞的集合、詞的搭配等關(guān)

系；利用照應(yīng)、替代、省略、定義、舉例等情境關(guān)系；利用詞綴、轉(zhuǎn)化、合成等構(gòu)詞法；利用后置定語(yǔ)或

同位語(yǔ)等語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)；利用前后對(duì)比或因果推理法等。

總之，想要提高閱讀能力，尤其是對(duì)考生來(lái)說(shuō)難度較大的議論文閱讀，學(xué)生應(yīng)能從篇章和試題雙方面

入手。通過(guò)觀察、體驗(yàn)、探究等積極主動(dòng)的學(xué)習(xí)方法，優(yōu)化閱讀理解中議論文的解題思路和方法策略，提

高學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí)的能力。

真題再現(xiàn)

A

（2022?湖北黃石?中考真題）

閱讀材料，選擇最佳選項(xiàng)。

Nowadays,expertscallonhighschoolstudentstoreadasmanyliteraryclassics（文學(xué)名著）aspossible.What

doyouthinkofit?

Linda:Wedon'thaveenoughlifeexperiences,sowemayhavedifficultyunderstandingthedeeperclassics.

Butthisshouldn'tbeareasontogiveupreadingclassics.AsFrancisBaconsaid,"Readingmakesafullman;

conference（談話）areadyman;andwritinganexactman.^^

Curry:Classicsarethetreasuresourancestorsleftus.Weshouldreadthemandpassthemdown.Astheold

Chinesesayinggoes,“Onewhoisfilledwithknowledgealwaysbehaveswell.^^Classicscanopenupourmindsand

developourinterestinculture.

Frank:Withoutbackgroundandlifeexperiences,studentscan'tunderstandwhatwriterswanttoexpressin

theirclassics.Whilereading,somestudentsmainlypayattentiontowordsandexpressionsratherthanthehidden

ideas.Forthisreason,readingclassicsmightbeawasteoftime.

Mary:Ontheonehand,notallclassicsaresuitable（合適的）forallstudents,astherearemanydifficult

expressionsanddeepideas.Ontheotherhand,thespecialwritingstylesmakeitdifficultforstudentstounderstand.

Sotheywon'tprobablychoosethem.

1.Whoagreeswiththeideaofreadingliteraryclassics?

A.Linda&Curry.B.Linda&Mary.C.Curry&Frank.D.Frank&Mary.

2.WhatdoesCurrythinkofliteraryclassics?

A.Theyimprovestudents,readingskills.B.Theydevelopstudents,interestinculture.

C.Theyhelpstudentslearnmorewords.D.Theycanchangestudents9personalities（個(gè)性）.

3.Frankthinksclassicsarenotworthreadingbecause.

A.thewritersliveindifferentcountries

B.studentsprefertoreadaboutlifeexperiences

C.studentsmightpaymoreattentiontowordsandexpressions

D.studentsmightnotunderstandthewritingstyles

4.BothLindaandCurryexplaintheirideasby.

A.listingexamplesB.showingnumbers

C.givingquotes（引語(yǔ)）D.makingparisons（對(duì)比）

5.Whatdoesthepassagetalkabout?

A.Whyliteraryclassicsbeepopularinhighschools.

B.Whetherhighschoolstudentsshouldreadliteraryclassics.

C.Whyhighschoolstudentsshouldreadliteraryclassics.

D.Howhighschoolsshouldhelpstudentsimprovereadingskills.

【答案】1.A2.B3.C4.C5.B

【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文主要談?wù)摿烁咧猩欠駪?yīng)該讀文學(xué)名著。四個(gè)人給出他們各自的觀點(diǎn)。

1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)"Linda:Wedon'thaveenoughlifeexperiences,sowemayhavedifficultyunderstandingthe

deeperclassics.Butthisshouldn'tbeareasontogiveupreadingclassics.^^（Linda：我們沒(méi)有足夠的生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)，

所以我們可能難以理解更深層次的經(jīng)典。但這不應(yīng)該成為放棄閱讀經(jīng)典的理由。）以及“Curry:Classicsarethe

treasuresourancestorsleftus.Weshouldreadthemandpassthemdown.（Curry：經(jīng)典是我們祖先留給我們的

財(cái)富。我們應(yīng)該閱讀它們并將其傳下去。）可知Linda和Curry同意閱讀文學(xué)名著，故選A。

2.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Classicscanopenupourmindsanddevelopourinterestinculture."可知Curry認(rèn)為經(jīng)典

