英語學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作教程- 答案 李向武

Chapter1ExercisesAnswerthefollowingquestions:1.Whatisaresearchpaper?2.Whatisnotaresearchpaper?3.Whatarethepurposesorobjectivesofresearchpaperwriting?4.Readthefollowingresearchtopicsanddecidewhetheritisafactualreportpaper,alaboratoryreportpaperorathesispaper.1)PossibleSolutiontoAIDSIssuesinWorkplaceAlaboratoryreportpaper2)TheImpactofAutomationonAmericanCultureandLifestylesafactualreportpaper3)ShouldNewspaperReportersBeRequiredtoRevealTheirSources?thesispaper4)OntheNecessityofSexEducationamongTeenagersthesispaper5)TheDevelopmentofChildDayCareCentersinChina factualreportpaper6)HowtoCompensateforBloodDonations--laboratoryreportpaper7)ProcessofGeneticEngineering--factualreportpaper8)Children’sToysandTheirEmotionalProblemslaboratoryreportpaper9)ShouldForeignCarImportsBeRestricted?thesispaper10)ChangesoftheDivorceLawsafactualreportpaperChapter2ExercisesAnswerthefollowingquestions:1.HowdoyouunderstandAdvisor-StudentContact?2.Whataretherolesoftheadvisor?AnsweromittedChapter3ExercisesAnswerthefollowingquestions:1.Whatarethegeneralproblemsofwritingaresearchpaper?2.Whatarethegeneralstrategiesfortheresearchpaperwriting?AnsweromittedChapter4Exercises(for4.1)1.Makeacarefulstudyofthefollowingthreetopics,trytonarrowdownthescopeandmakethemspecifictopicsonwhichyoucanwriteapaper.Topic1:General:TheAmericanCivilWarRestricted:Morerestricted:Thetopicchosen:Keytotopic1General:theAmericanCivilWarRestricted:CausesofthevictoryofthenorthMorerestricted:SupportgiventotheUnionarmyThetopicchosen:TheblacksoldiersintheUnionarmyTopic2:General:theLostGenerationwritersRestricted:Morerestricted:Thetopicchosen:General:theLostGenerationwritersRestricted:F.ScottFitzgerald’snovelsMorerestricted:FitzgeraldandhisTheGreatGatsbyThetopicchosen:Gatsby’sdeathandthedisillusionmentoftheAmericanTopic3:General:Shakespeare’sPlaysRestricted:Morerestricted:Thetopicchosen:Keytotopic3General:Shakespeare’splaysRestricted:Shakespeare’stragediesMorerestricted:HamletThetopicchosen:OnHamlet’sinsanity2.Readthefollowingtopicscarefullyanddecidewhethertheyarefeasibleastopicsforresearchpapers.Pointouttheproblemsifyouthinkanyofthemisnotsuitableforaresearchpaperandofferabetteroneifpossible.1)APossibleSolutiontotheConflictintheMiddleEast2)ThePositiveandNegativeEffectsoftheOnly-ChildPolicy3)Pollution4)Sino-U.S.Relations5)ASoundDecision-HuckleberryFinn’sJourneytoMaturity6)TheYoungerGenerationinChina7)HistoryofAncientEgypt8)Mother’sUnconditionalLovetoaChild9)HowtoControlPollution10)ComputersWorkFasterthanHumanMinds11)ATriptoParis12)WaterBoilsat212DegreeFahrenheitKey:1.Tootopical.2.Ok.3.Toogeneral.Sino-U.SRelationsinthe1970s4.Toogeneral.TheCausesofAirPollutioninBeijingandSomePossibleSolutions5.Ok.6.Toogeneral.TheConceptofSuccessoftheYoungPeopleinChinaintheNewCentury7.toogeneral8.toonarrow9.toogeneral10.awellacceptedfact11.personalexperience12.afact3.Thinkofapossibletopicforyourresearchpaper,followingthestepsyouhavejustlearned.Exercises(for4.2)1.Howmanykindsofresearchdoyouknowaboutdoingresearch?Whatarethey?2.Carryonalibraryresearchbychoosingatopicyouareinterestedin.AnsweromittedChapter5Exercises(for5.2.1)Answerthefollowingquestions:1.Whatdoesthelibraryresearchimply?2.Whatarethemainfunctionsofauthorcardinlibrarycardcatalogsystem?AnsweromittedExercises(for5.2.2)1.Gotoalibraryandfindoutanswerstothefollowingquestions.1)Howarethebooksinlibrariesarranged?Answer:booksarearrangedalphabeticallyaccordingtotheirauthors,titlesandthesubjectstheybelongto.2)Howdoyoulookforthefollowingtwobooksifyouonlyknowtheirtitles?