建筑英語論文

Community-orientedlandscapedesignforsustainabilityinarchitectureandplanning

Abstract:Sustainabledesignhasalottodowithsociety,economyandenvironment'sprinciples,andtheseelementsshouldbeconsideredindesignprocess.Socialaspectsofsustainability,isinneedofcommunityparticipation.Participationinthedesignprocessespeciallyinlandscapearchitectureanddesignisoneofthemostimportantfactorswhichareemphasizedinrecentyearsandnewtheories.Thepaperistoproposeasystematicguidelinetofindcommunityneedsanddemandsinordertodevelopacommunity-orientedlandscapedesign.Thismodeldevelopedtomeetsustainabilityinarchitectureandplanning,whichisexaminedincaseofIran,Tehran,Majid-AbadPark.

Keywords:community-oriented;landscapedesign;sustainabledesign;customers'needs;customersatisfaction;majid-abadpark。

1.INTRODUCTION

Theurbanoutdoorspaceshaveexceptionalenvironmentalimportancewithregardtotheircontributiontothereductionofvarioustypesofpollutionandtotheimprovementofmicroclimaticconditions.Furthermore,urbanopenspacesmakepositivecontributionstohumanhealthandwellbeingandtheyleadtoanimportantcontributiontohumanthermalcomfortinexteriorspaces[1].Besideaesthetic,psychologicalandhealthbenefits,naturalfeaturesincitiescanhaveothersocialbenefits[2].Aspectssuchas“amountofpublicgreenspacesperinhabitant”,“publicparks”and“recreationareas”areoftenmentionedasimportantfactorstomakethecityliveable,pleasantandattractiveforitscitizens.Itisstronglybelievedthatdevelopingmoresustainablecitiesisnotjustaboutimprovingtheabioticandbioticaspectsofurbanlife,itisalsoaboutthesocialaspectsofcitylife,thatis—amongothers—aboutpeople’ssatisfaction,experiencesandperceptionsofthequalityoftheireverydayenvironments[3].Soagoodstrategyforasustainablelandscapedevelopmentshouldnotonlyfocusonsustainingthephysical

landscaperesources,butitshouldalsoandperhapsmostofallguaranteethattheresidentscanparticipateinthelandscapedevelopment[4].Sustainabilityindicatorsforurbandevelopmentshouldincludemoreparametersaboutpublicspacesandgreenopenareas,aswellasindexesreflectingcitizens’satisfactionandperceptionoftheirlivingenvironments[3].Thispaperdirecttotheimportanceofurbanparksforthewellbeingofthecitizensandforthesustainabilityofthecitytheylivein.

2.LiteratureReview

2.1.CommunityandAdvantagesofParticipation

Conceptssuchas‘community’and‘communityparticipation’havebeenintensivelyproblematizedinrecentdecadesinbothdevelopedanddevelopingcountries.Contextsareindeeddifferentandvaried[5].Theword‘community’isanumbrellatermthatisdefinedandappliedinamyriadofways[6].

Citizenparticipationis,however,alotmorethanjustconsultingpeopleforthesuccessfulresolutionofsocial,culturalandeconomicissuesrelatedtoenvironmentalconflicts.Theprimarygoalofparticipationistogiveproperresponsibilitytopeoplefor,andcontrolover,theirlives[7].Theimportanceofcommunityparticipationhasbeenemphasizedinthe5thDevelopmentPlanofIslamicRepublicofIranthathighlightedthenecessitycommunity-orientedapproaches,especiallyinlandscapearchitecture.

2.2.ParticipationinProcessDesign

2.2.1.ProcessDesign

Toproduceanobject-designand,asfarasnecessary,arealizationdesign,onemaywanttodesignthedesignprocessitself.However,asintherealizationprocess,inmanycasesalreadysomekindofdesignprocessmaybeinplace.Experiencedindividualarchitecturalorengineeringdesigners,orsmallteamsofthem,tendtouseinformalproceduresfortheirdesignprocesses,whichtheyhavedevelopedovertime

throughtheirinitialprofessionaltrainingandthroughsubsequentexperimentingandlearning…Professionalizationofprocessdesignhasprogressedmuchlessthaninobjectandrealizationdesign.Aswewillseethismayberelatedto

QFDisapro-active‘‘customer-drivenplanningprocess’’sothatproblemscouldbefoundandsolvedattheverybeginningoftheproductdevelopmentandfewerpeoplehavetodealwiththeproblemsatthelaterstages[14].

InferenceMechanism

3.1.ResearchTools

QFDoffersarationalizedapproachtocustomersatisfactionsandseemscomplexandmathematicalwithtoomanydata.Forsomelandscapedesign,it’snoteasytodefinetheaveragecustomer,andalsocustomersmaynotknowallpossibilities.Inthefirstpartofpresentstudy,thedesignteampreparedtheengineeringcharacteristicsthatwouldenableasetofpredefinedcustomerneedsregardingthecomfortandimprovingproductperformance.Next,thedesignteamusedtheHouseofQualitytoestablishthemutualrelationsbetweenthecustomerneedsandtheengineeringcharacteristics.

