2022年GRE考試真題卷八1測(cè)

2022年GRE考試真題卷八

（本卷共分為1大題50小題，作答時(shí)間為180分鐘，總分100分，60分及格。）

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1.{{B}}Set2GeoIogyplateTectonics{{/B}}

WhydoestheprofessortalkaboutTuzoWiIson

A.Wilsondevelopedawarningsystemforearthquakes.

B.Wilsonwroteanarticlethatcontradictedscientificlaw.

C.Wilsonfirstproposedthetheoryofplatetectonics.

D.WilsondiscoveredseafloorspreadingintheNorthAtlantic.

2.

READINGSECTIONDIRECTIONS

TheReadingsectionmeasuresyourabilitytoreadandunderstand

passagesinEnglish.Youwillreadfivepassagesandanswerquestions

aboutthem.AnsweralIquestionsbasedonwhatisstatedorimpIiedin

thepassages.

Mostquestionsareworthonepoint.Thelastquestionineachsetis

worthmorethanonepoint.Forthisquestion,thedirectionswillindicate

howmanypointsyoucanreceive.

Somepassageshaveoneormorewordsinboldtype.Forthesebolded

words,youwiIIseeadefinitioninaglossaryattheendofthepassage.

AIIow20minutestoreadeachpassageandanswerthequestionsabout

it.Youmaynowbeginthefirstpassage.

{{B}}Set1{{/B}}

NORTHAMERICANGRASSLANDS

1InNorthAmerica,nativegrasslandsoccurprimarilyintheGreat

Plainsinthemiddleofthecontinent.TheNorthAmericanprairiebiome

isoneofthemostextensivegrasslandsintheworld,extendingfromthe

edgeoftheRockyMountainsinthewesttothedeciduousforestinthe

east,andfromnorthernMexicointhesouthtoCanadainthenorth.Average

annualrainfalIrangesfromabout40cm(16inches)inthewestto80

cm(31inches)intheeast.Averageannualtemperaturesrangebetween

10degreesand20degreesCelsius(50to68degreesFahrenheit).Inthe

moistregionsoftheNorthAmericangrasslands,especiallyinthe

northernGreatPlains,rainfaIIisdistinetIyseasonaI,andtemperatures

canvarywidelyfromveryhotinsummertobittercoldinwinter.

2Onehundredyearsago,theGreatPlainsgrasslandswereonevast,

unbrokenprairie.Muchoftheprairieisnowfarmland,themostproductive

agriculturalregionintheworId,dominatedby{{B}}monocuItures{{/B}}

ofcerealgrains.Wheat,barley,soybeans,corn,andsunflowersoccupy

thelandthatwasonceprairie.Inareasgivenovertograzinglandsfor

cattIeandsheep,virtuallyalIthemajornativegrasseshavebeen

repIacedby{{U}}aIien{{/U}}species.

3AnimportantfeatureofthenorthernGreatPlainsgrasslandsisthe

presenceofmiIIionsofgIaciaIdepressionsthatarenowsmaIIpondsknown

asprairiepotholes.TheywereformedduringthemostrecentIceAge,

whenstreamsfIowedintunnelsbeneathglacialIyformedsandyridges.

WhentheIceAgeendedaround12,000yearsago,theretreatingglaciers

createdabout25milliondepressionsacrossa300,000-square-miIe

landscape-about83pothoIespersquaremiIe.AstheicebIocksmelted,

muchofthewaterwasleftbehindfformingwetIandsranginginsizefrom

atenthofanacretoseveralacres.ThewetIandsweresoonsurrounded

byflutteringwavesofgrasses:shortgrass,mixedgrass,andtaiIgrass.

