Unit 4 Grammar and usage 課件高中英語牛津譯林版(2020)選擇性必修第一冊

Grammarandusage非謂語動(dòng)詞綜述Unit4Exploringpoetry非謂語動(dòng)詞首先是一種動(dòng)詞形式，其次是這種動(dòng)詞形式不能做謂語。非謂語動(dòng)詞通常指動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)詞-ing形式和動(dòng)詞-ed形式，在句中可用作主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語和補(bǔ)語。非謂語動(dòng)詞1.什么是非謂語動(dòng)詞?一個(gè)句子當(dāng)中，已經(jīng)存在一個(gè)主句（謂語動(dòng)詞）,又沒有連詞的情況下,還有別的動(dòng)詞出現(xiàn)時(shí)。Shegotoffthebus,

(leave)herhandbagonherseat.2.非謂語動(dòng)詞在什么條件下使用？Shegotoffthebus,but

(leave)herhandbagonherseat.leftleaving非謂語動(dòng)詞沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，但有時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化。Thecartobeboughtisforhissister.Shepretendedtobereadingwhentheteachercameintotheclassroom.Tips形式功能主語賓語表語定語狀語補(bǔ)語動(dòng)詞不定式動(dòng)詞-ing形式動(dòng)詞-ed形式非謂語作主語動(dòng)詞不定式可以在句中用作主語。不定式作主語時(shí)常常用形式主語it代替，不定式置于句末。egCollecting

stampsismyhobby.→It

ismyhobbytocollectstamps.動(dòng)詞不定式作主語①

Itisapityforyoutohavemissedthisgame．②

It

took

me

three

hourstofinishthehomework.③

Itiskindofyoutogiveyourseattotheelderly.

Itisappropriateforyoutogiveseatstotheelderly.④Itseemsimpossibletofinishthehomeworkinthreehours.it+is+名詞+todo;

pity,shame,pleasure,one'sduty,one'sjob,fun,joy,goodmanners,badmanners…ittakes/costssb.+sometime+todoIt+be+adj.+forsb.+todoIt+be+adj.+ofsb.+todoItseems(appears)+形容詞+todoPractice學(xué)會(huì)一門外語是很難的。乘公共汽車到那里要花我們一個(gè)小時(shí)。幫助窮人是我們的責(zé)任。學(xué)好英語對我們來說是很重要的。你能幫我真是太好了。Tolearnaforeignlanguageisdifficult.Ittakesusanhourtogettherebybus.It’sourdutytohelpthepoor.ItisimportantforustolearnEnglishwell.Itisverykindofyoutohelpme.動(dòng)詞-ing形式也可以在句中用作主語。有時(shí)也用形式主語it代替，動(dòng)詞-ing形式置于句末。egItisnogoodpretendingtoknowwhatyoudonotknow.

Itisnousecomplaining.

Itisawasteoftimegoingtodoctorwithmostmildcomplaints.It’snouse/gooddoing...Itisawasteoftimedoing...動(dòng)詞-ing形式作主語egPlayingwithfireisdangerous.玩火是危險(xiǎn)的。(泛指玩火)Toplaywithfirewillbedangerous.玩火將很危險(xiǎn)。(指某一具體動(dòng)作)動(dòng)詞--ing形式作主語表示一般的或抽象的習(xí)慣性的行為；不定式作主語往往表示具體的、一次性的或特指的動(dòng)作。動(dòng)詞不定式與動(dòng)詞-ing形式作主語

的區(qū)別非謂語作定語?Todo作定語

Isthisthebestwaytohelphim?

Yourwish

tobeateacherisquiteunderstandable.

不定式作

通常放在其修飾的名詞或代詞

。之后定語?不定式作定語時(shí)，to后所接的動(dòng)詞與被修飾的名詞或代詞之間是主謂關(guān)系、動(dòng)賓關(guān)系、同位關(guān)系。Todo作定語?1主謂關(guān)系(subject-verb)Sheisalwaysthefirstpersontocomeandthelastonetoleave.

她總是第一個(gè)來最后一個(gè)走。

Shewasthebestwomantodothejob.

她是做這份工作的最佳人選。這種情況，被修飾的名詞或代詞前常有序數(shù)詞、theonly、最高級或no,all,any等修飾限定。Todo作定語2動(dòng)賓關(guān)系(verb-object)若不定式動(dòng)詞為不及物動(dòng)詞，則該動(dòng)詞必須與介詞連用，組成及物的動(dòng)詞短語。

Theteacherleftusalotofproblems

tosolve.

老師給我們留了很多要解答的題。

Pleasegivemesomethingtodrink.

請給我點(diǎn)喝的。

Heneedsanewhousetolivein.

他需要一個(gè)新房子住。注：Todo常表示將來02!不定式作定語當(dāng)作定語的不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，不定式既可以用主動(dòng)語態(tài)，也可用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，但其含義有所不同。

Doyou

haveanything

tosend?

Doyou

haveanything

tobesent?你有什么東西要寄嗎?表達(dá)的意思是你自己親自去寄，send用主動(dòng)形式(sendsomething)

動(dòng)賓關(guān)系你有什么要(我或別人)寄的東西嗎?表達(dá)的意思是我/別人可以幫你去寄，send用被動(dòng)(somethingbesend)主謂關(guān)系

3同位關(guān)系(apposition)Hebrokehispromisetowritetohisparentsregularly.

