2024高考英語一輪統(tǒng)考復(fù)習(xí)第二編語法突破專題6名詞和冠詞學(xué)案含解析外研版

PAGE專題六名詞和冠詞1.(2024·江蘇高考，32)Trytounderstandwhat'sactuallyhappeninginsteadofactingonthe________(assume)you'vemade.答案：assumption由空前的定冠詞the和空后的made可知，這里應(yīng)填入名詞作made的賓語，故答案為assumption。2．(2024·全國卷Ⅱ，66)Thisswitchhasdecreased________(pollute)inthecountry'smajorlakesandreservoirsandmadedrinkingwatersaferforpeople.答案：pollution謂語動(dòng)詞hasdecreased后應(yīng)接名詞作賓語，故填pollution。3．(2024·全國卷Ⅲ，66)I'ma________(science)whostudiesanimalssuchasapesandmonkeys.答案：scientist不定冠詞a后應(yīng)跟單數(shù)名詞，故填scientist。4．(2024·全國卷Ⅱ，69)Thisdevelopmentwasonlypossiblewiththe________(introduce)ofelectric-poweredenginesandlifts.答案：introduction由空格前的定冠詞the可知，其后應(yīng)接名詞作介詞with的賓語。5．(2024·全國卷Ⅲ，66)Sheisdeterminedtocarryonwithher________(educate)．答案：education形容詞性物主代詞通常在名詞前作定語。由此可知，her后面的空格處應(yīng)為名詞education。6．(2024·浙江高考，56)LenaPahlssonpulledoutahandfulofsmall________(carrot)andwasabouttothrowthemaway.答案：carrots由空格前面的修飾語ahandfulof“一把……；少量的”可知，后面的名詞carrot應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式carrots。7．(2024·全國卷Ⅲ，短文改錯(cuò))Iwishtohaveachainofcafesinmanydifferentcity.__________________________________________________________________答案：city→citiesmany修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。8．(2024·全國卷Ⅱ，短文改錯(cuò))SinceIwasakid,I'veconsidereddifferentjobIwouldliketodo.__________________________________________________________________答案：job→jobs形容詞different后跟名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式?？蓴?shù)名詞的數(shù)可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)之分。(一)名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則改變改變規(guī)則例詞1.一般狀況加-smap—maps;girl—girls;house—houses;mouth—mouths2.以-s,-x,-sh,-ch結(jié)尾的加-esclass—classes;box—boxes;brush—brushes;match—matches但是，stomach(胃)的復(fù)數(shù)是stomachs;ox(公牛)的復(fù)數(shù)是oxen3.“輔音字母＋y”結(jié)尾的變y為i加-escity—cities;country—countries;party—parties;factory—factories但是，以元音字母＋y結(jié)尾的則干脆加-s，如boy—boys;toy—toys4.以-o結(jié)尾的名詞很多加-estomato—tomatoes;potato—potatoes;zero—zeroes/zeros;hero—heroes;Negro—Negroes;mango—mangoes;volcano—volcanoes/volcanos但是，留意以下這些以-o結(jié)尾的名詞復(fù)數(shù)干脆加-s：radio—radios;zoo—zoos;bamboo—bamboos;piano—pianos;kilo—kilos;photo—photos續(xù)表改變規(guī)則例詞5.以-f,-fe結(jié)尾的名詞，通常變f或fe為v再加-eshalf—halves;leaf—leaves;shelf—shelves;thief—thieves;wolf—wolves;wife—wives;life—lives;knife—knives但是也有的干脆加-s，如roof—roofs;handkerchief—handkerchiefs/handkerchieves;chief—chiefs6.