4{{U}}TodaythesesmaIIwetIandsstillcovertheprairies,although

muchofthelandscape-includingbothnativegrassesandpothoIes-

hasbeentransformedtocroplandandgrasslandforgrazing.{{/U}}What

doesremainofthewetlands,however,stillservesasanimportant

breedingareaformorethan300birdspecies,includinglargenumbers

ofmigratingshorebirdsandwaterfowl.ThepothoIesfillupwithwater

duringspringrainsandusuallydryoutbylatesummer.Everyspring,

birdsarriveingreatnumbers-northernpintails,maIlards,coots,and

pied-biIIedgrebes-4to6millionstrong,tomateintheseasonal

wetIandsthatdotportionsofMinnesota,Iowa,NorthandSouthDakota,

Montana,Alberta,Saskatchewan,andManitoba.Prairiepotholecountry

produceshalfofNorthAmerica's35to40miIIionducksandisrenowned

worldwideasa"{{U}}duckfactory{{/U}}.M

5RecentIybioIogistshavediscoveredthattheprairiepothoIeregion

ispotentiaIIyavastcarbonsink:anaturalspongethatabsorbscarbon

dioxideemissionsfromcars,factories,andpowerplants.Carbondioxide

isthemostcommonofalIthepollutantsactingasgreenhousegasesthat

heatuptheatmosphere.Fortunately,however,carbondioxideiscaptured

naturallyandstoredintrees,soiIfandplants.Scientistshavetermed

{{U}}this{{/U}}ncarbonsequestration."Theyhavedeterminedthat

prairiepothoIesholdanaverageof2.5tonsofcarbonperacreperyear

whennotbeingfarmed.ThismeansthatiftheentirepothoIeregionin

theUnitedStatesandCanadaweretostopbeingfarmed,theregionwould

storeabout400milliontonsofcarbonover10years—theequivaIentof

takingaImost4miIIioncarsofftheroad.Thus,preservingthepotholes

couldbeawayto{{11}}offset{{/U}}greenhousegasemissionsthatare

warmingthepIanet.

Glossary:

biome:oneoftheworld'smajornaturalcommunities,classifiedby

predominantvegetation

monoculture:cultivationoflargelandareaswithasingleplant

varietyPOLITICALSYSTEMSOFTHETWENTIETHCENTURY

1Monarchyisaformofgovernmentinwhichauthorityisheldbya

singleperson,amonarch,whoserighttoruleisgenerallyhereditary

andIifeIong.Atthestartofthetwentiethcentury,monarchsruledover

mostoftheworld,butbythemiddleofthecentury,onlyahandful

remained.AseriesofrevoIutionsintheprecedingcenturieshadweakened

theEuropeanmonarchies,andwhilemonarchsremainedsymboIsofnationaI

unity,realpowerhadpassedtoconstitutionaIassembIies.Monarchy

survivedasaforminEuropeonlywherethekingorqueenfunctionedas

thesymboIicheadofaparIiamentarystate,asinBritain,theLow

Countries,andScandinavia.ItIastedlongerinthefewsmaIIstatesof

AsiaandAfricathathadnevercomeunderdirectcolonialrule.Bythe

1960s,autocraticmonarchyhadbecomeanoutdatedformofgovernment.

ThroughoutmostoftheworId,peopIewereconsideredcitizens,not

subjects,andthetotalityofthepeopIewereseenasconstitutingthe

state.

2Inmoststateswheremonarchicalauthoritywasremoved,someform

ofIiberaldemocracytookitsplace.AIiberaldemocracyisastatewhere

politicalauthorityrestsinthepeopIeactingthrougheIected

representativesandwhereaneIectedexecutiveisresponsibletothewiII

ofthepeopIeasawhole.{{U}}Theterm{{/U}}appliestoabroadgroup

ofstateswithaparIiamentaryorrepresentativepoliticaItradition.

Liberaldemocraciesdifferfromthecommuniststatesknownas{{11}}people1

sdemocracies{{/U}},inwhichtheCommunistpartyholdstheu11imate

authority.GeneraIIy,IiberaIdemocraciesfollowtheparIiamentary

{{U}}pattern{{/U}},withtheexecutivepowervestedinacabinet

responsibletotheparIiamentanddrawnfromthemajoritypartyor

combinationofparties.IntheUnitedStates,anindependentlyeIected

executive,thepresident,functionsseparatelyfromthelegislative

authority,thecongress.

3ThedoctrinethatalIofthepeopIehadeffectiveauthority,or

sovereignty,becamethebasisforthefunctioningofdemocraticstates.

ThisdoctrineofpopuIarsovereigntybecamealI-inclusiveascitizenship

rightswereextendedtoclassesformerlyexcIudedandtowomen.The

IiberaIdemocraticstatecIaimedtherighttocontroleveryaspectof

humanIifeaccordingtothewiIIofthepeople,exceptwhereIimitson

statecontrolweredirectlystatedinabillofrightsinademocratic

constitutionandrecognizedinpractice.

4AlIdemocraticstates,bothparIiamentaryandpresidentiaI,changed

informduringthetwentiethcentury.Tomeettheneedsofanurban

industrialsociety,statesgenerallyenlargedtheirscopeofactivity

tocontroleconomicpowerandtoprovidecommonservicestothepeople.

