閱讀理解之說明文（原卷版）-2025年高考英語一輪復習（新高考）

專題突破卷07閱讀理解之說明文

最新高考真題

1.（2024年新高考I卷D篇閱讀理解）IntheracetodocumentthespeciesonEarthbeforetheygoextinct,

researchersandcitizenscientistshavecollectedbillionsofrecords.Today,mostrecordsofbiodiversityareoften

intheformofphotos,videos,andotherdigitalrecords.Thoughtheyareusefulfordetectingshiftsinthenumber

andvarietyofspeciesinanarea,anewStanfordstudyhasfoundthatthistypeofrecordisnotperfect.

“Withtheriseoftechnologyitiseasyforpeopletomakeobservationsofdifferentspecieswiththeaidofa

mobileapplication,saidBarnabasDaru,whoisleadauthorofthestudyandassistantprofessorofbiologyinthe

StanfordSchoolofHumanitiesandSciences."Theseobservationsnowoutnumbertheprimarydatathatcomes

fromphysicalspecimens（標本），andsinceweareincreasinglyusingobservationaldatatoinvestigatehowspecies

arerespondingtoglobalchange,Iwantedtoknow:Aretheyusable?^^

Usingaglobaldatasetof1.9billionrecordsofplants,insects,birds,andanimals,Daruandhisteamtested

howwellthesedatarepresentactualglobalbiodiversitypatterns.

“Wewereparticularlyinterestedinexploringtheaspectsofsamplingthattendtobias（使有偏差）data,like

thegreaterlikelihoodofacitizenscientisttotakeapictureofafloweringplantinsteadofthegrassrightnexttoit,“

saidDaru.

Theirstudyrevealedthatthelargenumberofobservation-onlyrecordsdidnotleadtobetterglobalcoverage.

Moreover,thesedataarebiasedandfavorcertainregions,timeperiods,andspecies.Thismakessensebecausethe

peoplewhogetobservationalbiodiversitydataonmobiledevicesareoftencitizenscientistsrecordingtheir

encounterswithspeciesinareasnearby.Thesedataarealsobiasedtowardcertainspecieswithattractiveor

eye-catchingfeatures.

Whatcanwedowiththeimperfectdatasetsofbiodiversity?

“Quitealot,“Daruexplained."Biodiversityappscanuseourstudyresultstoinformusersofoversampled

areasandleadthemtoplaces-andevenspecies-thatarenotwell-sampled.Toimprovethequalityof

observationaldata,biodiversityappscanalsoencourageuserstohaveanexpertconfirmtheidentificationoftheir

uploadedimage.9,

32.Whatdoweknowabouttherecordsofspeciescollectednow?

A.Theyarebecomingoutdated.B.Theyaremostlyinelectronicform.

C.Theyarelimitedinnumber.D.Theyareusedforpublicexhibition.

33.WhatdoesDaru'sstudyfocuson?

A.Threatenedspecies.B.Physicalspecimens.

C.Observationaldata.D.Mobileapplications.

34.Whathasledtothebiasesaccordingtothestudy?

A.Mistakesindataanalysis.B.Poorqualityofuploadedpictures.

C.Improperwayofsampling.D.Unreliabledatacollectiondevices.

35.WhatisDaru'ssuggestionforbiodiversityapps?

A.Reviewdatafromcertainareas.B.Hireexpertstochecktherecords.

C.Confirmtheidentityoftheusers.D.Giveguidancetocitizenscientists.

2.（2024年新高考II卷C篇閱讀理解）Weallknowfreshisbestwhenitcomestofood.However,most

produceatthestorewentthroughweeksoftravelandcoveredhundredsofmilesbeforereachingthetable.While

farmer5smarketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejourney,BabylonMicro-Farm（BMF）shortensitevenmore.

BMFisanindoorgardensystem.Itcanbesetupforafamily.Additionally,itcouldservealargeraudience

suchasahospital,restaurantorschool.Theinnovativedesignrequireslittleefforttoachieveareliableweekly

supplyoffreshgreens.