培養(yǎng)學(xué)生對(duì)文化的興趣。故選B。

3.細(xì)節(jié)理解題o根據(jù)“Withoutbackgroundandlifeexperiences,studentscan'tunderstandwhatwriterswantto

expressintheirclassics.Whilereading,somestudentsmainlypayattentiontowordsandexpressionsratherthan

thehiddenideas.Forthisreason,readingclassicsmightbeawasteof（沒(méi)有背景和生活經(jīng)歷,學(xué)生們無(wú)法

理解作家想要在他們的經(jīng)典作品中表達(dá)什么。在閱讀時(shí)，一些學(xué)生主要關(guān)注單詞和表達(dá)，而不是隱藏的思

想。因此，閱讀經(jīng)典可能是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。）可知Frank認(rèn)為經(jīng)典名著不值得讀，因?yàn)閷W(xué)生可能會(huì)更注意單詞和

表達(dá)，故選C。

4.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)"AsFrancisBaconsaid,"Readingmakesafullman;conference（談話）areadyman;and

writinganexactman.'"以及"AstheoldChinesesayinggoes,"Onewhoisfilledwithknowledgealwaysbehaves

wellj”可知Linda和Curry都通過(guò)引用名言來(lái)解釋他們的想法，故選Co

5.主旨大意題。根據(jù)"Nowadays,expertscallonhighschoolstudentstoreadasmanyliteraryclassics（文學(xué)名著）

aspossible.Whatdoyouthinkofit?”可知本文主要談?wù)摿烁咧猩欠駪?yīng)該讀文學(xué)名著。故選B。

B

（2022?四川廣安?中考真題）

Youmayknowabout“junkfbod“l(fā)ikeFrenchfries.Butdoyouknowabout"junksleep"?Recently,aBritish

survey（調(diào)查）showsthattherearemanyelectronicproductsinteenagers5bedrooms.Theyareinfluencingteenagers9

sleepbadly.

Thesurveywasdoneamong1,000Britishkidsfrom12to16.Itfoundthat50%ofthemgotjust4to7hours'

sleepeveryday.Butdoctorssaytheyneed8to9hours.

Almost25%ofthekidssaidtheyoftenfellasleepwhiletheywerewatchingTV,listeningtomusicorusing

otherelectronicproducts.

“Thisisveryworrying,9,saidDr.Chris,aBritishprofessor（教授）."Wecallit'junksleep9.Itmeansyoudon't

getenoughsleepandthequality（質(zhì)量）ofthesleepislow,too.Ifyoudon'tgetagoodrest,youwon'tdowellin

schoolthenextday.^^

Thesurveyfoundthatquiteafewofthekidsfelttiredeachdaybecauseofthejunksleep,especiallygirls

between13and16feelingtheworst.Nearlyalltheteenagershaveaphone,MP5orTVintheirbedrooms.Andlots

ofthemevenhaveallthethree.

Dr.Chrissuggestedthatparentsshouldhelptheirchildrenkeepawayfromelectronicproducts,andteenagers

shouldspendlesstimeontheelectronicproducts.

6.Whatdoesthispassagemainlytalkabout?

A.Junkfood.B.Junksleep.

C.Electronicproducts.D.Theimportanceofsleep.

7.Howmanyofthechildrensleeponly4to7hoursadayinthesurvey?

A.200.B.250.C.500.D.1000.

8.“Junkfbod^^and“junksleep“aresimilartoeachotherbecause.

A.theyarebothlowinqualityB.theyarebothneededinourlife

C.theyarebothenjoyedatweekendsD.theyarebothnecessaryforpeople'shealth

9.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?

A.Teenagersof12to16onlyneed4to7hours9sleepeachday.

B.Fewoftheteenagershaveelectronicproductsintheirbedrooms.

C.Teenagersspendtoomuchtimeonelectronicproducts.

D.Girlsbetween13and16spendtheleasttimeonelectronicproducts.

10.Whichofthefollowingshouldbethebestwaytosolvetheproblem?

A.Parentsmusttaketheelectronicproductsawayfromtheirchildren.

B.Parentsstoptheteenagersfromusinganyelectronicproduct.

C.Teenagersshoulddecidenottousetheelectronicproducts.

D.Teenagersshouldspendlesstimeontheelectronicproducts.