TheexpansionofstateactivityandextensionofstateservicesinvoIved

anewviewoflegislationanditsroleinsociety.Thepassingoflaws

cametobeseenasawaytopromotetheweIIbeingofthepeopIe.With

thisnewconceptoflegislation,thenumberofnewlawsincreased

immensely,particuIarIyintheareasofsocialweIfare,education,health

andsafety,andeconomicdevelopment.

5ThetrendtowardIiberaIdemocracycontinuedthroughoutthecentury,

butatvarioustimestherewasalsoatendencytowardarevivalof

authoritarianrule.Inanumberofstates,democraticgovernmentscould

notcopewiththecrisesofthetime.{{U}}Inthesecases,someformof

totalitariandictatorshipemerged,replacingpopularsovereigntywith

thetotalpowerofthestate.{{/U}}Insomeinstances,monarchygaveway

directlytodictatorship.Inothers,dictatorialregimestookover

democraticallyorganizedstates,notabIyinEasternEuropeintheyears

betweenthetwoworldwars,innewstatesofAsiaandAfricainthe1950s,

andsporadicallyinCentralandSouthAmerica.

6Authoritariangovernmentsshowedthreeprinciplecharacteristics.

First,therewasaheadofstateorleaderwithexceptionaIpowers,with

apartytosupporthim.Second,thelegislativebodywaseIectedbya

systemthatprohibitedpartiesopposedtotheregime,andthird,there

wasabureaucraticadministrationthatwasinnowaysubjecttopopular

control.ThemostextremepositiononthesepointswastakenbyHitler1

stotalitarianNationaISociaIistStateinthe1930s.

Glossary:

autocratic:characterizedbyuniimitedpower

autocratic:characterizedbycompIeteobediencetoauthority,Iacking

individualfreedom

Theword{{II}}survived{{/U}}inparagraph1isclosestinmeaningto

A.remained

B.developed

C.changed

D.returned

4.{{BUSet5{{/B}}

THEDOMESTICATIONOFANIMALS

1ThedomesticationofwiIdspeciesleddirectIytodenserhuman

popuIationsbyyieldingmorefoodthanthehunter-gathererIifestyle

couldprovide.Insocietiesthatpossesseddomesticanimals,Iivestock

heIpedtofeedmorepeopIebyprovidingmeat,milk,andfertiIizer,and

bypullingplows.Largedomesticanimalsbecamethesocieties'main

sourceofanimalprotein,replacingwiIdgame,andtheyalso

{{U}}furnished{{/U}}woolyleather,andlandtransport.Humanshave

domesticatedonlyafewspeciesoflargeanimals,withnlarge"defined

asthoseweighingover100pounds(45kilograms).Fourteensuchspecies

weredomesticatedbeforethetwentiethcentury,alIofthemterrestrial

mammaIsandherbivores.Thefivemostimportantofthesearesheep,goats,

pigsfhorses,andcattIeoroxen.

2SmalIanimalssuchasducksygeese,rabbits,dogs,cats,mink,bees,

andsiIkwormshavealsobeendomesticated.ManyofthesesmalIanimals

providedfood,clothing,orwarmth.However,noneofthempulledplows

orwagons,nonecarriedriders,andnoneexceptdogspulledsleds.

Furthermore,nosmalIdomesticanimalshavebeenasimportantforfood

ashavelargedomesticanimals.

3EarlyherdingsocietiesquicklydomesticatedalIlargemammal

speciesthatweresuitablefordomestication.Thereisarchaeological

evidencethatthesespeciesweredomesticatedbetween10,000and4,500

yearsago,withinthefirstfewthousandyearsoftheoriginsof

farming-herdingsocietiesafterthelastIceAge.Thecontinentof

EurasiahasbeentheprimarysiteoflargemammaIdomestication.Having

themostspeciesofwiIdmammaIstobeginwith,andlosingthefewest

toextinetioninthelast40,000years,Eurasiahasgeneratedthemost

candidatesfordomestication.

4DomesticationinvoIvestransformingwiIdanimalsintosomething

moreusefultohumans.Trulydomesticatedanimalsdifferinmanyways

fromtheirwiIdancestors.Thesedifferencesresultfromtwoprocesses:

humanseIectionofindividualanimalsthataremoreusefuItohumansthan

otherindividualsofthesamespecies,andevolutionaryresponsesof

animalstotheforcesofnaturalseIectionoperatinginhuman

environmentsratherthaninwiIdenvironments.