3.2.ResearchQuestionandResearchMethod

Howacustomer-orientedapproachtowardlandscapedesignmaybeestablished?QualitativeResearchMethodisadoptedinthispaperwhichbeingsupportedbydepthinterviewtechniquewithquestionnaire[15].

CaseStudy:QFDapplicationinACustomer-OrientedApproachTowardLandscapeDesign

4.1.PolicePark

ThecasestudycoversaQFDexercisecarriedoutbyresearchteamoflandscapearchitecturestudentsofTarbiatModaresUniversityinthecaseofIran,Tehran,PolicePark.PoliceParkislocatedintheregioncalledtheGardenofMajidAbadintheNorthEastareaofTehranandtotalareaisabout42hectares.Sinceitscompletionin2003,ithasbecomethemostpopularparkinthecity.ThisparksplittonorthernandsouthernsectionbyStreet.WewillremembertoNorthMajid-AbadParkandSouthMajid-AbadParkinthispaper.Thepurposeofthisresearchisemployingqualitativetechniquestodevelopperformancequalityinneighborhoodparksdesign.Inthisregard,NorthMajid-AbadParkhasbeenselectedassamplesandSouthMajid-AbadParkasrivalParkincomputinganddatacollectioninthefieldisconsidered,Figure2.

Fig.2.NorthMajid-AbadParkandSouthMajid-AbadPark

4.2.ConstructingtheHOQMatrix

Adifficultanddemandingpartofthesystemsengineeringprocessisdefinitionoftheproblemandidentificationoftheneedstothesystem.QFDisrelatedtosystemsengineeringintermsoffacilitatingspecificationofstakeholders’wantsandneedstothesystemateachstagefromresearchandproductdevelopmenttoengineeringandmanufacturing,tomarketinganddistribution.QFDisamethodthatstructuressystemplanninganddevelopment,andenablesthedevelopmentteamtoassesstheproposedsystemsystematicallyintermsofhowitmeetstheneedsandrequirements[16].

?Asstatedbefore,thefirststepintheapplicationistoidentifytheexpectationsofparkusers.Toachievethispurpose,Severalmethodscanbeusedtoestablishcustomers'expectations:survey,interviews;questionnaires;observation,etc.Apilotquestionnairesurveywasmadebasedonliteraturereviewandobservation,anditwasgivento36parkusers.Thefinalsurveyquestionnairewasmodifiedbasedonthepilotstudy.Resultsofcustomersurveys,interviewswithparkusershaveconstitutedtheentriesofHOQ.ThedeterminedcustomerrequirementsarepresentedinfivemajorfactorsinTable1.

?Accessandconnection:Customersexpecttoeasilycommunicatewiththeirdesiredlocationhavephysicalandvisual.

?Safety:feelingofsecurityandhavingagoodmentalimageoftheenvironment.

?Health:Tominimizeairpollution,soundpollutionand….

?Sociability:thecitizensareabletoplaceandpersonshouldown

?Vitality:theconceptofallowingthesurvivalofhumanbiologicalandsociological

Table1.VoiceofcustomerssectionofHOQ

?Thetechnicalspecificationscorrespondingtoeachvoiceofcustomerhavebeenidentifiedinthenextstep.Technicalspecificationsreflectthesolutionsselectedbytheresearchteamtosupplythecustomersandtranslatethequalityfunctionstodesignfeatures.Thetechnicalspecificationsshouldbemeasurableandquantitativetoallowthemtobecomparedwithobjectives.Technicalspecifications,whichhavebeenidentifiedasaresultofbrainstormingsessionsconsistofQualityFunctionDevelopmentteamconsistsofanumberoflandscapedesignstudents,arelistedinTable2.

Table2.TechnicalmeasuressectionofHOQ

?TheprocessofQFDinvolvesmanystepsofoneormoreinterlinkedmatrixtofollow,ofwhichthefirstiscalled‘‘HouseofQuality’’(HOQ).Inthisphase,customerrequirementsareidentified(‘‘whats’’)andthentherequirementsaretransformedintotechnicalresponsesorspecifications(‘‘hows’’).TheHOQdisplaystheVoiceoftheCustomeralongtheleft,andthedevelopmentteam’stechnicalspecificationstotheuserneedsrequirementsalongthetop,showninFigure4.Basedontheweightsassignedtothe(‘‘whats’’),whichareplacedtotherightinthematrix,theamountofimpacteach‘‘how’’hasonachievingeach‘‘what’’aregivenprioritieswrittenatthebottomoftheHOQ.

?Theprioritizingofparkusersrequirementsisshowninthe‘‘rateimportance’’columninthetable,wherethevalues1-9maybedefinedas1beingleastimportantand9ofhighestimportance.Therateofimportanceandthecorrespondingexplanationderivedfromthesurvey.

?InordertofilltherelationshipsectionoftheHOQmatrix,therelationshipsbetweenparkuserrequirementsandtechnicalspecificationshavetobespecifiedbytheresearchteam.Thisstepisessentialtounderstandthecooperationofeachtechnicalspecificationsincustomersatisfactiontoseehowthetechnicalspecificationsarehelpfultosatisfyeachcustomerprospect.Thedesignteamestimatedthestrengthoftherelationship(9:strongrelationship,3:moderaterelationship,1:weakrelationship,or0:norelationship)betweeneachcustomerrequirementsandeachtechnicalspecificationsareshowninTable3.