合成名詞構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，通常只將里面所含的主體名詞變成復(fù)數(shù)，假如沒有主體名詞，則將最終一部分變成復(fù)數(shù)sons-in-law女婿；passers-by過路人；story-tellers講故事的人；go-betweens中間人；grown-ups成年人(二)名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則改變改變狀況例詞1.特別改變child—children;foot—feet;tooth—teeth;mouse—mice;man—men;woman—women留意：由man或woman構(gòu)成的合成詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式是-men或-women，如anEnglishman—twoEnglishmen；但German不是合成詞，故復(fù)數(shù)形式為Germans2.單復(fù)數(shù)同形deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese,means,species3.集體名詞，以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)，但實(shí)際為復(fù)數(shù)people,police,cattle4.有些名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)有不同的拼法方法細(xì)菌bacterium(單數(shù))—bacteria(復(fù)數(shù))資料、數(shù)據(jù)datum(單數(shù))—data(復(fù)數(shù))現(xiàn)象phenomenon(單數(shù))—phenomena(復(fù)數(shù))不行數(shù)名詞不行數(shù)名詞包括專出名詞、物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞，一般沒有單復(fù)數(shù)之分。1．常考的不行數(shù)名詞advice建議equipment裝備experience閱歷(注：作“經(jīng)驗(yàn)”講時(shí)可數(shù))exercise熬煉(注：作“練習(xí)；體操”講時(shí)可數(shù))fun快樂、歡樂的事furniture家具news/information/word消息，新聞baggage/luggage行李progress進(jìn)步strength力氣2．抽象名詞詳細(xì)化抽象名詞在表示詳細(xì)的概念時(shí)，可以與不定冠詞連用，常見的和常考的有：單詞抽象名詞意義詳細(xì)化名詞意義comfort勸慰；安慰令人感到勸慰的人或事物success勝利勝利的人或事failure失敗失敗的人或事honor榮幸令人榮幸的事情單詞抽象名詞意義詳細(xì)化名詞意義pride傲慢令人傲慢的事情shock震驚令人震驚的事情pleasure樂趣令人興奮的事情3．物質(zhì)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)現(xiàn)象(1)有些物質(zhì)名詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式表示與原來不同的事物。paper(紙)—papers(證件，論文)custom(風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣)—customs(海關(guān))arm(胳膊)—arms(武器，裝備)(2)有一些物質(zhì)名詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式，表示由大量該物質(zhì)組成的事物。sand(沙子)—sands(沙灘，沙漠)water(水)—waters(水域，水體)time(時(shí)間)—times(時(shí)代)wood(木頭，木材)—woods(樹林)(3)有些物質(zhì)名詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式表示不同的種類，如food,wine,metal,fish,fruit等。ThewinesofFranceareamongthebestintheworld.名詞的全部格1．有生命的名詞，其全部格一般在名詞后加-'s。hisfather'sboss他爸爸的老板2．表示時(shí)間、城市、地域、團(tuán)體、機(jī)構(gòu)等非生命的事物后也可加-'s表示其全部格。today'spaper今日的報(bào)紙England'sshore英國的海岸thecar'sdesign這輛車的設(shè)計(jì)Weacceptedtheinvitationwithoutamoment'shesitation.我們堅(jiān)決果斷地接受了邀請。3．在某些習(xí)慣用語中，全部格也須要加-'s。forfriendship'ssake為了友情astone'sthrow一箭之遙atarm'slength保持距離；在伸手可及處atone'swits'end黔驢技窮4．無生命的名詞，借用of表示所屬關(guān)系。thewindowoftheroom這個(gè)房間的窗戶5．假如一樣?xùn)|西為兩個(gè)人共有，則只在后一個(gè)名詞后加-'s，假如不是共有的則兩個(gè)名詞后都要加-'s。JaneandMary'smother簡和瑪麗的媽媽(共有，示意簡和瑪麗是姐妹關(guān)系)Jane'sandMary'smothers簡的媽媽和瑪麗的媽媽(不是共有，分別指兩位媽媽)6．