5Tobedomesticated,awiIdspeciesmustpossessseveral

characteristics.{{U}}Acandidatefordomesticationmustbeprimarily

aherbivorebecauseittakeslessplantbiomasstofeedaplanteater

thanitdoestofeedacarnivorethatconsumesplanteaters{{/U}}.No

carnivorousmammaIhaseverbeendomesticatedforfoodsimplybecause

itwouldbetoocostly.Acandidatemustnotonlyweighanaverageof

over100poundsbutaIsogrowquickIy.Thateliminates{{U}}goriIlasand

elephants{{/U}},eventhoughtheyareherbivores.Moreover,candidates

fordomesticationmustbeabletobreedsuccessfullyincaptivity.

6SinceaImostanysufficientlylargemammaIspeciesiscapableof

killingahuman,certainquaIities{{U}}disquaIify{{/U}}awildanimal

fordomestication.Theanimalcannothaveadispositionthatisnasty,

dangerousforunpredictable-characteristicsthateliminatebears,

Africanbuffaloes,andsomespeciesofwiIdhorses.Theanimalcannot

besonervousthatit{{U}}panics{{/U}}aroundhumans.Largeherbivorous

mammaIspeciesreacttodangerfrompredatorsorhumansindifferentways.

Somespeciesarenervous,fast,andprogrammedforinstantfIightwhen

theyperceivedanger.Othersarelessnervous,seekprotectioninherds,

anddonotrununtiInecessary.Mostspeciesofdeerandantelopeare

oftheformertype,whilesheepandgoatsareofthelatter.

7AImostalIdomesticatedlargemammaIsarespecieswhosewiId

ancestorssharethreesociaIcharacteristics:Iivinginaherd,

maintainingadominancehierarchyintheherd,andhavingherdsthat

occupyoverIappinghomerangesinsteadofmutuaIIyexclusiveterritories.

Humanshavetakenadvantageofthesecharacteristicsinkeepingdomestic

animalstogetherwithothersoftheirspeciesandincloseproximityto

otherspeciesofdomesticanimals.

Glossary:

terrestrial:livingonlandratherthaninwater

herbivores:animalsthatfeedmainlyonplants

Accordingtothepassage,whatbenefitoflargedomesticanimalsisnot

alsoprovidedbysmalIanimals

A.Asourceoffood

B.Asourceofclothing

C.Theabilitytopullaplow

D.Theabilitytoberidden

5.{{BHSet3{{/B}}

THESENSEOFSMELL

1SmelIisthemostdirectofalIthesenses.Itisthoughttobethe

oldestsenseintermsofhumanevolution,whichmayexplainwhysmelI

is{{U}}hard-wired{{/U}}intothebrain.Theolfactorynerve,which

managestheperceptionofsmeIls,isessentiallyanextensionofthebrain.

TheolfactorynerveprovidesadirectIinkfromreceptorsatthetopof

thenosetotheportionofthebrainthatcontrolsmemory,emotion,and

behavior.

2TheoIfactorysystem{{U}}detects{{/U}}certainairbornechemicals

thatenterthenoseandthentransmitsthischemicaIinformationtothe

Iimbicsysteminthebrain.Theolfactoryregionattheupperendofeach

nostriIisyeIIow,moist,andfulIoffattysubstances.Theshadeof

yeIlowindicatesthestrengthofthesenseofsmelI:thedeepertheshade,

thekeenerandmoreacuteitis.AnimalshaveaverystrongsenseofsmeIIy

sotheirolfactoryregionsaredarkyeIlowtoreddishbrown,whilethose

ofhumansareIightyeIIow.

3Whenanodoroussubstanceentersthenose,itbindstoolfactory

receptorcellsftheneuronsIiningtheyeIlowupperportionofthenasal

cavity.OlfactoryreceptorcellscontainmicroscopichairscalledciIia

thatextendintothelayerofmucuscoatingtheinsideofthenose.Odor

moIecuIes{{U}}diffuse{{/U}}intothisregionandareabsorbedbythe

ciliaoftheolfactoryreceptorcelIs.Whatthismeansisthatwhenwe

holdarosetoournoseandinhale,odormoIecuIesfloatupintothenasal

cavity,wheretheyareabsorbedbyfivemiIIionoIfactoryreceptorcelIs.

Thereceptorcellsalerttheolfactorynerve,whichsendsimpulsesto

thebrain1solfactorybulb,orsmeIIcenter.Thus,olfactoryinformation

abouttheroseentersthebrain'sIimbicsystem,where,inmostofus,

itstimulatesafeeIingofpleasure.