Specifically,ifsafarmthatreliesonnewtechnology.ByconnectingthroughtheCloud,BMFisremotely

monitored.Also,thereisaconvenientappthatprovidesgrowingdatainrealtime.Becausethesystemis

automated,itsignificantlyreducestheamountofwaterneededtogrowplants.Ratherthanwateringrowsofsoil,

thesystemprovidesjusttherightamounttoeachplant.Afterharvest,userssimplyreplacetheplantswithanew

pre-seededpod（容器）togetthenextgrowthcyclestarted.

Moreover,havingasysteminthesamebuildingwhereit'seatenmeanszeroemissions（MF放）from

transportingplantsfromsoiltosalad.Inaddition,there5snoneedfbrpesticidesandotherchemicalsthatpollute

traditionalfarmsandthesurroundingenvironment.

BMFemployeesliveoutsustainabilityintheireverydaylives.Abouthalfofthemwalkorbiketowork.

Insidetheoffice,theyencouragerecyclingandwastereductionbylimitinggarbagecansandavoidingsingle-use

plastic.t4Wearepassionateaboutreducingwaste,carbonandchemicalsinourenvironment,saidaBMF

employee.

8.WhatcanbelearnedaboutBMFfromparagraph1?

A.Itguaranteesthevarietyoffood.B.Itrequiresday-to-daycare.

C.Itcutsthefarm-to-tabledistance.D.Itreliesonfarmer^markets.

9.Whatinformationdoestheconvenientappoffer?

A.Real-timeweatherchanges.B.Currentconditionoftheplants.

C.Chemicalpollutantsinthesoil.D.Availabilityofpre-seededpods.

10.WhatcanbeconcludedaboutBMFemployees?

A.Theyhaveagreatpassionforsports.

B.Theyaredevotedtocommunityservice.

C.Theyarefondofsharingdailyexperiences.

DTheyhaveastrongenvironmentalawareness.

11.Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?

A.BMF'smajorstrengths.B.BMF'sgeneralmanagement.

C.BMF'sglobalinfluence.D.BMF'stechnicalstandards.

3.（2024年新高考II卷D篇閱讀理解）GiventheastonishingpotentialofAItotransformourlives,weall

needtotakeactiontodealwithourAl-poweredfuture,andthisiswhereAIbyDesign:APlanforLivingwith

ArtificialIntelligencecomesin.ThisabsorbingnewbookbyCatrionaCampbellisapracticalroadmapaddressing

thechallengesposedbytheforthcomingAIrevolution（變革）.

Inthewronghands,suchabookcouldproveascomplicatedtoprocessasthecomputercode（代碼）that

powersAIbut,thankfully,Campbellhasmorethantwodecades9professionalexperiencetranslatingtheheady

intotheunderstandable.Shewritesfromthepracticalangleofabusinesspersonratherthanasanacademic,

makingforaguidewhichishighlyaccessibleandinformativeandwhich,bytheclose,willmakeyoufeelalmost

assmartasAL

AswesooncometolearnfromAIbyDesign,AIisalreadysuper-smartandwillbecomemorecapable,

movingfromthecurrentgenerationof“narrow-AI“toArtificialGeneralIntelligence.Fromthere,Campbellsays,

willcomeArtificialDominantIntelligence.ThisiswhyCampbellhassetouttoraiseawarenessofAIandits

futurenow-severaldecadesbeforethesedevelopmentsareexpectedtotakeplace.Shesaysitisessentialthatwe

keepcontrolofartificialintelligence,orriskbeingsidelinedandperhapsevenworse.

CampbeirspointistowakeupthoseresponsibleforAl-thetechnologycompaniesandworldleaders-sothey

areonthesamepageasalltheexpertscurrentlydevelopingit.Sheexplainsweareata“tippingpoinf,inhistory

andmustactnowtopreventanextinction-leveleventforhumanity.Weneedtoconsiderhowwewantourfuture

withAltopanout.Suchstructuredthinking,followedbyglobalregulation,willenableustoachievegreatness

ratherthanourdownfall.

AIwillaffectusall,andifyouonlyreadonebookonthesubject,thisisit.