【答案】6.B7.C8.A9.C10.D

【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文講述青少年床上的電子產(chǎn)品會(huì)影響到他們的睡眠，導(dǎo)致垃圾睡眠。

6.主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段"junksleep"及"therearemanyelectronicproductsinteenagers5bedrooms.Theyare

influencingteenagers5sleepbadly”,可知文章主要介紹了垃圾睡眠。故選B。

7.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段“Thesurveywasdoneamong1,000Britishkidsfrom12to16.Itfoundthat50%of

themgotjust4to7hours，sleepeveryday”可知，有1000個(gè)孩子參與調(diào)查，其中50%的孩子每天只睡4到7

小時(shí)，可知只睡四到七個(gè)小時(shí)的人數(shù)是1000x50%=500人。故選C。

8.推理判斷題o根據(jù)第四段"Wecallit4junksleep5.Itmeansyoudon'tgetenoughsleepandthequalityofthe

sleepisbad,too”可知，垃圾睡眠指睡眠質(zhì)量不好，垃圾食品指的是質(zhì)量不好的食品，可推斷兩者質(zhì)量都不好。

故選Ao

9.推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段"parentsshouldhelptheirchildrenkeepawayfromelectronicproducts,and

teenagersshouldspendlesstimeontheelectronicproducts”父母應(yīng)該幫助孩子遠(yuǎn)離電子產(chǎn)品，青少年花費(fèi)在電

子產(chǎn)品上的時(shí)間應(yīng)該更少?？芍?，青少年花費(fèi)在電子產(chǎn)品上的時(shí)間太多了。故選C。

10.推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段"parentsshouldhelptheirchildrenkeepawayfromelectronicproducts,and

teenagersshouldspendlesstimeontheelectronicproducts”可知，電子產(chǎn)品影響青少年的睡眠，解決問(wèn)題的最

好的辦法是花更少的時(shí)間在電子產(chǎn)品上。故選D。

R盡1模擬檢測(cè)，

C

（2022?廣西貴港?二模）

WhenanItalianmanwenttoworkwithamask（口罩）toprotecthimselffromtheCOVID19,hewas

criticized（ftt評(píng)）byhisworkmatesforcausingpanic（恐'慌）.ButinChinaandotherAsiancountries,almost

everyonewearsamaskduringoutbreaks（爆發(fā)）.WhydotheEastandtheWesthavedifferentideasaboutwearing

masks?

IntheWest,peoplewearmasksonlywhentheygetsick.Peopleseemasksasatooltoprotectsickpeopleand

stopdisease（疾病）fromspreading,sohealthypeopledon'tneedtowearthem.Ifapersongoesoutwithamask,

otherpeoplemaylookathimlikeavirus（病毒）spreader.Eventheirfriendstriedtostayawayfromthem.Some

Westernpeoplesaywearingamaskinpublicmakesthemfeel“worried","shy",and"afraidofbeinglookedat

differently^^.ButasthenumberofCOVID19cases（病例）keepsgrowingaroundtheworld,moreandmorehealthy

peoplearestartingtowearmaskstoprotectthemselves,peopleintheWestarechangingtheirideas.

InAsiancountrieslikeChinaandJapan,wearingmasksismon.In1910,ChinesedoctorWuLiandeinvented

themodemmedicalmask.Duringthe2003SARS,peopleusedmaskswidelyinChinaandEastAsia.Many

Chinesealsowearmaskstokeepwarminwinterorprotectagainstairpollution.

InJapan,someyoungwomenmaywearmaskswhentheydon'thavetheirmakeup（化妝）on.Manypopstars

inAsiaalsowearmaskstoprotecttheirprivacy（隱私）whentheygoout.Thisculturalbackgroundhasmadeit

easierforpeopleintheEasttowearmasksduringtheC0VID19outbreak.

11.HowdidtheItalianman'sworkmatesfeelabouthim?

A.Hecausedpanic.B.Hewastooworriedtowork.

C.Hedidn'twanttogotowork.D.Hewantedtoprotecthimself.

12.WhydoWesternpeoplerefusetowearmasks?

A.Becausetheyareafraidtolookuglywithfacemasks.

B.Becausetheydon'twantotherstoknowtheyareill.

C.Becausetheyhopetofortotherpeopleinthisway.

D.Becausetheydon'tthinkhealthypeopleneedmasks.

13.Wherewasthemodemmedicalmaskinvented?

A.InEngland.B.InChina.C.InJapan.D.IntheUSA.