雙重全部格：“a/two/some...＋名詞＋of＋名詞's/名詞性物主代詞”構(gòu)成雙重全部格，“of＋名詞全部格”中的名詞必需表示人，不能表示事物。afriendofhermother's她媽媽的一個(gè)摯友twophotosofhers她的兩張照片Ⅰ.單句語法填空1．(2024·廣東省深圳市高三月考)Atany________(discuss)ofajoboffer,moneycanbeadealbreaker.答案：discussion依據(jù)前面的介詞at和后面的介詞of可知，空格處應(yīng)當(dāng)是名詞，故填discussion。2．ThoughIsaidIwasn'tgoingtodoit,my________(foot)carriedmetowardthepool.答案：feetfoot是可數(shù)名詞，且沒有被冠詞修飾，故用其復(fù)數(shù)形式feet。3．ThiswasthefirsttimeIhadleft________(England)shore.答案：England's表示無生命的名詞后也可以加's，表示其全部格。4．It'sstillausefulandpleasantformof________(communicate)．答案：communication介詞of之后要用名詞，aformofcommunication“一種溝通方式”。5．Wehadbetterkeepthemat________(arm)length.答案：arm'satarm'slength“保持距離”。6．(2024·安徽省合肥市高三調(diào)研性檢測)Wemakealotof________(guess)aboutalmosteverything.答案：guessesalotof修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)或者不行數(shù)名詞，而此處guess是可數(shù)名詞，故填guesses。7．Thereisnoneedtotellmeyouranswernow.Giveitsome________(think)andthenletmeknow.答案：thought句意：現(xiàn)在沒必要告知我你的答案。仔細(xì)考慮，然后告知我。some后應(yīng)跟名詞，thought作“深思，考慮”講時(shí)為不行數(shù)名詞，故填thought。8．Onlyafewdollarscanhelptofilla________(child)hungrystomach.答案：child's此處表示“僅僅幾美元就能幫助一個(gè)孩子不挨餓”，空后是名詞stomach，提示詞是child，空前是不定冠詞a，故用child的全部格形式。9．VitaminAisfoundinliverandyellow________(fruit)．答案：fruits這里表示水果的種類，故用復(fù)數(shù)。10．Therearesomeiron________(work)neartheriver.答案：workswork在這里表示“工廠”，是可數(shù)名詞，故用其復(fù)數(shù)形式works。Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò)1．“Readingforpleasure”playsamoreimportantroleinone'sgrowthanone'sfamilybackground.__________________________________________________________________答案：grow→growth由后文的one'sfamilybackground可知前面的one's后應(yīng)是名詞growth。2.Asawitness,hegavethepoliceavividdescriptionsoftheaccident.__________________________________________________________________答案：descriptions→descriptiondescription“描述，描寫”，give(sb.)adescriptionof為固定短語，意為“(向某人)描述……”。3．Youcan'tlegallytakepossessionsofthepropertyuntilthreeweeksafterthecontractissigned.__________________________________________________________________答案：possessions→possessiontakepossessionof“擁有，占有”，固定搭配。4.Thestudentswithhobbiesleftschoolwithmanyextraskill.__________________________________________________________________答案：skill→skills由many修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)可知應(yīng)用skills。5．SeveralfriendsofmetogetherwithmewillvisitourformerteachersbeforetheDoubleNinthFestival.__________________________________________________________________答案：第一個(gè)me→mine此處表示“我的幾個(gè)摯友”，應(yīng)用“n.