①ADoll’sHouse②TheColorPurpleAnswer:IcangotothetitlecatalogfileandlookupDoll’sHouseandColorPurple,ignoringtheindefinitearticle“A”inthefirstbookandthedefinitearticle“The”inthesecondbook.3)WhatdoyoudotogettheinformationyouneedifyouaretoldthatE.M.Fostermightbeusefultoyourresearch,butyouknownothingabouttheauthorexceptthename?Answer:IcangototheauthorcatalogfileandlookupFoster,E.M.forthecardsarearrangedaccordingtothelastnameoftheauthors.2.Answerthefollowingquestions．1)Whatistherightwayofreading？Answer:(1)Youshouldlearntoreadbooksquicklyandcritically.Itisnotalwaysnecessarytoreadanarticlefrombeginningtoendorabookfromcovertocover.(2)Youshouldlookthroughthetableofcontentsortheindextofindoutwhatchaptersorpartsmightgiveyouusefulmaterial.(3)Youshouldskimtheirrelevantpagesuntilyougettheinformationyouneed.Whenyouaresimplytryingtodeterminewhatanarticleorabookisabout,youcanskimit.Glanceatitsorganization,itsvocabulary,anditsmainpointsofargument.Checkthetableofcontentsandtheindextoseehowmuchattentionitdevotestothepointsyouthinkmightbecentraltoyourpaper.Yourpurposeistodecidewhattoreadmorecarefully.2)Howcanyoubesurethatyourinformationisnotoutdatedorbiased？Answer:Iwilltrytoevaluatemyinformationaboutitstimelinessandobjectivityaccordingly.Objectivity:Inusinginformationorevaluatingevidence,IneedtoconsiderfirstwhatthebiasesareandthenwhethertheyarestrongenoughtoaffectthevalueoftheevidencesothatIcanmakesurethattheinformationIhaveisnotbiased.Timeliness:Ishouldtrytofindthelatesteditionofthebookandcomparewhatissaidinitwithwhataresaidinotherbooksonthesametopic.Thus,ItrytomakesurethattheinformationIhaveisnotoutdated.3.Howdoyouevaluatedifferentsourcesofworksinlibraryresearch?Answer:WhenevaluatingthesourcesIhavegot,IwilltrytodothisfromtheperspectivesofprintsourcesandInternetsources.(1)EvaluatingprintsourcesImayusethefollowingchecklisttoevaluatemymaterial.①JudgetheauthorityConsiderthefollowingquestions:●Whoistheauthor?Whatarehisorhercredentialsforwritingonthistopic?●Istheauthorworkingandwritingundertheauspicesofaparticularorganizationoragency?Isitacredibleorganization?●Isthearticleorresourcepeer-reviewed?②DeterminethescopeoftheworkConsiderthefollowingquestions:●Istheworkintendedforaparticularaudienceorlevelofexpertise?●Isitcomprehensiveordoesitcoveranarrowaspectofthetopic?●Doesitusespecializedlanguageorisiteasilycomprehensible?●Doesitcoveralimitedregion,timeperiod,orgroupofpeople?③EvaluateaccuracyandrelevanceConsiderthefollowingquestions:●Arecharts,tablesordataclearlyidentifiedandattributedtotheirsource?●Arethesource,scopeanddataofanystatisticsclearlylabeled?●Isitclearwhetherornottheinformationhasbeenexcerptedfromalargerpiece?●Isthereawaytotellifthisisthemostrecentversionofaparticularpiece?④RecognizebiasorpointofviewConsiderthefollowingquestions:●Isthereaparticularbiasorpointofview?●Iftheitemcontainsadvertising,aretheadsclearlydistinguishablefromthecontent?Isthecontentdrivenbyadplacement?