12.Whatdoesthephrase“Inthewronghands^^inparagraph2probablymean?

A.Ifreadbysomeonepoorlyeducated.B.Ifreviewedbysomeoneill-intentioned.

C.Ifwrittenbysomeonelesscompetent.D.Iftranslatedbysomeoneunacademic.

13.WhatisafeatureofAIbyDesignaccordingtothetext?

A.Itispackedwithcomplexcodes.B.Itadoptsadown-to-earthwritingstyle.

C.Itprovidesstep-by-stepinstructions.D.ItisintendedforAIprofessionals.

14.WhatdoesCampbellurgepeopletodoregardingAIdevelopment?

A.Observeexistingregulationsonit.

B.Reconsiderexpertopinionsaboutit.

C.Makejointeffortstokeepitundercontrol.

D.Learnfrompriorexperiencetoslowitdown.

15.Whatistheauthor'spurposeinwritingthetext?

A.TorecommendabookonALB.TogiveabriefaccountofAIhistory.

C.ToclarifythedefinitionofALD.TohonoranoutstandingAIexpert.

2024年高考模擬真題

（2024?新疆烏魯木齊?三模）Doublerainbowsareonething,butadoubleaurora（極光）？Theycanhappen,

thoughsomekindsarerare.Oneparticularred-and-greenauroraisespeciallyconfusing.Now,imagestakenby

amateurastronomersmayhelprevealitssecrets.

CitizenscientistslivinginCanadaandFinlandusedcamerastodocumentanunusualcombinationof

aurorasinthenightsky.Physicistshavestudiedthoseimagestolearnwhatmayhavecausedtheunusuallight

show.

AlanDyerwasoutsidehishomeinStrathmore,Canada,whenthedancingNorthernLightscaughthis

attention.Hegrabbedhiscameraandstartedfilming."IknewIhadsomethinginteresting,"saysDyer.Atfirst

glance,thedoubleauroralookslikeafloatingsliceofwatermelon.Thegreenauroraiswell-understood.The

fruitylookingredstripismoremysterious.Scientistshaveknownabouttheseredaurorasfordecades.Butthere*s

noagreementonhowtheyform.OneideaisthatEarth'smagneticfieldcanheatupcertainareasofthe

atmosphere.Thatheatcouldknockparticles（粒子）around,likeinproton（質子）rain.

Researchershadseenthesetwotypesofaurorasoccurtogetherbefore.Butitwasalwaysmysterious,says

ToshiNishimura,aspacephysicistatBostonUniversity.Afterlookingatsatelliteobservationsalongwiththe

imagestakenbyDyerandothers,Nishimuraandhisteamconcludedhowthetwophenomenamightberelated.

Thekeyisthethinraysintheredaurora.TheymarkthepathsofelectronsfallingthroughtheEarth'smagnetic

field.Thatmeanselectronrainappearstocausetheredaurora,justasprotonraincausesthegreenone.Bothget

poweredbythesolarwind.Buttheelectronscarrylessenergythantheprotons,sotheymakeforamorereddish

color.

Electronrainmightnotbetheonlywaytoproducethestableredauroras,though.Theresultsshowthat

what'sgoingonismorecomplicatedthanresearchershadthought.TheaurorasDyersawcouldbedangerzones

forradiocommunicationandGPSsystems,saysNishimura.

Thecitizenscientistswhotookthephotoswereacriticalpartofthenewfindings,Nishimurasays.

1.Whereisthetextprobablytakenfrom?

A.Anewsreportonastronomicdiscoveries.

B.Ablogaboutskyphenomena.

C.Areviewofauroraresearch.

D.Abrochureofauroratours.

2.Whatcanbeinferredaboutredauroras?

A.Theyarefullyunderstoodbyscientists.

B.TheywerefirstspottedbyAlanDyer.

C.TheyarerelatedtoEarth'smagneticfield.

D.Theyaregeneratedfromprotonrain.

3.Whatmayaffectthecoloroftheaurora?

A.Thepathittravelsalong.B.Theenergyparticlescarry.

C.Thewavelengthofrays.D.Thesourceofsolarwind.