＋of＋名詞性物主代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。1.(2024·浙江高考，57)Everybodywears________samestyleofclothes.答案：the此處特指衣服的款式相同，thesame...“相同的……”。2．(2024·全國卷Ⅱ，62)Cornproductionhasjumpednearly125percentover________past25years,whilericehasincreasedonly7percent.答案：the此處特指“過去的25年”，應(yīng)用定冠詞the。3．(2024·全國卷Ⅲ，62)Unexpectedly,I'mface-to-facewiththegorilla,whobeginsscreamingat________topofherlungs.答案：theatthetopofone'slungs意為“聲嘶力竭”，此處表示大猩猩聲嘶力竭地發(fā)出吼叫聲。故填the。4．(2024·全國卷Ⅰ，65)As________result,peoplewilleatmorefoodtotrytomakeupforthatsomethingmissing.答案：aasaresult是固定搭配，意為“結(jié)果”。5．(2024·全國卷Ⅱ，64)Thisincludeddigginguptheroad,layingthetrackandthenbuildingastrongroofover________top.答案：the此處特指“頂部”，故用定冠詞the。6．(2024·全國卷Ⅰ，短文改錯(cuò))Duringmylastwinterholiday,Iwenttocountrysidewithmyfathertovisitmygrandparents.__________________________________________________________________答案：第一個(gè)to后加thecountryside常與定冠詞the搭配，意為“鄉(xiāng)下，鄉(xiāng)村”。7．(2024·全國卷Ⅲ，短文改錯(cuò))Eachofmycafeswillhaveadifferentthemeandanuniquestyle.__________________________________________________________________答案：an→aunique是讀音以輔音音素開頭的單詞，其前用a，不用an。8．(2024·全國卷Ⅱ，短文改錯(cuò))Asthekid,Ilovedtowatchcartoons.__________________________________________________________________答案：the→a此處指“作為一個(gè)孩子”，表泛指，應(yīng)用不定冠詞a。不定冠詞的基本用法不定冠詞a/an運(yùn)用場合例子1具有泛指的概念，表示“一類”或“其中的一個(gè)”Ahorseisausefulanimal.2初次提到某人或某物Ineedanotebook.3在速度、比率、價(jià)格等前面Youcanbuysecond-handbooksatalowpriceinoneofourschoolsocieties.4用在某些物質(zhì)名詞前，該物質(zhì)名詞便詳細(xì)化了Wouldyoulikeacoffeeoratea?5用在某些抽象名詞前，該抽象名詞便詳細(xì)化了Hehasagoodknowledgeofchemistry.6用在專出名詞前，表示類似的一個(gè)或某一個(gè)HeisaJiaoYulu.7表示“同一個(gè)”的意思Thetwoboysareofanage.8表示獨(dú)一無二的名詞前有形容詞修飾時(shí)，其前加不定冠詞Icouldseearisingsunthen.9不定冠詞的特別位置：how/so/as/too＋形容詞＋不定冠詞＋名詞Neverwillyoumeetsokindateacher(＝suchakindteacher)likehim.10名詞前冠詞a或an的運(yùn)用應(yīng)依據(jù)單詞的發(fā)音而不是其首字母確定auniversity;aEuropeancountry;anhour;anhonestman11表示季節(jié)、星期、三餐名稱的名詞前有形容詞修飾時(shí)，其前需用不定冠詞acoldwinter;arainyMonday;adelicioussupper12用在序數(shù)詞前表示“再一”，“又一”Shethankedhimasecondtime.[拓展]常見帶有不定冠詞的短語：ahandfulof一把，少量inahurry匆忙alengthof一根，一段inaword總之a(chǎn)varietyof種種inalowvoice低聲地awasteoftime奢侈時(shí)間aworldofsilence無聲的世界atotalof總共allofasudden突然anaverageof平均asamatteroffact事實(shí)上80kmanhour每小時(shí)80公里haveagoodtime玩得快樂threetimesaday一天三次makeafire生火atatime一次，每次payavisitto探望anhourandahalf一個(gè)半小時(shí)dosb.afavor幫某人一個(gè)忙定冠詞the的主要用法種類用法例子表示類別用在單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前，表示一類人或事物Thehorseisausefulanimal.