小腦和端腦課件

CerebellumandTelencephalonPengyingjiThedepartmentofanatomySunYat-Senuniversity小腦和端腦ThedivisionsofbrainBrainstemcerebellumdiencephalontelencephalon小腦和端腦I.Cerebellum

1.LobesanddivisionsofthecerebellumThecerebellumlocatesintheposteriorcranialfossabehindtheoblongataandpons.Itcanbedividedintothreelobes.noduleflocculusposterolateralfissureprimaryfissureanteriorlobeposteriorlobe小腦和端腦

(1)Archicerebellum:

(flocculonodularlobe)

(vestibulocerebellum)noduleflocculusThislobereceivesthefibersfromthevestibuleoftheinternalear,thefunctionofarchicerebellumistokeepthebalanceofthebody.Thecerebellartonsilattachtothesurfaceoftheoblongataofthebrainstem.Thetumourinthecranialfossacancoursedeath.Cerebellartonsil小腦和端腦Paleocerebellum:(anteriorlobe)

(spinocerebellum)anteriorlobeuvulapyramisThispartofthecerebellumjustreceivethefibersfromThespinalcord,soitcanbecalledthespinocerebellum.Thefunctionofspinocerebellumistoregulatethemusculartension.hemispherevermis小腦和端腦Neocerebellum:(posteriorlobe)

(cerebrocerebellum)archicerebellumpaleocerebellumNeocerebellumTonsilofcerebellumThispartofcerebellumistoregulatethemovementoftheskeletalmuscles.小腦和端腦2.Internalstructureofthecerebellum:

(1)Cerebellarcortex

(2)Medullarysubstance

(3)Cerebellarnuclei:

thefastigial,globose,emboliformanddentatenucleiThesenucleicangiveofffiberstootherplaceofthebrain.cortexmedullarysubstancefastigialnuc.globosenuc.emboliformnuc.dentatenuc.小腦和端腦3.FibrousConnectionofCerebellum:(1)Archicerebellum:

A.Afferent:

Vestibularnervevestibularnuc.vestibularganglionItreceivesthefibers

fromvestibularnerveandthevestibularnucleus.小腦和端腦B.Efferentfibersofthearchiocerebllumcortexvestibularnucmediallongitudinalfasciculusfastigialnuc.lat.vestibularnuc.vestibulospinaltractreticularformmationreticulospinaltract

M.L.F.vestibulospinaltractreticulospinaltractfastigialnuc.Theseefferentfibersconnectwiththenumber3.4.6cranialnervesandtheneuronsintheanteriorhornofthespinalcord.小腦和端腦(2)Paleocerebellum:

A.Afferent:

ant.spino-cerebellartractpost.spino-cerebellartractlat.cuneatenuc.lat.reticularnuc.inf.olivarynuc.lat.cuneatenuc.lat.reticularnuc.ant.spinocerebellartr.post.spinocerebellartr.inf.olivarynuc.(spinocerebellum)小腦和端腦rubrospinaltr.globosenuc.emboliformnuc.cortexofthepaleo-cerebellumglobosenuc.,emboliformnuc.

contralateralrednuc.

rubrospinaltr.vestibulospinaltr.reticulospinaltr.fastigialnuc.

cortexofthepaleo-cerebellumfastigialnuc.lat.vestibularnuc.

vestibulospinaltr.lat.reticularnuc.

reticulospinaltr.B.Efferent:Lat.ReticularNuc.小腦和端腦3)Neocerebellum:

A.Afferent:

widespreadareasofthecerebralcortex

corticopontinetractspontinenuc.

pontocerelbellarfibers(crossed)mid.cerebellarpeduncleneocerebellunassociationcortexpontinenuc.Inf.olivarynuc.小腦和端腦dentatenuc.VL.nuc.precentralgyrusrednuc.B.Efferent:

cortexofneocerebellum

dentatenuc.

contralateralVL.nuc.ofthalamusmotorareaofcerebralcortex小腦和端腦4.Functionofthecerebellum:

(1)Archicerebellum:

Adjustmentofmuscletoneinresponsetothevestibularstimuliandmaintainthebalanceofthebody.