●Istheremisleadinginformationorpoorlydocumentedinformation?(2)EvaluatingInternetsourcesAfewfundamentalproblemsareinvolvedinWebresearch.AnyonewiththerightsoftwareandaccesstotheInternetcanpublishadocumentontheWeb,regardlessoftheaccuracyoftheinformation,orthequalityofitspresentation.AnothermatterofconcernforresearchersisthataWebpagecanbealteredbytheauthoratanytime,andasoftenastheauthorchooses.ItispossibletoquoteaWebpageinapaper,thenreturntothepageinthefutureandfindthatthequotedpassagehasbeenrewrittenordeleted.UnlesstherearestrictguaranteesofthestabilityoftheinformationonaWebsite,itshouldbeconsideredaworkinprogress.ConsiderthefollowingpointsonthischecklistwhenusingInternetsources:Thelastthreelettersofanaddresswillatleasttellsomethingabouttheperson.Forexample,“.gov”isagovernmentoffice;“.edu”indicatesaneducationalinstitution;“.org”anon-governmentalorganization,and“.com”aprivatecompany.②③IstheWebpagepostedbyanobjectivesource?④IstheWebpageactuallyanadvertisementindisguise?⑤IstheidentifyinginformationabouttheauthoroftheWebpageconvincing?⑥Whileelectronicversionsofrespectedpublicationsareastrustworthyastheirprintversions,whataboutelectronicjournals,magazines,andnewslettersthathavenoprintcounterpart?Whatevidencecanbefoundtogiveconfidenceinsuchpublications?⑦requestingfurtherinformation.OnceIhavedeterminedasource’sreliability,considerthefollowingquestions:●Dothesourcesreflectthequestionatissue(e.g.“ShouldgaycouplesbeallowedtomarryinCalifornia?”)?●Dothesourcessupportyourposition?●Dotheychallengeit?●Dotheyprovidenecessarycontextforthepointyouwishtoraise?Exercises(for5.2.3)1.Gotoalibraryandfindatleastsixbooksrelevanttoyourresearchtopicandmakesixnotecards.Ofthesixnotecards,twoshouldbefordirectquotations,twoforindirectquotations(Paraphrases),andtwoforsummaries.2.Whatarethemethodsoftakingnotes?Whataretheiradvantagesanddisadvantages?AnsweromittedExercises(for5.2.4)1.Whyisinternetsoimportantforlibraryresearch?2.MakeaninternetresearchaboutTask-BasedLanguageTeaching.AnsweromittedChapter6Exercises1.Chooseatopicforyourgraduationthesis.Thentouryourschoollibraryandtrytosourcerelatedliteratureintheareaofyourtopic.Select10-20itemsandputthemintoaformofbibliographyasthemodelprovided:“OntheCultivationofSelf-efficacythroughTask-basedLanguageTeaching”byXXX[1]LITTLEJOHNA.Makinggoodtasksbetter[J].EnglishTeachingProfessional,Issue3,1997.[2]NUNAND.Secondlanguageteachingandlearning[M].北京:外語教學(xué)與研究出版社,2001.[3]NUNAND.Designingtasksforthecommunicativeclassroom[Z].Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,[4]KRASHENSD.Principlesandpracticeinsecondlanguageacquisition[M].Oxford:Pergamon,1985.[5]SKEHANP.Acognitiveapproachtolanguagelearning[M].Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,[6]WILLISJA.Frameworkfortask-baskedlearning[M].London:Longman,1996.[7]黃建濱.大學(xué)體驗(yàn)英語.北京:高等教育出版社,2005.[8]方文禮.外語任務(wù)型教學(xué)法縱橫談[J].