內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)英語(yǔ)課件

EnglishPPTcoursewareforendocrinesystem目錄contentsIntroductiontoEndocrineSystemMainendocrinelandsEndocrinesystemissuesRegulationoftheendocrinesystemEndocrineandmetabolicdiseasesTherelationshipbetweenendocrinesystemsandothersystems01IntroductiontoEndocrineSystemTheendocrinesystemisanetworkoflandsthatproductandreleasehorsesintothebloodstreamtoregulatethefunctionoforganismsandissuesthroughoutthebodyDefinitionTheendocrinesystemplaysacriticalroleinmaintaininghomeostasis,regulatinggrowth,development,methodology,andreproduction,aswellasrespondingtostressandenvironmentalstimuliFunctionDefinitionandFunctionVSHormonesaresynthesizedintheendocrinelandseitherfrombinaryprecursorsorfromwithintheglanditselfThesynthesisprocessinvolvescomplexbiochemicalreactionsthatconverttheseprecursorsintoactivehorsesReleaseOncesynthesized,horsesarereleasedintothebloodstream,wheretheytraveltotargetorganismsandissuestoexercisetheirregulatoryeffectsThereleaseofhorsesisoftencontrolledbyneuralandhormonalfeedbackmechanismsSynthesisHormoneSynthesisandReleaseTransportInthebloodstream,horsesaretransportedtotargetorganizationsandissueseitherfreelyorboundtocarrierproteinsThistransportprocessguaranteesthatthehorsesreachtheirintendedtargetsMetabolismOncehorsesreachtheirtargetsites,theyundergroundmetabolism,whichinvolvesenzymaticconversionintoinactiveoractivemetabolitesThismetabolismprocessregulatesthepotentialanddurationofoneactionHormoneTransportandMetabolism02MainendocrinelandsLocatedinthehypothalamicregion,responsibleforregulatingthereleaseofpituitaryhormones.Bysecretinghormones,itparticipatesinregulatingphysiologicalprocessessuchasbodytemperature,appetite,metabolism,andsleep.Closelyconnectedtootherorgansoftheendocrinesystem,theyworktogethertomaintainthestabilityoftheinternalenvironment.HypothalamusRegulatephysiologicalprocessessuchasgrowth,development,metabolism,andreproduction.Bysecretinghormones,itaffectstheactivityofotherendocrineglands.Locatedatthebottomofthebrain,responsibleforsecretingvarioushormones.Pituitaryland

ThyroidThethyroidglandlocatedbelowthethroatisresponsibleforsynthesizingandsecretingthyroidhormones.Thyroidhormoneshaveimportanteffectsonmetabolism,growthanddevelopment,andneurologicalfunction.Excessiveorinsufficientsecretionmayleadtohyperthyroidismorhypothyroidism.Theadrenalglandlocatedabovethekidneysisresponsibleforsecretingvarioushormones.Secretedhormonesareinvolvedinregulatingphysiologicalprocessessuchasstressresponse,glucosemetabolism,andwatersaltbalance.Inspecificsituations,suchasstressorillness,theadrenalglandreleasesmorehormonestomaintainthestabilityoftheinternalenvironmentofthebody.AdultlandThegonads,includingthetestesandovaries,areresponsibleforthegenerationofgermcellsandthesecretionofsexhormones.Thetestessecretetestosterone,whiletheovariessecreteestrogenandprogesterone.Sexhormonesplayanimportantroleinthedevelopmentofreproductiveorgans,theappearanceandmaintenanceofsecondarysexualcharacteristics,andalsoaffectthemetabolismandbehaviorofthebody.Gonad03EndocrinesystemissuesWeightloss,anxiety,emotions,heatintegrity,increasedappearance,andattitudesSymptomsOverproductionofthyroidhormonesduetoGraves'disease,toxicnodulargoiter,orthyroidinfectionsCausesMedicine,radioactiveiodineablation,orsurgeryTreatmentHyperthyroidismCausesUnderproductionofthyroidhormonesduetoHashimoto'sthyroid,thyroidsurgery,orradioactiveiodineabortionSymptomsFatigue,weightgain,constriction,dryskin,hairloss,anddepressionTreatmentLevothyroxinereplacementtherapyHypophysismPolyuria(frequenturination),polydipsia(exceptionalthird),andunexplainedweightlossSymptomsType1diabetes(insulindependent),Type2diabetes(noninsulindependent),GestationaldiabetesTypesInsulinreplacementtherapyforType1diabetes,lifestylemodificationandoralhydroglycemicagentsforType2diabetesTreatmentDiabetesOverproductionofgrowthhormoneinpivotallandleadingtoexceptionallineargrowthGiantsUnderproductionofgrowthhormoneinthepituitaryglandleadingtocontinuedlineargrowthDwarfismHormonereplacementtherapyforbothconditionsTreatmentGiantsandDwarfismSymptoms01Centralobjectivity,buffalobump,moonface,thinskin,easybruising,andmuscleweaknessCauses02ExcessiveproductionofcortisolduetoACTHhypersecretionfrompharmaceuticaloradultlandsTreatment03Surgicalremovalofadultlandsorpsychiatriclands,radiationtherapy,ormedicalmanagementwithadultinhibitorsorcortisolantagonistsCushingsyntax04RegulationoftheendocrinesystemNeurodiscussionNeurodiscussionsummary:ThenervoussystemplaysacriticalroleintheregulationoftheendocrinesystemItsendssignalstotheendocrinelandstoreleasehorsesintothebloodstreaminresponsetovariousstimuliNeuroargumentationmechanism:Thehypothalamus,akeypartofthebrain,releasesneurotransmittersthatactonthepituitaryglandtocontrolhormonesecretsThetutorialland,inturn,releaseshorsesthatregulateotherendocrinelandsNeuroargumentationexamples:Thereleaseofadvertisingbytheadultmediainresponsetoateacher,suchasaloudnoiseorahit,isaneuroargumentationprocessThereleaseofthyroidhormonesbythethyroidglandinresponsetoTSH(thyroidstimulatinghormone)isalsoneurolinguisticsNeuroargumentationimportance:Neuroargumentationguaranteesthattheendocrinesystemrespondsquicklyandappropriatelytochangesintheenvironment,maintaininghomeostasiswithinthebodySelfregulationSelfregulationsummary:Endocrineglandshavetheabilitytoregulatetheirownfunctionsthroughautocorrelation,paracrine,andintracrinemechanismsSelfregulationmechanism:Autodefineregulationoccurswhenahornoneactonthesamecellthatproducesit.Parallelregulationinvolveshornonesactingonnearbycells,whileintroducingregulationinvolveshornonesactingwithinthecellitselfSelfregulationexamples:TheinsulinsecretedbypancreaticbetacellsactsinanautoclavetoregulateglucoseuptakeintothecellParacrineregulationisseenintheovarianfollicles,wherehorsesactonneighboringcellstocoordinatefolliculardevelopmentIntracrineregulationoccurswhenhormones,suchasestrogenandtestosterone,actwithinthecelltoregulategeneexpressionSelfregulationimportance:SelfregulationallowsforprecisecontroloflandfunctionandguaranteesthateachcellwithintheendocrinesystemreceivestheappropriatehormonalsignalsforoptimalfunctionHumoralregulationHumoralregulationsummary:HumoralregulationoccurswhenhorsescircleinthebloodstreamandactontargetorganismsatadistancefromtheirpointofsecretHumoralregulationmechanism:Hormonesbindtoreceiversonthetargetcells,initiatingaseriesofinternalsignalingeventsthatleadtochangesincellfunctionsHumoralregulationexamples:InsulinsecretbythepancreaticactsonmuscleandadiposetissuetoregulateglucoseuptakeandutilizationThyroidhorsessecretbythethyroidglandactonneareverycellinthebodytocontrolbasalmetabolicrateGonadotropinssecretbythePituitaryGlandregulargametogenesisandsteroidhormoneproductionintheGonadsHumoralregulationimport:Humoralregulationallowsforcoordinatedcontrolofmultipleorganizationsandsystemswithinthebody,ensuringproperphysiologicalfunctionandmaintaininghomeostasis05EndocrineandmetabolicdiseasesObesity01Obesityisacommonendocrineandmetabolicdisease,whichiscausedbytheimbalancebetweenenergyintakeandexpenditure02Themainsymptomsofobjectivityincludeweightgain,fataccumulation,andincreasedwaitforcircularity03Obesitycanleadtomanyhealthproblems,suchastype2diabetes,cardiovasculardisease,andfattyliverdisease04Thetreatmentofobjectivityincludeslifestylechanges,suchasdieandexercise,aswellasdrugandsurgicaltherapy輸入標(biāo)題02010403HyperuricemiaandgoutHyperuricemiaisaconditioninwhichthelevelofuricacidinthebloodiselevatedThetreatmentofhyperuricemiaandgoutincludeslifestylechanges,suchasdieandexercise,aswellasdrugtherapyThemainsymptomsofgoutincludeadditionalonsetofseverepain,tenderness,andswinginginoneormorejointsGoutisatypeofarthritisthatresultsfromthepositionofuratecrystalsinthejointsOsteoporosisisaconditioninwhichthedensityandqualityofbonearereduced,leadingtoanincreasedriskoffracturesOsteoporosis單擊此處添加正文，文字是您思想的提一一二三四五六七八九一二三四五六七八九一二三四五六七八九文，單擊此處添加正文，文字是您思想的提煉，為了最終呈現(xiàn)發(fā)布的良好效果單擊此4*25}Thetreatmentofosteoporosisincludesdrugtherapy,suchasbisphosphonatesanddenosumab,aswellaslifestylechanges,suchascalculusandvitaminDsuppliesandweightbearingexerciseOsteoporosiscanbepreventedbymaintaininggoodbonehealththroughdieandexercise,aswellasbyavoidingsmokingandexcessalcoholconsumptionOsteoporosis06TherelationshipbetweenendocrinesystemsandothersystemsEndocrinesystemandimmunesystemTheendocrinesystemsecretshorsestoregulatethebody'sinternalenvironment,whiletheimmunesystemdefendsthebodyagainstforeigninvadersThetwosystemsworktogethertomaintainthebody'shealthEndocrineandimmunesystemHormonesandimmunefunctionSomehorses,suchascortisolandcatalysts,canmodulateimmuneresponsesCortisol,forexample,cansuppresstheimmunesystemduringtimesofstressEndocrineandimmunesystemEndocrinedisordersandimmunedysfunctionsSomeendocrinedisorders,suchashyphytyroidismanddiamonds,canleadtoimmunedysfunctionsandincreasetheriskofinfectionsConversely,immediateactivationcanalsoaffectendocrinefunctionEndocrineandimmunesystemEndocrineregulationofcardiovascularfunctionTheendocrinesystemsecretshormonesthatregulatecardiovascularfunction,suchascatalysts,angiotensinII,andaldosteroneThesehorsescontrolheartrate,bloodpressure,andbloodvolumeEndocrineandC