用在一些形容詞前，表示一類人或事物therich,thepoor,theelderly,theyoung,thewounded,thebeautiful用在某些關(guān)于國家和民族的形容詞前，泛指這個(gè)國家和民族的全體人員theChinese,theFrench,theEnglish,theWelsh表示特指特指上文已提到的人或物Theteachertoldusastory.Thestoryisinteresting.特指說話雙方都知道或能意會(huì)到的人或物①Pleasesendthepaperstotheteacher.②Openthewindow,please.用在帶有后置定語的名詞前，表示特定的人或物①Themanwhowrotethenovelisafamouswriter.②Passthedictionaryonthedesktome.用在比較級前，特指兩個(gè)被比較的人或物中的一個(gè)Heisthetallerofthetwochildreninhisfamily.其他用法表示世界上獨(dú)一無二的事物Whichisthebiggest,thesun,theearthorthemoon？用在序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級前面HetookpartintheEnglishSpeechContestheldinourschoolandwonthefirstprize.用在表示方向或方位的名詞前Gostraight,andturntotheleftatthecrossing.用在姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)前，表示該夫婦倆或全家人HearingtheirsonwasadmittedtoBeijingUniversity,theGreensjumpedwithjoy.用于固定結(jié)構(gòu)“動(dòng)詞＋sb.＋介詞＋the＋身體部位”中①Shepattedthedogonthehead.②Thestonehithimonthenose.用在江河海洋、山脈、群島、海峽、沙漠等地理名詞前TheYangtzeRiveriswhatIwanttovisitmost.樂器、通訊設(shè)備前肯定要加定冠詞PeterlikesplayingfootballwhileIamfondofplayingthepiano.[拓展]固定搭配bythehour按小時(shí)計(jì)算inthe1990s在二十世紀(jì)九十年頭attheageof在……歲時(shí)atthebeginningof在……的起先atthefootof在……的腳下atthemercyof任憑……的擺布inthedistance在遠(yuǎn)處inthedistantfuture在遙遠(yuǎn)的將來ontheonehand...ontheotherhand...一方面……另一方面……on(the)topof在……頂上onthephone在電話里on(the)air正在廣播/播放onthecontrary正相反breakthelaw違法formthehabitof養(yǎng)成……的習(xí)慣inthehabitof有……的習(xí)慣不用冠詞的幾種狀況運(yùn)用場合例句1季節(jié)、節(jié)日(用day表示的節(jié)日前)、星期、三餐(前面沒有修飾詞時(shí))等之前，一般不加冠詞。theSpringFestival(Festival表示的節(jié)日前加the)Therearealotofactivitiesatthebeachinsummer.2名詞前有物主代詞、指示代詞、不定代詞、名詞全部格等限定詞修飾時(shí)，一般不加冠詞Pleasegiveanotherexampletoillustrateyourpoint.3專出名詞、物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞、人名、地名等名詞前，一般不加冠詞Air,waterandlightareallmatter.4球類、棋類、學(xué)科等名稱前，一般不加冠詞IhavebeenlearningEnglishfor8years.5稱呼、頭銜、職務(wù)等表示抽象性質(zhì)的名詞前，不加冠詞Hewaselectedmonitorofourclass.6在與by連用的交通工具名稱前不加冠詞Attwoo'clockintheafternoon,we'llgatherattheschoolgate,afterwhichwe'llsetoutforthedestinationbybus.7turn(變成，成為)后面的名詞前不加冠詞。但become后面的名詞前肯定要加冠詞MydreamwastobecomeateacherwhenIgrewup,butIturnedwriter20yearslater.8在一個(gè)以“一般名詞＋as”所引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中，該一般名詞前不加冠詞Childasheis,heknowsalot.＝Althoughheisachild,heknowsalot.9泛指復(fù)數(shù)名詞前不用冠詞Optionalcoursesenablestudentstoengageinwhattheyarereallyinterestedinandwhattheyarewillingtodevoteto.10school,church,prison,hospital前不加冠詞，表示抽象的概念Ourschoolisquiteclosetoourhome,sowecangotoschooltogetherbybike.11肯定不行數(shù)名詞，如fun,news,information,word(消息),advice,nature前不用不定冠詞Wenotonlygainawell-balancedlifethroughgoinginforsports,butalsogetmorechancestomakemorefriendsandstayclosertonature.