4TheIimbicsystemofthebrain{{11}}iintegrates{{/U}}memory,

emotion,andbehavior.Thesystemiscomposedofagroupofrelated

nervoussystemstructuresthatarethefunctionaIcenterofemotionssuch

asanger,fear,pleasure,andsadness.ThecomponentsoftheIimbicsystem

areIinkedtothecerebralcortex,thepartofthebraininvoIvedin

compIexlearning,reasoning,andpersonality.Thecerebralcortexmakes

decisionsabouttheemotionaIcontentoftheseuniquehumanquaIities

after"consulting"theIimbicsystemandotherbraincentersin

processingandretrievingmemories.Itmay,inturn,usememoriesto

modifybehavior.

5Scentmaybethestrongesttriggerofmemoryandemotions.Whenwe

inhaleascent,receptorsinthebrain1sIimbiccentercomparetheodor

enteringournosetoodorsstoredinourmemory.Alongtheway,memories

associatedwiththoseodorsarestimuIated.AsmeIIcanbeoverwheImingIy

nostaIgicbecauseittriggerspowerfulimagesandemotions.Thewaxy

fragranceof{{U}}crayons{{/U}}caninstantlytransportustoour

second-gradeclassroom,orthescentof{{U}}freshlymowngrass{{/U}}

canflooduswiththejoyofsummerfreedom.{{U}}Whatweseeandhear

mayfadequicklyinshort-termmemory,butwhatwesmeIIissentdirectly

tolong-termmemory.{{/U}}

6SmeIIscanincreasealertnessandstimulatelearningandretention.

Inonestudy,chiIdrenmemorizedawordIist,whichwaspresentedboth

withandwithoutaccompanyingscents.ThechiIdrenrecalledwordsonthe

IistmoreeasilyandwithhigheraccuracywhentheIistwasgivenwith

scentsthanwithout,showingtheIinkbetweensmeIIandtheabilityto

retaininformation.Inanotherstudy,researchersexaminedhowvarious

smeIIscanincreasealertnessanddecreasestress.Theyfoundthatthe

scentofIavendercouIdwakeupthemetaboIismandmakepeopIemoreaIert.

TheyalsofoundthatthesmeIIofspicedapplescouldreduceblood

pressureandavertapanicattackinpeopIeunderstress.

Glossary:

nostalgic:causingadesireforthings,persons,orsituationsofthe

past;causinghomesickness

retention:theactofretaining;keeping,holding,ormaintaining

Theword{{U}}detects{{/U}}inparagraph2isclosestinmeaningto

A.notices

B.destroys

C.fights

D.compares

6.

LISTENINGSECTIONDIRECTIONS

TheListeningsectionmeasuresyourabilitytounderstand

conversationsandlecturesinEnglish.YouwiIIneareachconversation

andlectureonlyonetime.Aftereachconversationorlecture,youwiII

hearsomequestionsaboutit.Answerthequestionsbasedonwhatthe

speakersstateorimply.

YoumaytakenoteswhileyouIisten.Youmayuseyournotestohelp

youanswerthequestions.Insomequestions,youwiIIseethisicon:This

meansthatyouwiIIhear,butnotsee,partofthequestion.

SomequestionshavespeciaIdirections,whichappearinagraybox.

Mostquestionsareworthonepoint.Ifaquestionisworthmorethanone

point,thedirectionswiIIindicatehowmanypointsyoucanreceive.

Youwi11nowbeginthefirstpartoftheListeningsection.

{{B}}Set1Conversation{{/B}}

Whydoesthemantalkabouthisdog

A.Hisdogenjoysvisitingthecampus.

B.Heneedstobuyspecialfoodforhisdog.

C.HisdogdestroyedhisstudentIDcard.

D.Heisworriedabouthisdog'shealth.