4.WhatdoestheauthorindicatebymentioningAlanDyer'sexample?

A.Photographydrivesscientificresearch.

B.ThedoubleauroraisathreattoGPSsystem.

C.Satelliteobservationsleadtoauroradiscoveries.

D?Citizenscientistshelpexplainthedoubleaurora.

（2024?湖北襄陽?三模）Medicineisnotexclusivelyahumaninvention.Manyotheranimals,frominsects

tobirdstononhumanprimates,havebeenknowntoself-medicatewithplantsandmineralsforinfectionsand

otherconditions.

BehavioralecologistHelenMorrogh-BemardoftheBorneoNatureFoundationhasspentdecadesstudying

theisland'sorangutans（猩猩）andsaysshehasnowfoundevidencetheyuseplantsinapreviouslyunseen

medicinalway.

Duringmorethan20,000hoursofformalobservation,Morrogh-Bemardandhercolleagueswatched10

orangutansoccasionallychewaparticularplant（whichisnotpartoftheirnormaldiet）intoafoamylather（泡沫）

andthenrubitintotheirfur.Theapesspentupto45minutesatatimemassagingthemixtureontotheirupper

armsorlegs.Theresearchersbelievethisbehavioristhefirstknownexampleofanonhumananimalusinga

topicalpainkiller.

LocalpeopleusethesameplantDracaenacantleyi,anunremarkable-lookingplantwithstalkedleaves-to

treatachesandpains.Morrogh-Bemard9sco-authorsstudieditschemistry.Theyaddedextracts（提出物）fromthe

planttohumancellsthathadbeengrowninadishandhadbeenartificiallystimulatedtoproducecytokines,an

immunesystemresponsethatcausesinflammation（炎癥）anddiscomfort.Theplantextractreducedthe

productionofseveraltypesofcytokines,thescientistsreportedthefindinginastudypublishedlastNovemberin

ScientificReports.

Theresultssuggestthatorangutansusetheplanttoreduceinflammationandtreatpam.Suchfindingscould

helpidentifyplantsandchemicalsthatmightbeusefulforhumanmedications.

Increaturessuchasinsects,theabilitytoself-medicateisalmostcertainlyinnate:woollybearcaterpillars

infectedwithfliesseekoutandeatplantsubstancesthatarepoisonoustotheflies.Butmorecomplexanimals

maylearnsuchtricksafteraninitialdiscoverybyonememberoftheirgroup.

Forexample,anorangutanmayhaverubbedtheplantonitsskintotrytotreatparasitesandrealizedthatit

alsohadapleasantpain-killingeffect.Thatbehaviormaythenhavebeenpassedontootherorangutans.Because

thistypeof-self-medicationisseenonlyinsouth-centralBorneo,Morrogh-Bernardsays,itwasprobablylearned

locally.

5.WhatdoweknowaboutDracaenacantleyi?

A.Itcanserveasapainkiller.B.Itisorangutansnormaldiet.

C.Itisaplantwithafoamylather.D.Lcanfunctionasbuildingmaterials.

6.HowdidMorrogh-Bernard^teamprovetheplanfshealingproperties?

A.Bystudyingtheplant'schemistry.B.Byobservingapeseatingtheplant.

C.Byextractingcytokinesfromtheplant.D.Bywatchinglocalpeopleusingtheplant.

7.Whatisthesignificanceofthefindings?

A.Botanistscanbetterunderstandplants.

B.Scientistscanfindanewwaytostudyapes.

C.Doctorsmayhavethepowertocuremorediseases.

D.Drugcompaniesmayfindnewmaterialsformedicine.

8.Whatcanwelearnaccordingtothepassage?

A.Medicineisahumanuniqueinvention.B.Plantextractsarethebesttotreat-pain.

C.Humansandanimalshavealotincommon.D.Insectshavethenaturalabilitytoselfmedication.