外語與外語教學(xué),2003.2.DiscussingroupsandbrainstormallpossiblesubjectindexesorsearchenginesforsearchinginformationontheInternet.3.Whatarethemajorguidelinesforeffectivelyusingthesourcematerialsyoucanfind?AnsweromittedChapter7Exercises1.Examineandcommentontheresearchtopicandthethesisstatementbelow;rewritethethesisstatementifyoufinditunacceptable.Topic:SantiagoandHemingway’sCodeHeroThesisstatement:TheauthorofthispaperhasmadeacarefulstudyofHemingway’sfamousnovelTheOldManandtheSeaandintendstoprovethattheprotagonistofthenovelSantiagoisHemingway’stypicalcodeherowhobestdemonstratesthecodeof“graceunderpressure”.CommentsProblems:●Toowordy●Wordslike“Theauthorofthispaperhasmadeacarefulstudyof…andintendstoprove…”arenotsupposedtobeincludedinthethesisstatement.Whatthewriterhasdoneand/orintendstodocouldbeincludedinthe“introduction”ofthepaper,butnotinthethesisstatement.Therewrittenthesisstatementisasfollows:Thesisstatement:Santiago,theprotagonistinTheOldManandtheSea,isHemingway’stypicalcodeherowhobestdemonstratesthecodeof“graceunderpressure”.2.Trytoformulatethethesisstatementsbyfollowingthepatternof“topic-question-thesisstatement”.Answer1)Topic:linguistictaboosQuestion:Dolinguistictaboosserveanyfunctions?Thesisstatement:Linguistictaboosusedunderappropriatecontextsfulfilldifferentcommunicativefunctions.2)Topic:theuseoftextbooksinlanguageclassroomsQuestion:HowdoestheuseoftextbooksinlanguageclassroomsaffectEnglishlanguageteaching?Thesisstatement:AlthoughtextbooksplayacentralroleinEnglishlanguageclassrooms,therearecrucialdifferencesinthewaysinwhichtextbooksarecreativelyused.（李麗君P78）3.Writeaworkingthesisstatementforeachofthefollowingtopics.1)financialcrisis2)part-timejobsforcollegestudents3)deductioninusingplasticbags4)terroristactivitiesintheworld4.Revisethefollowingineffectivethesisstatementstomakethemeffective.1)Thispaperisaboutalcoholismandcodependence.2)IknowfromexperiencethatPTSDcanruinsomeone’slife.3)Therearemanyramificationsoftraumainearlychildhood.Chapter8OutliningExercisesaboutOutline1.Inthefollowinglist,majorideasandminorideasaremixedtogether.PutthemintologicalordersothatyouformanacceptabletopicoutlineinMLAstyleandanacceptabletopicoutlineinAPAstyle.Thesis:Joiningaswimmingclubhasmanybenefits.MakenewfriendsMentalbenefitsKeepfitReducementalstressSocialbenefitsImproveself-imagePhysicalbenefitsTonemusclesMeetinterestinginstructorsKey1Topicoutline(inMLAstyle):Thesis:Joiningaswimmingclubhasmanybenefits.A.Mentalbenefits1.Reducingmentalstress2.Improvingself-imageB.Socialbenefits1.Makingnewfriends2.MeetinginterestinginstructorsC.Physicalbenefits1.Tonemuscles2.KeepingfitKey2Topicoutline(inAPAstyle):Thesis:Joiningaswimmingclubhasmanybenefits.1.Mentalbenefits1.1Reducingmentalstress1.2Improvingself-image2.Socialbenefits2.1Makingnewfriends2.2Meetinginterestinginstructors3.Physicalbenefits3.1Tonemuscles3.2Keepingfit2.Readthefollowingpassagecarefullyandtrytocomposea“sentenceoutline”withtwolevelsinMLAstyleforit.TheDeclineinWritingSkillsTeachershavealwayscomplainedthatstudentscannotwritewellandtherecanbenodenyingthatinthepasttwenty-fiveyearswritingskillshavehitanall-timelow.AndstudentsaswellasmanypeopleonthejobhavedifficultyexpressingthemselvesinwrittenEnglish.Thedeclineisduetostudents’attitudetowardswritinginthepasttwodecadesandmoderndevicessuchasthetelevisionandthetelephone.Thestudentprotestsover20yearsagowereamajorfactorforthedeclineinwritingskills.Atmanyschools,thefacultygaveinandgreatlyreducedoreliminatedfreshmancompositioncourses.Atonecollege,whereallundergraduateshadbeenrequiredtotaketwoyearsofEnglish,studentsweregiventhepotionoftakingcreditsinfinearts,humanities,orEnglish.Mostpreferredfineartssinceitrequiredlittleeffortontheirpartandevenabsolutelynowriting.Withsolittledemand,theEnglishfacultydroppedformseventy-onetothirtywithinoneyear.Compoundingtheproblemwasthefactthatsomefacultymembersfeltthatmakingstudentswritecorrectlywasstiflingtheircreativity.Theytoldstudentsnottoworryaboutsentencestructure,grammar,orspellingbutjusttogettheirfeelingsonpaper.Thosewhowrotepaperswithsloppysentencesandnumerousgrammarerrorscouldpassandevenscorehighiftheirideaswereontherighttrack.Theresultswerehorrendousandsaddeningbecausemanystudents’writingabilitygreatlydeclined.Theysimplycouldnotwriteproperly.Thetelevisionandthetelephonemustalsobeheldresponsiblefortherapiddeclineinwritingskills.Televisionviewingincreasinglytakesupmoreandmoreofaperson’sleisuretime,timethatshouldbespentwritingandreading.Nolongerwillyoungsterswriteintheirdiariesortrytoexpresstheirfeelingsandthoughtsinpoetry.InsteadtheywouldmuchratherspaceoutinfrontoftheTV,remoteinhand,andswitchchannels.Laughterandscreamingareconstantlyheard.Norwilltheyreadextensivelyandbeexposedtotheworkingsofthelanguageandabsorbthenuancesofeffectivecommunication.Thetelephoneisevenagreaterculprit.Whyshouldonebothertowriteletterswhenonecanpunchinanumberandspeaktotheotherparty?Thereisnoneedtowritedownone’sthoughtsandthenwaitforaresponse;gratificationisimmediate.Moderntechnologyhaseveneliminatedtheneedtojotnotestoothermembersofthefamily:thememounitontheansweringmachinetakescareofthat.Itisnowonderthatwritingskillshavesteadilydeclinedoverthepasttwenty-fiveyears.Today’syouths,forthemostpart,seelittleneedforwriting.Thetelephoneistheirdirectlineofcommunication,andthetelevisionsuppliesthemwithimmediateentertainment.Thestudentactivismofthe1970shashaditsownperverseeffect:itturnedoutawholegenerationthatwastaughtthatcorrectwritingissuccumbingtothedictatesofsociety.Andthehorrorofhorrorsisthatmanyofthesestudentsarenowteachers.Therefore,theconsequencesofthedeclineinwritingskillsarehorrible.Answer:AsentenceoutlineinMLAstyleThesis:Thedecline(inwritingskills)isduetostudents’attitudetowardswritinginthepasttwodecadesandmoderndevices.I.Introduction:(Writingskillshavedeclined.AndmanypeoplehavedifficultyexpressingthemselvesinEnglish.)II.Therearetworeasonsforthedeclineinwritingskills.A.Thestudentprotestsover20yearsagowereamajorfactorforthedeclineinwritingskills.B.Thetelevisionandthetelephonemustalsobeheldresponsiblefortherapiddeclineinwritingskills.III.Conclusion:(Theconsequencesofthedeclineinwritingskillsarehorrible.)Chapter9WritingtheFirstDraftExercises:1.Whataretheusefultipsforwritingthefirstdraft?(omitted)2.Thefollowingisadaptedfromtheconclusionsectionofagraduationthesispaper.Discusswithyourpartneraboutthecontentsaswellasitslanguageinrelationtothestructuralelementsbyusingthetipsandstrategiesinthischapter.Ifpossible,pointoutitsdefectandthenmakeproperimprovement.Nowwehavemadetheabovediscussionaboutantiphrasis.Antiphrasiscontainstwooppositemeanings;wehavenodoubtthatitwillcauseambiguitywithoutourspecificcontexts.ThetwofunctionsofcontextsIdiscussedaretoexplainsemanticsandconstraintheuseofwords,phrasesandsentences.Nowthatcontextshavethefunctionofexplaining,hereIstronglysuggestthatyoushouldusekindsofcontexts,includingextra-linguisticcontextsandlinguisticcontexts,toeliminateambiguityofantiphrasis.Answer:Theabovediscussionhasstudiedantiphrasis(or:Nowthediscussionaboutantiphrasishasbeenmade.Or:Nowthepaperhasmadetheabovediscussionaboutantiphrasis.).Antiphrasiscontainstwooppositemeanings;it’snodoubtthat(or:thereisnodoubtthat)itwillcauseambiguitywithoutspecificcontexts(orwithoutanyspecificcontext).Thetwofunctionsofcontextsdiscussed(Or:thepaperdiscussed;Or:theauthordiscussed)aretoexplainsemanticsandconstraintheuseofwords,phrasesandsentences.Nowthatcontextshavethefunctionofexplaining,kindsofcontexts,includingextra-linguisticcontextsandlinguisticcontexts,shouldbeusedtoeliminateambiguityofantiphrasis.(Or:Nowthatcontextshavethefunctionofexplaining,theauthorstronglysuggeststhatkindsofcontexts,includingextra-linguisticcontextsandlinguisticcontexts,shouldbeusedtoeliminateambiguityofantiphrasis.Or:Nowthatcontextshavethefunctionofexplaining,itisimperativeforreaderstousekindsofcontexts,includingextra-linguisticcontextsandlinguisticcontexts,toeliminateambiguityofantiphrasis.)Chapter10RevisingtheDraftandFinalizingthePaperExercises:1.Howdoyoureviseyourfirstdraft?2.Thefollowingparagraphistheconclusionofaresearchpaper,whichisinformalinlanguage,andinconsistentinpointofview.Intheparagraphtherearealsoothererrorssuchasthesubject-verbdisagreement,thewrongverbtensesandthesentencefragments.Trytorevisetheconclusion,andthenrewritethecorrectparagraph.AccordingtoGrice,allconversationsshouldobeythefourmaximsofcooperativeprinciple,sodoadvertisement.However,advertisementmustbehighlypersuasiveandimpact,soastocausethecustomer’sattention.Becausesocialfactors,culturalfactors,andpsychologicalfactors,notalladvertisementsstrictlyfollowedcooperativeprinciple.AndadvertisersdeliberatelyviolateGrice’scooperativeprincipleandmakebetteruseofcooperativeprincipletomaketheiradvertisementlanguagemorepersuasive.Meanwhile,readersofadvertisementsalsoshouldmakegooduseofcooperativeprinciplesothatyoucanunderstandtheimplicitmeaningofadvertisinglanguagebetterandmakeyourdecision.Answer:AccordingtoGrice,allconversationsshouldobeythefourmaximsofcooperativeprinciple,sodoesanadvertisement(or:sodoadvertisements).However,advertisementmustbehighlypersuasiveandimpact,soastocausethecustomer’sattention.Becauseofsocialfactors,culturalfactors,andpsychologicalfactors,notalladvertisementsstrictlyfollowcooperativeprinciple.AndadvertisersdeliberatelyviolateGrice’scooperativeprincipleandmakebetteruseofcooperativeprincipletomaketheiradvertisementlanguagemorepersuasive.Meanwhile,readersofadvertisementsshouldalsomakegooduseofcooperativeprinciplesothattheycanunderstandtheimplicitmeaningofadvertisinglanguagebetterandmaketheirdecisions.Chapter11Exercises:1.Whatarepartsofaresearchpaper?2.Whataretherulesforendnotes?3.Whataretherulesforfootnotes?4.Whataretherulesforbibliographyentries?5.Pointoutthefaultswithintroductionofthepaper,andthenimproveitasmuchasyoucan.Mypaperconcernshowthegeographicalfeaturesaffectanation’senterprisingspirit.Here,Iwanttostatemorespecificallywhatanenterprisingspiritis.Itincludesthefollowingaspects:first,itconcernspeople’sintellectualview;second,iturgespeopletoexplorewhilefightingagainstthenaturaldifficulties;finally,itcouldleadtoanexpansionofanation.Actually,thistopicfallsintothefieldofhumangeographywhichhasstudiedtherelationshipbetweenhumanactivitiesandgeographicalcharacteristics.Also,manyscientistsinthisfieldhavedonefruitfulresearchtoconvinceusthatgeographicalfeatureshaveaffectedthedevelopmentofpeopleandnation.Ifocusmypaperonanenterprisingspirit,whichissurelyonepointinthewholeculturesystem.WhydidIchoosethistopic?Ithasbeenanimpulseinmymindforalongtime;Ihavealwayswonderedwhypeoplethinksodifferently.Thesedifferentpointsofviewcanleadtoquarrelsamongnations.Itistruethatconflictiscausedbymanyfactors,butwecannotdenythatoneimportantreasonisthatwedon’tunderstandeachotherwell.Sometimes,thesedifferencesleadtothehumiliationortheunfairtreatment,whichistherootofconflict.SoIwanttostudythistopicandachievethefollowinggoals:first,surelyhowdifferentnationsbettertheircultureandcustom;second,findouthowthegeographicalfeaturescausetheseverybasicdifferencesinpeople’swayofthinkingandhowtheydealtwiththings.Inordertoachievethesegoals,Iemployedtheregionallandscapeapproachwhichiscommonlyadoptedinthefieldofhumangeography.Thisapproachhastwomajorsteps:first,collectasmanyfactsaspossibleaboutacertainregion.Eachlocalityhasitsownlocallandscapebasedonauniquecombinationofsocialrelationshipsandphysicalinfluences.Second,allobjectsinthelandscapeareinterrelatedandweshouldsortouttheparticularrelationshipamongtheobjectsinthestudyarea.Thisapproachwillobviouslyexposethedifferentregionscharacteristicseitherofthephysicalfeaturesorthepeople’scustomsandlivingpatterns,whichcanmadethecomparisonsamongdifferentregionsmoreobviousandconvincing.Oneoftheresultsofthisresearchistoknowpeoplebetterandpromoteamorepeacefulatmosphereforallthehumanbeingsintheworld.Inaddition,itcanhelpustoworkmoreharmoniouslywitheachotherandpreventsettingupasuperiornationasacontrollingforcewhiletreatingothersasinferiors,whichwouldleadtomoreseriousdisastrousconflictsamongthenations,likeWorldWarTwo.6.Readthefollowingabstractandthenmarktheelementsofstructureinit.MarineinsurancelawinChinaisprovidedforinChapter12oftheMaritimeCodeofthePeople’sRepublicofChina(MC)andthemarineinsurancelawinHongKongisMarineInsuranceOrdinance(cap329)(MIO).AlthoughbothofthemaredraftedbyreferencetoMarineInsuranceAct1906oftheU.K.(MIA),MIOhasamoreclearandcomprehensivestructurethanMC.ManyprovisionsinMCaretooconciseandlackofcleardefinitionofimportantterms,whichleadstomanydisputesbetweentheassuredandtheinsurer.ThemainobjectivesinthisresearchistoinvestigatethedifferencebetweenMIOandMCandtostudytheimpactofuncertaintyandincomprehensiveinChinesemarineinsurancelawwhensettlingclaim.Also,thisresearchwillstudypossiblesolutionstoreducedisputesduetothosedifferenceanduncertainty.Finally,itwillproviderecommendationsforthereformationofmarineinsurancelawinChina.Thestudywillfocusonfourareasinmarineinsurance,whicharedisclosureandrepresentations,insurableinterestandsubjectmatterinsured,assignmentofcontractandlossandabandonment.(Thepaper’stitleis“ComparativeStudyonMarineInsuranceOrdinanceandChineseMarineInsuranceLaw”,byTsuiWailan,TheHongKongPolytechnicUniversity)7.Readthefollowingabstractandthendiscussthemeritsanddefectsofthisabstract.Ifpossible,trytoworkoutproperkeywordscorrespondingtothisabstract.AsDanielDefoe’s