7.{{B}}Set4{{/B}}

THETRICKSTERFIGUREINMYTHOLOGY

1InthestudyofmythoIogy,thecharacterknownasthetricksteris

agodyspirit,human,oranimalwhobreakstherulesofthegodsornature,

sometimesmaIiciousIybutusuallywithresultsthatarepositive.The

rulebreakingoftentakestheformof{{B}Jmischief{{/B}}or

{{B}}thievery{{/B}},ThetricksterisusuallymalebutoccasionaIIy

disguiseshimselfinfemaIeform.Hecanbecunningorfoolish,orboth,

andoftenveryhumorous.Hiscuriosityleadshimintotrouble,buthe

rescueshimselfwithhisslywit.{{U}}Whenheplaystricks,heperforms

importantculturaltasksthatbenefithumans,andforthisreasonthe

tricksterisasignificantfigureinworldmythoIogy.{{/U}}

2Indifferentcultures,thetricksterandtheheroarecombinedin

variousways.InGreekmythoIogy,PrometheussteaIsfirefromthegods

andgivesittohumans,afeatmakinghimmoreofaherothanatrickster,

andheisusuallyportrayedasanintellectual.InmanyNativeAmerican

stories,CoyotealsosteaIsfirefromthegods,butCoyoteisusually

moreofajokesterorapranksterthananinteIIectuaI.

3Thetricksterisbothcreatoranddestroyer,giverandtaker,one

whotricksothersandistrickedinreturn.The{{U}}pranks{{/U}}ofthe

tricksterarecompuIsiveanduncontroIIable.HedoesnotactconsciousIy;

heactsoutofpassionandimpulse.Heknowsneithergoodnorevil,yet

heisresponsiblefor{{U}}both{{/U}}.Hepossessesnomorals,yet

throughhisbehaviormoraIitycomesintobeing.AccordingtopsychoIogist

CarIJung,thetricksteris"aprimitivecosmicbeingofdivine-animal

nature,ontheonehandsuperiortomanbecauseofhissuperhuman

quaIitiesyandontheotherhandinferiortohimbecauseofhisunreason

andunconsciousness.11

4InNativeAmericanmythology,themajorityoftrickstermyths

concernthecreationortransformationoftheearth.Suchstorieshave

atricksterwhoisaIwayswandering,whoisaIwayshungry,whoisnot

guidedbynormalideasofgoodandevil,andwhopossessessomemagicaI

powers.Insomestoriesheisadeity,andinothersheisananimalor

humansubjecttodeath.SeveralofthesemythsfeatureRavenorCoyote

asthetrickster-hero.

5InmanycreationmythsofthePacificNorthwest,RaveniIlustrates

thetransformationalnatureoftricksters.Ravenisthegreatest

shapeshifterofalIandcanchangeintoanythingtogetwhathewants.

Inonestory,thereisdarknessatthebeginningoftheworId,soRaven

decideshewillfindIight.Hefliesfarfromtheearth,searchingin

thedarkness,untiIhespotsaglimmerofIightcomingfromawindowin

thehouseofthegods.Ravenknowsthegodsareprotectiveoftheir

possessions,sohedevisesatrick.Heperchesonapinebranchnextto

thehouseandwatcheseachdayasthechiefgod'sdaughterdrawswater

fromanearbylake.HemagicaIIytransformshimselfintoa{{B}}pinyon

seed{{/B}}andfallsintothegirl'sdrinkingcup.ThegirlswaIIows

theseed,whichgrowswithinherbody,andsheeventuallygivesbirth

toaboy.Thechilddelightshisgrandparents,andhislaughtertricks

theeldergodsintorevealingwheretheyhideashiningbaIIofIight.

ThegodsgivethechildthebaIItoplaywith,andthenRaventransforms

backtoabirdandfliesoffcarryingthebaIIofIightinhisbeak.He

hangsthebaII-thesun-inthesky,bringingIighttotheworld.

6Coyote1scharacterissimilartothatofRaven's,andbothappear

instoriescarryingoutsimilarroles.Inseveralstoriesfromthe

AmericanSouthwest,CoyotesteaIsfirefromagroupofnfirebeings"and

givesittohumans.InsometalesCoyotewantstomakehumanIifemore

interesting,soheintroducessickness,sorrow,anddeath.Heoften

teachesthroughnegativeexampIebyempIoyingthehumanvicesoflying,

cheating,andstealing.Histricksoftenbringaboutdestructivenatural

phenomena,suchasagreatfloodthatdestroystheearth.However,by

causingtheflood,CoyoteleadsthehumanracetoanewandbetterworId.

Coyoteshowsusthatattheheartofthetricksterisa{{U}}savior{{/U}}

whosegreatgifttohumansisshowingthemnewwaysofknowinganddoing.

Glossary:

mischief:tendencytoplaytricksorcauseminortrouble

mischief:theactoftheft;steaIing

pinyonseed:theseedofapinetree;pinenut

Whichsentencebelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthe

highIightedsentenceinparagraph1Incorrectchoiceschangethe

meaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

A.Inworldmythology,everyimportantaspectof