（2024?江西上饒?二模）Digitalreadingappearstobedestroyinghabitsof“deepreading”.Amazing

numbersofpeoplewithyearofschoolingareineffectilliterate（不識字的）.Admittedly,somepeoplehavebeen

complainingaboutnewmediasince1492,buttoday'scomplaintshaveanevidentialbasis,LjubljanaReading

Manifestosays,“Thedigitalareamayleadtomorereadingthaneverinhistory,butitalsooffersmanyattractions

toreadinashallowandscattered（碎片化的）manner-orevennottoreadatall.Thisincreasinglyendangers

higher-levelreading.

Digitalliteracyhaschangedreading.Whenyoureadabookonpaper,youcanbeentirelyinsidethe

experience,absorbinghundredsofpagestocapturetheworld'scomplexity.Online,saysMaryanneWolfof

UCLA,weare“skimming,scanning,scrolling”.Themediumisthemessage:doingdeepreadingonyourphoneis

ashardasplayingtenniswithyourphone.Recently,abright11-year-oldtoldmeIwaswastingtimeonbooks:he

absorbedmoreinformationfasterfromWikipedia.Hehadapoint.Butdigitalreadersalsoabsorbmore

misinformation.Andtheyseldom,absorbnuanced（微妙的）ideas.

InthewhitepaperthatunderliestheLjubljanaReadingManifesto,expertscataloguethepassivepartsof

digitalreading:"Recentstudiesofvariouskindsindicateadeclineof...criticalandconsciousreading,slow

reading,non-strategicreadingandlong-formreading.9,Inthe2021internationalPISAsurvey,49percentof

studentsagreedthat"IreadonlyifIhaveto”,13percentagepointshigherthanin2000.

AsprofessorsfromNorthwesternUniversityforesawin2005,wearereturningtothedayswhenonlyan

elite（精英的）“readingclass^^consumeslongtexts-despitemorepeoplespendinglongerineducationandbook

salesremainingrobust.

Peoplewholosehigher-levelreadingskillsalsolosethinkingskills.Thafshorrible,because"higher-level

reading^^hasbeenessentialtocivilization.ItenabledtheEnlightenment,andaninternationalriseinsympathyfor

peoplewhoaren'tlikeus.

9.Whatistheadvantageofthedigitalreading?

A.Itmakesmorepeoplestarttoreadwidely.

B.Itmakesmorepeoplebegintothinkdeeper.

C.IthelpstheyoungtomakeuseoftheInternet.

D.Ithelpspeopletakeadvantageoftheirsparetime.

10.WhatisMaryanneWolFsattitudetowardsdigitalreading?

A.Supportive.B.Opposed.C.Objective.D.Unconcerned.

11.Whatcanbeinferredabouttheteensnowaccordingtoparagraph3?

A.Teensshouldchangethecriticalandconsciousreading.

B.Nearlyhalfoftheteensneverreadatall.

C.Theydon'tbelievewhattheexpertsindicate.

D.Thetrendofreadingbooksisincreasinglydeclining.

12.Whichstatementisfitfortheunderlinedwordinparagraph4?

A.Moreandmorebooksarepurchased.

B.It'sunnecessaryfbrpeopletobuybooks.

C.Moreandmorepeopleliketovisitthebookstores.

D.Thesalesofbookskeepstillforareallylongtime.

（2024?新疆烏魯木齊?三模）Orienteering（定向越野）involvesrunning,joggingorwalking,andusinga

mapandcompasstomovebetweenplaces.Ifsagreatwaytohavefunoutdoorswithfriendsandfamily.Theaim

istomovebetweenpoints,calledcontrols,inacertainorderinthequickesttime.Eventsareusuallyheldinparks,

fieldsorforestsbuttheycanalsohappenintownsandcitiesandevenschoolplaygrounds.Peoplecantakepart

eitherasindividualsorasateam.

Beginners5eventswillhaveeasiercontrolstofindandcoverlessdistance-perhapsamileortwo.For

experiencedorienteers,thelengthofthecoursecouldbemuchlongerandtakeinhillsandroughground.

Orienteersaregivena'"controldescriptionsheet"tohelpthemfindeachpoint.Thissheethasdetailsof

featurestolookfor,likepathsandrivers,andacodethatmustmatchthecodeateachcontrol.Youwilleither

markyoursheetateachcontrolorcheckinwithanelectroniccard.