[拓展]固定搭配deeply/heavilyindebt負(fù)債累累ingoodhealth身體安康ingoodcondition性能良好ingreatdemand急需ingreatneedof急需……indanger有危急inoffice就職inhonorof為了紀(jì)念……introuble陷入麻煩infavorof贊同withanger怒氣沖天in/withinsight在視野之內(nèi)in(outof)order秩序井然(無序)onbusiness出差onholiday度假onleave休假onwatch值班onfire著火heartandsoul一心一意knifeandfork刀叉husbandandwife夫婦brotherandsister兄弟姐妹frommorningtillnight從早到晚onhorseback騎著馬atsea在海上(尤指乘船)；不知所措特別狀況有無冠詞意義不同無冠詞有冠詞1outofproblem不成問題outoftheproblem不行能2takeplace發(fā)生；實(shí)行taketheplaceof代替……3inhospital住院inthehospital在醫(yī)院里4attable在吃飯atthetable在餐桌旁5infrontof在……前方inthefrontof在……前部6threeofus我們中的三個(gè)人thethreeofus我們?nèi)齻€(gè)人7onearth原委ontheearth在地球上8gotoschool上學(xué)gototheschool去學(xué)校9inchargeof負(fù)責(zé)……inthechargeof由……負(fù)責(zé)10incontrolof限制……inthecontrolof由……限制11inpossessionof擁有……inthepossessionof由……擁有用定冠詞不定冠詞意義不同不定冠詞定冠詞1anumberof很多thenumberof……的數(shù)量2thesecond其次個(gè)asecond又一，再一Ⅰ.單句語法填空1．(2024·中心民大附中月考)Besides,youcanjustputthecontentsofthebasketintoyoursuitcaseifyouarein________hurrytoleavefortheairport.答案：ainahurry固定短語，意為“急于做某事”。句意：此外，假如你急于動(dòng)身去機(jī)場，你可以把籃子中的東西放進(jìn)你的行李箱。2．(2024·石家莊市重點(diǎn)中學(xué)高三畢業(yè)班摸底考試)Italsopublishesliteraryworks,butmainlyshortstoriesandpoems,aswellashumoroussketches(小品)anditsuniquestyleof________NewYorkercartoons.答案：TheTheNewYorker(《紐約客》)為報(bào)刊雜志類，前面加定冠詞the。3．(2024·廣東省肇慶市藍(lán)精靈中學(xué)高三月考)Ifyouareinterestedin________certainarticleoryouthinkitofgreatimportance,youcandownloadandstoreitforfutureuse.答案：a設(shè)空處后面的certain表示“某種，某一”，通常與不定冠詞a連用，構(gòu)成acertain修飾后面的名詞。4．(2024·河南省鞏義市高三模擬考試)Toeasetheworldwidecommunicationamongnations,weshouldcreate________commonlanguageandprovidecoursesofit.答案：a此處表示泛指“一種共同的語言”，故運(yùn)用a。5．Now,yearslater,thisriverisoneof________mostoutstandingexamplesofenvironmentalclean-up.答案：the“oneof＋the＋可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示“……之一”。6．Insteadofwinningthegoldmedalashadbeenexpected,thisworldrecordholderonlycame________fifthinthegame.答案：/句意：沒有像人們預(yù)料的那樣贏得金牌，這個(gè)世界紀(jì)錄保持者僅在競賽中屈居第五。comefifth意為“位列第五”，序數(shù)詞作狀語時(shí)，其前不用冠詞。7．(2024·廣東省高三“六校聯(lián)盟”第一次聯(lián)考)Toheramazement,hersonwasgratefulforherwillingnesstocallandoffered________apologyofhisown.答案：an此處apology為可數(shù)名詞，且其發(fā)音是以元音音素開頭，故運(yùn)用an。8．Researchershavenotfound________cure,buttheyaredev