(2)Paleocerebellum:

AdjustmentofmuscletoneandsynergyofmusclesaccordingtochangesofpostureandmovementoftheBody.

(3)Neocerebellum:

Coordinatesactivitiesofgroupsofmusclesandensuresintendedprecisionintheforce,directionandextentofvoluntarymovement.小腦和端腦5.Signsofcerebellardysfunction:

(1)ArchicerebellarSyndrome:

Invadedbymedulloblastoma(成神經(jīng)管細胞瘤)occurringinchildhood:Thepatientisunsteady,walksonawidebaseandswayfromsidetoside.Themusculartoneisnormalrestinginbed

(2)NeocerebellarSyndrome:

Thesignsareonthesamesideofthebodyasthelesion.1)Hypotoniaofmuscles.（肌張力下降）

2)Ataxia(Asynergia)(共濟失調(diào)).3)Intentiontremor(意向性震顫).

小腦和端腦postcentralgyrusparacentrallobuleThestructuresoftelecephalonTelecephaloniscomposedof2hemispheres,itincludesthesuperficialstructuresandinternalstructures.小腦和端腦II.Theinternalstructuresofthetelencephaloncortexmedullarysubstancebasalganglialat.ventricleInternalcapsuleThetelencephaloniscomposedoftwohemispheres小腦和端腦1.Theexternalfeaturesofthetelencephalon

thetelencephaloncanbedividedinto5lobesby3sulcus(1)centralsulcus(2)lateralsulcus(3)parito-occipitalsulcus.The5lobes(1)frontallobe(2)parietallobe(3)temporalLobe(4)occipitallobe(5)insularlobe.

CentralsulcusLateralsulcusParitooccipitalsulcusFrontallobeParietallobeTemporallobeOccipitallobePrecentralsulcusPostcentralsulcus小腦和端腦(2)Functionallocalizationofthecerebralcortex:

1)Somaticmotorarea:itlocatesinprecentralgyrusandtheanteriorpartoftheparacentrallobule(area4).precentralgyrusparacentrallobulePrecentralsulcus小腦和端腦

Thecharacteristicofmotorarea:

A.composedofgiantpyramidalcellsB.innovatetheskeletalmusclesofthebodywithupside-down.

C.themotorareainonesideinnovatesthecontralateralsideofthebody.

D.themotorareainthecortexforeachpartofthe

bodyoccupymoreorlessjustdependonthefunctionsoneachpartofthebody.

小腦和端腦Thecharacteristicofsensoryarea:A.

upside-downinnovation.

B.

sensoryareainonesideinnovatestheothersideofthebody.postocentralgyruspostocentrallobule小腦和端腦3)Auditoryarea:

Occupiestransversetemporalgyri(area41,42)auditoryarea(Transversetemporalgyri)小腦和端腦4)Visualarea:

Surroundsthecalcarinesulcus(area17).5)Olfactoryarea:

Locatedintheuncusvisualareauncusparahippocampalgyrus(Calcarinesulcus)(Olfactoryarea)CingulategyrusCingulatesulcusParietooccipitalsulcusAnteriorpartPosteriorpart小腦和端腦6)Languagearea:

(1)posteriorpartoftheinferiorfrontalgyrus

(2)posteriorpartofthemiddlefrontalgyrus(3)angulargyrus(4)posteriorpartofthesuperiortemporalgyrus(1)motorspeecharea(2)writingcenter(4)auditoryspeecharea(3)visualspeecharea小腦和端腦A.mortorspeecharea:

Occupiesthepost.partofinf.frontalgynus(areaofBroca).(area44,45).Alesioninvolvingthisareaortheirconnectionsresultsinmotoraphasia(運動性失語癥).mortorspeecharea小腦和端腦writingcenterB.Writingcenter:

Locatedinthepost.partofthemiddlefrontalgyrus(area8).Alesioninvolvingthisarearesultsinagraphia(失寫癥).小腦和端腦auditoryspeechareaC.Auditoryspeecharea:

Occupiesthepost.partofthesup.temporalgyrus(area22).Alesionofthisarearesultsinsensoryaphasia(感覺性失語癥).小腦和端腦

D.Visualspeecharea(readingcenter):

Occupiestheangulargyrus(area39).Alesionofthisarearesultsinalexia(lossofabilitytoread).visualspeecharea小腦和端腦associationcortex(3).Associationcortex:

Apartfromthefunctionalarea,thereareextensiveareasinwhichnoresponseoccursafterstimulation.Theseareasarehigherpsychologicalfunctionwhicharecalledassociationcortex.小腦和端腦caudatenuc.thalamuslenticularnuc.:putamenglobuspallidusclaustrumThebasalnucleus小腦和端腦丘腦abab

1)Corpusstriatum:A.caudatenuc.

neostriatum

putamen

(striatum)B.lenticu-larnuc.

globuspallidus2)Amygdaloidnuc.

3)

Claustrum

2.Thebasalnucleus(ganglion):itisamassofgraymattersituatedwithineachcerebralhemisphere.itiscomposedofcorpusstratum,amygdaloidnucleusandclaustrum尾狀核紋狀體豆狀核杏仁體屏狀核Caudatenuc.Lenticularnuc.小腦和端腦(2)Functionofhebasalganglion:

1)Corpusstriatum:

controlofpostureandvoluntarymovementofthebody.Itisacomponentoftheextra-pyramidalsystem.

2)Amydaloidnuc.:

belongstolimbicsystem.

3)Claustrum:notclear.小腦和端腦(3)Signsoflesionofcorpusstriatum:Dyskinesia(motordisturbances).

1)AlesionofglobuspallidusorsubstantianigraresultsinParkison’disease(帕金森氏病)(para-lysisagitans靜止性震顫）

2)Alesionofneostriatumresultsinthechorea

（舞蹈?。╇S意運動障礙小腦和端腦3.Medullarysubstanceoftelencephalonaccordingtothedirectionandlengthofthemedullaryfibers,itcanbedividedintothreetypes:

(1)Aassociationfibers:聯(lián)絡(luò)fibersConnectedtoacerebralhemisphere.cingulumarcuatefibersinf.longitudinalfasc.sup.longitudinalfasciculusuncinatefasc.小腦和端腦cadatenuc.lenticularnuc.amydaliodnuc.internalcapsulethalamusConnectingthecortexandsubcorticalstructures.Beingafferentsorefferentswithrespecttothecortex.

(3)Projectionfibers:Projectionfibersbecomeconcentratedintheinternalcapsule.Internalcapsule:1)Location:Liesamongthethalamus,caudatenuc.andlenticularnuc.

小腦和端腦caudatenuc.thalamuslenticularnuc.internalcapsule小腦和端腦anteriorlimbgenuposteriorlimblenticularnuc.caudatenuc.thalamus2)Divisionoftheinternalcapsule:Anteriorlimb,Genu,Posterorlimb.小腦和端腦caudatenuc.anteriorlimbgenuthalamuslenticularnuc.CentralthalamicradiationAcousticradiationOpticradiationPosteriorlimb小腦和端腦ant.thalamicradiationfrontopontinetr.corticonucleartr.corticospinaltr.centralthalamicradiationcorticopontinetr.scorticorubraltr.Ant.limb:Genu:Post.limb:3)Tractspassingthroughtheinternalcapsule:

小腦和端腦Sublenticularporttion:auditoryradiationvisualradiationM.G.B.Retrolenticularportion:小腦和端腦lesion4)Signsofalesionofinternalcapsule

Theinjurytothegenuandpost.LimbresultsinA.voluntarymotorparalysisB