Whenyoustartorienteering,youwilllearnmap-readingskills.Ahelpfultipistokeepyourthumbonthe

spotthatshowsyourlocationonthemap.Keepittherightwayround:thefeaturesinfrontofyouontheground

shouldbeinfrontofyouonthemap.

Orienteeringmapscanhavefiveorsixcolors.Blackareasshowhumanfeatures,likebuildings;brown

showsthecontour（輪廓）lines（heightoftheland）;andblueshowswater,suchaslakesandrivers.Whiteand

greentogethershowwoodlands;yellowareasrepresentgrassandopenareas.Onorienteeringmaps,acourse

consistsofatriangle,circles,adoublecircleandsometimesconnectinglines.Thetriangleisthestart,thedouble

circleisthefinish,andallthecirclesinbetweenarecheckpoints.

Asyourunbetweenpointsbywhatyouhopeisthequickestroute,youcantakeinthesceneryaroundyou

andhaveagreattimechoosingyourpathandtryingtofinishinafasttime.

13.Whatcanwelearnaboutorienteeringatthebeginningofthetext?

A.Itsrouteisrandom.B.Itsresultisdistance-based.

C.Itgroupsorienteersbyage.D.Itintegratesvariousskills.

14.Whichaspectoforienteeringdoesparagraph3mainlyfocuson?

A.Tricksofsavingtime.B.Theuseofcontroldescriptionsheet.

C.Methodsofcheckingin.D.Theimportanceofcodes.

15.Whydoorienteerskeeptheirthumbontheirlocationonthemap?

A.Totrackprogress.B.Tomarkthefinishpoint.

C.Tomaintaindirection.D.Tohighlightcheckpoints.

16.Whatdothecolorsonanorienteeringmaprepresent?

A.Geographicalfeatures.B.Difficultylevels.

C.Routesforcompetition.D.Stagesoftheorienteeringrace.

(2024?陜西寶雞?三模)EuropeanwildcatscouldbereintroducedtoEnglandmorethan200yearsafter

theybecameextinctinthecountry.TheprojecthasbeenannouncedbyUKwildlifecharityWildwoodTrust.

EuropeanwildcatsareoneoftheUK'srarestmammals.Theonlywildpopulation,numberingfewerthan

300individuals,livesintheScottishHighlandsbuttheyareonthevergeofextinction,partlybecausetheyhave

bredwithlocalferalcats(wild-livingdomesticcats).

SupportershopetosavethespeciesintheUKbyreintroducingthemtoEnglandandWales,wherethey

diedoutaround200yearsagobecauseofhuntingandlossofhabitat.Tobringbackthespecies,WildwoodTrust

isplanningtobuild10newbreedingfacilitiesontwositesinKentandDevon.Kittensbredincaptivitybutaway

fromhumanswillthenbereleasedintothewild.TheUniversityofExeterisresearchingplaceswheretheanimals

couldbereintroduced.

Europeanwildcatsarearoundthesamesizeasalargedomesticcat,butatuptoeightkilogramstheyare

slightlyadultheavier.Theyhaveatabby-likepatternwiththickblackstripesontheirbodiesandabushytailand

liketoliveinforestsbutnearopengrassland.They'realsofamouslyshyandkeeptheirdistancefromhumans.

LauraGardner,directorofconservationatWildwoodTrust,toldTheTimesnewspaperthatpeopleshouldnotbe

worriedbythethoughtofwildcatsreturningtothewild."We'renottalkingaboutwolves,9,shesaid.

WildwoodTrustsaysthatitsprojectcanbenefitboththewildcatsandthehabitatswheretheylive.Theyare

oneofthefewnativepredatorsleftintheUK,soahealthypopulationofwildcatscouldhelptocontrolthe

numbersofanimalstheypreyon,suchasrabbitsandrodents.Bycompetingforthesamefoodasfoxes,theywill

alsohelptoreducefoxnumbersandrestoreabalancetonature.

17.Whatistheaimoftheproject?

A.Tosavewildcatsfromdyingout.B.Toensurewildcats5goodhabitats.