14.WhichofthefollowingisNotTRUEaccordingtothepassage?

A.Asianpeoplewearmaskstoprotecttheirprivacy.

B.Asianpeoplewearmaskstoprotectagainstairpollution.

C.Asianpeoplewearmaskstostopdiseasefromspreading.

D.Asianpeoplewearmaskstomakethemlookfashionable（時(shí)尚的）.

15.Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?

A.Westernpeople'stroubleofwearingmasks.

B.ThereasonswhymasksarepopularinAsianculture.

C.DifferentideasofusingmasksinEasternandWesterncountries.

D.TheimportanceofwearingmasksduringtheC0VID19outbreak.

【答案】11.A12.D13.B14.D15.C

【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文主要介紹了東西方國(guó)家對(duì)于戴口罩的不同觀點(diǎn)。

11.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)"WhenanItalianmanwenttoworkwithamasktoprotecthimselffromtheCOVID19,he

wascriticizedbyhisworkmatesforcausingpanic.”可知，這個(gè)意大利男人的同事認(rèn)為他佩戴口罩的行為引起了

恐慌。故選A。

12.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)"Peopleseemasksasatooltoprotectsickpeopleandstopdiseasefromspreading,so

healthypeopledon'tneedtowearthem.”可知，西方國(guó)家的人們認(rèn)為健康人不需要戴口罩，所以他們拒絕戴口

罩。故選D。

13.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“In1910,ChinesedoctorWuLiandeinventedthemodemmedicalmask.”可知，現(xiàn)代醫(yī)用

口罩在中國(guó)被發(fā)明。故選B。

14.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“ManypopstarsinAsiaalsowearmaskstoprotecttheirprivacywhentheygoout...Many

Chinesealsowearmaskstokeepwarminwinterorprotectagainstairpollution....Duringthe2003SARS,people

usedmaskswidelyinChinaandEastAsia.”可知，亞洲人戴口罩保護(hù)個(gè)人隱私，亞洲人戴口罩為了防止空氣污

染，亞洲人戴口罩為了防止疾病的傳播。文中沒(méi)有提到亞洲人戴口罩使自己看起來(lái)時(shí)尚。故選D。

15.主旨大意題。根據(jù)“WhydotheEastandtheWesthavedifferentideasaboutwearingmasks?”及全文可知，

本文主要介紹了東西方國(guó)家對(duì)于佩戴口罩的不同觀點(diǎn)。故選C。

D

（2022?遼寧遼陽(yáng)?一模）

Atthecrossroads

“WHYDIDN'Tthechickencrosstheroad?”

“BecausetherewasaKFContheotherside.”

ThiswasoneofmyfavoritejokeswhenIwasgrowingup.ButnowIwonderifthechickenwouldwantto

crosstheroadeveniftherewerenoKFCs.

Rulesforwhen,whereandhowweshouldusethestreetsareimportantforsafetyandorderinsociety.Weare

taughtinprimaryschoolthatweshouldalwaysfollowthem.Butthesedays,weseemtolivelifeattopspeed.

Manytimes,Ihaveseenpeoplecrossthestreetunsafely.<aSpeedyw,deliverymen（送貨員）runtheredlightsand

getdangerouslyclosetopedestrians（行人）.Thesepeoplethink“speed“ismoreimportantthan“safbty”.Theyare

puttingthecart（馬車(chē)）beforethehorse.

Shanghaihasnowintroducednewtrafficrules.Peoplewillbefinedforjaywalkingorjayriding.Forsure,this

iswele.However,theremaybeproblems.Beforegivingafine,thepolicemustwitness（當(dāng)場(chǎng)看至U）theperson

jaywalkingorjayriding,buttherearenotenoughpoliceofficerstokeepaneyeonallthestreets.Thatmeanssome

lawbreakerswillnotbecaughtandfined.Also,somesaythefineistoosmallyuanforjaywalkersand50yuan

forjayriders）tostoppeoplefrombreakingtherules.

Iapplaud（稱贊）Shanghaiforintroducingthenewrules,butIthinkthecitycandoevenbetter.Otherwise,

smart“chickens“mightstillbealittlescaredaboutcrossingtheroad.

16.Ajayridermightwhilecrossingthestreet.

A.driveslowlyB.letpedestriansgofirst

C.runtheredlightsD.stayawayfromothercars

17.Somedeliverymenthinkismoreimp