他沒有遵守定期給父母寫信的承諾。Westudentsshouldhavethecouragetofaceanydifficulty.

我們學(xué)生應(yīng)該有勇氣面對任何困難。修飾抽象名詞，如ability,chance,ideafact,promise,reason…to后接的動(dòng)詞短語是對該抽象名詞的解釋/說明ing形式作定語常表示所修飾詞的用途，也可以表示進(jìn)行。eg

Asleepingpillwillhelpyoutofallasleepquickly.Thehousesbeingbuiltareforthestudents.非謂語動(dòng)詞作定語doingDone形式作定語，一般表示被動(dòng)，完成eg

HewasreadinganovelwrittenbyDickens.

Jackclearedthefallenleavesontheground.

Therearealittletimeleft.

非謂語動(dòng)詞作定語donePracticeTherearemanypeople_______(invite)totheparty.Themeeting_________(hold)nowisofgreatimportance.Themeeting_________(hold)yesterdaywasofgreatimportance.Themeeting________(hold)tomorrowisofgreatimportance.Heisalwaysthefirst_______(come)andthelast_______(leave).invitedbeingheldheldtobeheldtocometoleave非謂語作表語動(dòng)詞不定式可以在句中用作表語，說明主語所指的內(nèi)容，還可以表示將來，動(dòng)詞不定式可以帶邏輯主語。動(dòng)詞不定式作表語，有的情況下to可以省略。egMypurposeistohelpthem.Myhopeisforallmemberstocometogetheronceayear.AllIdidwas(to)givehimalittlepush.Theyaretomarrynextweek.動(dòng)詞不定式作表語動(dòng)詞-ing形式可以在句中用作表語，說明主語的特征和性質(zhì)。動(dòng)詞-ing形式還可以表示主語所指的內(nèi)容。egThebookwassointerestingthathealmostforgotthetime.

Myjobislookingafterchildren.動(dòng)詞-ing形式作表語

Thelibraryisnowclosed.Weareexcitedatthenews.動(dòng)詞-ed形式作表語動(dòng)詞-ed形式可以在句中用作表語，說明主語(人和事物)所處的狀態(tài)。他的愛好是收集郵票?，F(xiàn)在我的任務(wù)是完成作文。這個(gè)杯子是壞的。Nowmytaskistofinishthecomposition.PracticeHishobbyiscollectingstamps.Thecupisbroken.非謂語作狀語Todo作狀語可以表示目的，相當(dāng)于soasto、inordertosoasto只能放于句中。

動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語Tocatchtheearlybus，hegetsupearly.Inordertocatchtheearlybus,hegetsupearly.=Hegetsupearlytocatchtheearlybus.Bobtookdownmytelephonenumbersoasto/inorderto/to

rememberit.Todo作結(jié)果狀語,常用在下列句式中：1.I’mnotsostupidastowriteitdown.=I’mnotsuchafoolastowriteitdown.2.Heiscleverenoughtobefitforthejob.so+adj+astodosthsuch+n+astodosth…enoughtodosthtoo….to;onlytodosthadj作表語時(shí)，后面可接todo作原因狀語，用以說明這種情緒的原因。用于這類結(jié)構(gòu)的形容詞常用的有：happy,glad,sorry,anxious,angry,proud,surprised,pleased.Theywereverygladtohearthenews.I’mhappytomeetyou.RevisionTodo狀語原因目的inordertodo=soastodo表示“目的是；為了”結(jié)果①so/such......asto②......enoughto③too......to④onlyto(常表示意料之外，不好的結(jié)果)doing和done作狀語doing和done形式作狀語可以表示時(shí)間、原因、伴隨、條件、結(jié)果、目的等意義。doing：主動(dòng)、進(jìn)行done:被動(dòng)、完成egSeenfromthetopofthetower,thefactorylooksbeautiful.

Seeingfromthetopofthetower,wecanseeabeautifulfactory.When________(offer)help,oneoftensays“Thankyou”

or“It’skindofyou.”___________(Separate)fromothercontinentsformillionsofyears,Australiahasmanyplantsandanimalsnot______(find)inanyothercountryintheworld.Generallyspeaking,if_______(take)accordingtothedirections,thedrughasnosideeffect.Heglancedather,________(note)thatthoughshewastiny,sheseemedverywell.Theteachercameintothelab,_________(follow)bysomestudents._________________(tell)manytimes,hestillrepeatedthesamemistake.Not_______________(receive)herletter,hewroteagain.PracticeofferedSeparatedtakennotingfollowedHavingbeentoldhavingreceivedfound非謂語作補(bǔ)語在expect,forbid,force,order,permit,request,warn等動(dòng)詞后，常接“sb/sth+todo”結(jié)構(gòu)，動(dòng)詞不定式作補(bǔ)語。egWecanalwaysexpecthimtohelpus.Hewarnedustobecareful.Todo、doing、done五看：see,watch,lookat,notice,observe,smell,三使：let,have,makesb.dosth兩聽：hear,listento,一感覺：feel等后作賓補(bǔ)，省略to.注意：在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中to不能省略掉。如：+(to)do表示動(dòng)作的整個(gè)過程+doing表示進(jìn)行。Isawhimcrossthestreetandentertheshop.Isawhimcrossingthestreet.Isawhimdance.Hewasseentodance.Thebossmadethemworkthewholenight.To