C.Toraisemoneytoprotectwildcats.D.Tobuildsomenewbreedingfacilities.

18.WhatdoestheauthorindicatebymentioningLauraGardnerinparagraph4?

A.Wildcatsareveryshyanimals.B.Wildcatsarenotasfierceaswolves.

C.Europeanwildcatsareuniqueanimals.D.Wildcatscannotposeathreatforhumans.

19.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?

A.Wildcatswillthreatenthenumberofotheranimals.

B.Wildcatsanditshabitatswillbewellprotected.

C.Wildcatscancontributetoecologicalbalance.

D.WildcatsareoneofthefewpredatorsleftintheUK.

20.Whatisthebesttitleofthetext?

A.WildwoodTrustAnnouncingaPlan.

B.RareWildcatsMakingaComeback.

C.ReintroducingWildcatsBenefitingUs.

D.WildcatsDisappearingFromtheWorld.

（2024?陜西寶雞?三模）Ashadowyfiguresitsaloneinaroom,hisfacedimlylitbyacomputerscreen.

Withagrin,hetypesinaseriesofcomputercommands,andintheblinkofaneye,someone'sbankaccountis

drainedtozero.

Intoday9sdigitalage,cyberattackslikethishappenthousandsoftimesperday.Hackerscanstealmoney,

information,orcompletelytakecontrolofamachinefromanywhereintheworld.However,notallhackersare

villains.

Somehackers,calledwhitehatorethicalhackers,areindividualswhomakethemostoftheirhackingskills

toidentifysecurityvulnerabilities（漏洞）inhardware,softwareandnetworks.Theirjobiscrucialinpreventing

cyberattacksandsafeguardingsensitiveinformation.Theterm“whitehat“originatedfromoldcowboymovies,

whereheroesworewhitehatsandvillainsworeblackones.Liketheheroesincowboymovies,whitehatsseekto

stopthebadguysandsavetheday.

Whitehathackersonlyseekvulnerabilitieslegally,oftenworkingonopen-sourcesoftwareorwith

authorizedaccesstosystems.Oncetheseweakspotsareidentified,companiesorindividualscantakestepsto

preventseriousbreachesandlosses.Whitehathackersuseavarietyofdifferenttechniquestokeeptheinternet

safe.Penetrationtesting,forexample,allowsthemtomimiccyberattacksanduncoversystemweaknesses.

Securityscanningtoolsallowwhitehatstoidentifyholesinanetwork'ssecuritysystems.Simulating

denial-of-serviceattacks(DoSattacks)helpscompaniesprepareforattacksagainsttheirwebsites.

Manyoftheworld'stopwhitehathackersbegantheirjourneysonthewrongsideofthelaw.Aprime

exampleisKevinMitnick.Thisnotorioushackeronceheldthetitleof"mostwantedhacker“intheU.S.dueto

hiscybercriminalactivitiesin1995.However,afterbeingarrestedandspendingfiveyearsinjail,hislifetooka

remarkableturn.Mitnickdecidedtousehishackingskillsforethicalpurposes,eventuallyestablishinghisown

cybersecurityconsultingcompany.

Ifyouaspiretobeawhitehathacker,startbybuildingastrongfoundationincomputerandnetwork

fundamentals.Goodluck,computercowboy!

21.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"villains“inParagraph2mean?

A.evil-doers.B.heroes.C.attackers.D.victims.

22.Whatcanwelearnaboutwhitehathackers?

A.Theywearwhitehatsincowboymovies.

B.Theydoeverythingtosafeguardpeople'sinformation.

C.Theylegallyusetheirprofessionalskillstohelppeople.

D.Theyfindvulnerabilitiesforpersonalgainwithoutdoingharm.

23.Peopleskilledincomputerandnetworkcan'tbetopwhitehathackersunless.

A.theyobeythelaw

B.theyidentifysecurityweakpoints

C.theytakemeasurestostopseriouslosses

D.theybuildtheirowncybersecurityconsultingcompanies

24.Whatisthepurposeofthetext?

A.Toteachushowtostaysecureonline.

B.Totellushowtobetopwhite