Table3.Scoringscale

TheresultingmatrixareshowninFigure3.Thefirstcolumn,rightcolumnafterassessmentcompetitors,iscalledtheGoalscolumn.Theresultsoftheresearchteamsurveyrangedfrom1to5recordinthiscolumn.Forinstance,number4inthesecondrowshowsdesignershouldplanonconnectingdirectionstoassesscustomernumber3tonumber4willclose.Thegoalshavebeensetbyconsideringthebestalternativeforeachcustomerexpectationascomparedtomajorrivals.ImprovementRatiosforeachcustomerrequirements,whicharefoundbydividingtheGoaltothecurrentperformance,arecalculated.Forinstance,‘‘Havingconnectionstobothdirections’’hasaninitialimportancelevelof4.TheperformanceofNorthMajid-AbadParkinsatisfyingthisneedisgivenascoreof3whereasthecompetitorshaveacorrespondingperformancescoreof4.Thus,thetargetperformanceisdecidedtobe4andtheImprovementRatioisfoundbydividingtheGoal(4)tothecurrentperformance(3).TheImprovementRatioiscalculatedas1.33.ForRowsthecurrentperformanceandtheGoalareequal,theImprovementRatiosisnumber1thatchangedoesnotrequire.TherevisedweightisobtainedbymultiplyingtheImprovementRatio(1.33)withtheoriginalimportanceweight(4).Thepurposeofthiscalculationistoincreasetheweightofthecustomerrequirementsalreadynotconsidered.

Fig.3.HOQmatrix

DISCUSSION

ActionsofAcategorieswillbededicatedtotherowsthatparkdesignershouldevaluaterival(SouthMajid-AbadPark)andpossiblytoanimitationofit.Becauseofcustomerview,SouthMajid-AbadParkisinconditionsbetterthanNorthMajid-AbadPark.ActionsofBcategoriesshallbeadoptedincircumstancesthatSouthMajid-AbadParkadvantageislessthanNorthMajid-AbadPark.WecanevaluatedalongwiththeSouthMajid-AbadParkotherprojectsintendedtopaythemamongthebestdesignscanbeselected.ActionsofACcategories:IntheseconditionstheSouthMajid-AbadParkandMajid-AbadParkoftheNorthdon'thavegoodconditionsandbettertodesignerlookingfornewideas.Forinstance,HOQshownthat,"LegibilityDirections"iscustomerrequirementsandlocatedinActionsofAcategoriesandpossiblytoanimitationofSouthMajid-AbadPark.Intherelationship

matrixoftheHOQmatrixtherearethehighesttherelationshipmatrixoftheHOQmatrixbetween"Numberofsignpost"and"Numberoflightingequipment"andamediumrelationshipwith"Numberofdirectionswithoutdeadlock".TherelationshipmatrixoftheHOQmatrixindicate"Numberofsignpost"technicalspecificationsnonegativeimpactwouldbeonothertechnicalcharacteristicsButthereisnegativecorrelationbetweenthe"Numberoflightingequipment"and"Numberofcentersandindividualstocarefor"Thatisincreasing"Numberoflightingequipment"from"Numberofcentersandindividualstocarefor"isreduced.DesignerexaminingonSouthMajid-AbadParkafewideasandtestinnovativeengineering,LegibilityDirectionsaccordingtotwotechnicalcharacteristicsincreases.

CONCLUSION

Qualityfunctiondeployment(QFD)isanewtechniqueinthefieldofengineeringandamethodusedtoidentifycriticalcustomerattributesandtocreateaspecificlinkbetweencustomerattributesanddesignparameters.OurinvestigationsshowthattheapplicabilityofQFDasastrategicdecision-makingtoolinthefieldofsustainabledesignprocess.Thedemandsofpeopleasthemostdeterminingelementindesignprocess,mayguaranteethesuccessinoperationstage.ThedevelopedmodelofQFDistoprioritizingdemandsandrequirementsofcitizensregardingneighborhoodparks.Regardingtotheachievementsofthepaper,theprioritiesinthecolumn"Rowweight"(figure4)areshown.

Theresultsoftheinvestigationsindicatethat"LegibilityDirections","healthrates"and"tangibleandnon-tangiblecare"intheparklookingforthemostimportantiscustomerdemandsButwiththeformationofHOQMatrixandcompareNorthMajid-AbadParkwithrivalpark,theresultsindicatethat"tangibleandnontangiblecare"locatedinthefourthpriority.

CitizenParticipationinparkdesignprocesshelpsdesignerstomeettheneedsofthosewhowillusethepark.Italsoprovidescitizensofsenseof"pride"and"ownership"oftheparkinallmembersofthecommunitywhoparticipate.Thesefactorshelptokeeptheparkaliveformanyyears,andalsohelptoreducetheincidenceofvandalismontheparks.OurinvestigationsshowthattheQFDprocessisoneofthebesttechniquesforCustomer-OrientedApproachtowardlandscapedesign.

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