《鋼結構安裝》課件-3.1.1 起重機械和簡易起重機械

3.1.1.起重機械和簡易起重機械

3.1.1.Liftingmachineryandsimpleliftingmachinery12起重機械Liftingmachinery簡易起重機械Simpleliftingmachinery

一起重機械

FirstLiftingmachinery

鋼結構的吊裝，根據起重的質量可分三個級別:大型，中型，一般Theliftingofsteelstructure,accordingtothequalityoflifting,canbedividedintothreelevels:large,medium,general一般general起重質量為40t以下Theliftingmassisbelow40t大型large起重質量為80t以上Theliftingmassismorethan80t中型medium起重質量為10～80tTheliftingmassis10~80t一起重機械

FirstLiftingmachinery

常用的吊裝機械有各種自行式起重機、軌道塔式起重機、自制桅桿式起重機和小型吊裝機械等。

Commonlyusedliftingmachineryarevariousself-propelledcranes,railtowercranes,self-mademastcranesandsmallliftingmachinery.常用吊裝機械Commonlyusedhoistingmachinery自行式起重機Self-propelledcranes軌道塔式起重機Railtowercrane自制桅桿式起重機Homemademastcrane小型吊裝機械Smallliftingmachinery一起重機械

FirstLiftingmachinery

如右圖所示，由回轉臺和履帶行走機構組成。在回轉臺上裝有動力裝置、傳動裝置、工作機構及平衡重等，工作機構主要包括起重桿、起重滑輪組、變幅滑輪組、卷揚機及車體和車體后面的平衡配重等，能360度旋轉。Asshowninthepictureontheright,itconsistsofarotarytableandacrawlertravelingmechanism.Therotarytableisequippedwithpowerdevice,transmissiondevice,workingmechanismandcounterweight,etc.,andtheworkingmechanismmainlyincludesliftingrod,liftingpulleyset,luffingpulleyset,hoistandbalancecounterweightbehindthecarbodyandcarbody,etc.,whichcanrotate360degrees.1.自行式起重機——履帶式起重機1.Self-propelledcrane–crawlercrane一起重機械

FirstLiftingmachinery自行式起重機優(yōu)點Advantagesofself-propelledcranes操作靈活，使用方便，履帶著地，前后行走可轉向360度，在一般的平整結實路面上均可行駛，吊物可退可避，對施工場地要求不嚴，可在不平整泥濘的場地或略加處理的松軟場地行駛和工作。Flexibleoperation,easytouse,crawlerground,frontandrearwalkingcanturn360degrees,canbedrivenonthegeneralflatandsolidroad,hangingobjectscanberetreatedandavoided,theconstructionsiterequirementsarenotstrict,canbedrivenandworkedinunevenandmuddysitesorslightlytreatedsoftsites.1.自行式起重機——履帶式起重機1.Self-propelledcrane–crawlercrane一起重機械

FirstLiftingmachinery自行式起重機缺點Disadvantagesofself-propelledcranes自重大，行駛速度慢，在遠途行駛時，速度慢，轉向不方便，對柏油馬路有履帶痕跡。Self-weight,slowdrivingspeed,whendrivinglongdistances,slowspeed,inconvenientsteering,trackmarksonasphaltroads.1.自行式起重機——履帶式起重機1.Self-propelledcrane–crawlercrane一起重機械

FirstLiftingmachinery1.自行式起重機——輪胎式起重機1.Self-propelledcrane–rubberycrane輪胎式起重機構造與履帶式起重機基本相同，只是行走接觸地面的部分改用多輪胎而不是履帶，把起重機構裝在由加重型輪胎和輪軸組成的特制底盤上，重心較低，起重平穩(wěn)，底盤結構牢固，車輪間距較大，在底盤兩側安裝有四個可伸縮的支腿，在工作時需固定在一個限制的位置上。Thestructureofthetirecraneisbasicallythesameasthecrawlercrane,butthepartthatwalksincontactwiththegroundischangedtomulti-tireinsteadofcrawler,andtheliftingmechanismisinstalledonaspecialchassiscomposedofheavy-dutytiresandaxles,withalowcenterofgravity,stablelifting,afirmchassisstructure,alargewheelspacing,andfourretractableoutriggersinstalledonbothsidesofthechassis,whichneedtobefixedinarestrictedpositionwhenworking.輪胎式起重機優(yōu)點Advantagesoftyrecrane機動性高、行駛速度快、操作和轉移方便，有較好的穩(wěn)定性，起重臂多為伸縮式，長度改變自由、快速，對路面無破壞性Highmobility,fastdrivingspeed,easyoperationandtransfer,goodstability,liftingarmismostlytelescopic,lengthchangefree,fast,non-destructivetotheroadsurface1.自行式起重機——輪胎式起重機1.Self-propelledcrane–Rubbercrane在工作狀態(tài)下不能載重行走，工作面受到限制，對構件布置、排放要求嚴格，施工場地需平整、碾壓堅實，在泥濘場地行走困難Intheworkingstate,itcannotcarrytheload,theworkingsurfaceisrestricted,therequirementsforcomponentlayoutanddischargearestrict,theconstructionsiteneedstobeflatandcompacted,anditisdifficulttowalkinthemuddysite輪胎式起重機缺點Tiretypecranedisadvantages一起重機械

FirstLiftingmachinery一起重機械

FirstLiftingmachinery1.自行式起重機——汽車式起重機1.Self-propelledcrane–truckcrane汽車式起重機把起重機構裝在汽車底盤上，起重臂桿采用高強度鋼板作成箱形結構，吊臂可根據需要自動逐節(jié)伸縮，并設有各種限位和報警裝置，起重機動力由汽車發(fā)動機供給。Thetruckcraneismountedontheautomobilechassis,theliftingboomismadeofhigh-strengthsteelplateintoabox-shapedstructure,theboomcanautomaticallyexpandandtelescopicsectionbysectionasneeded,andisequippedwithvariouslimitandalarmdevices,andthecranepowerissuppliedbytheautomobileengine.1.自行式起重機——汽車式起重機1.Self-propelledcrane–truckcrane行走速度快，轉向方便，具有使用靈活、機動性高、轉移迅速、對路面破壞小、可高速和遠距離行駛、自動控制靈敏、安全可靠Fastwalkingspeed,convenientsteering,flexibleuse,highmobility,rapidtransfer,smalldamagetotheroadsurface,high-speedandlong-distancedriving,sensitiveautomaticcontrol,safeandreliable行走時需要路面堅實平坦。吊裝構件時，不能行走，車體需在固定的位置上工作。Whenwalking,theroadsurfaceneedstobefirmandflat.Whenhoistingcomponents,itcannotbewalked,andthecarbodyneedstoworkinafixedposition.優(yōu)點advantages缺點disadvantages一起重機械

FirstLiftingmachinery2.塔式起重機2.Towercrane塔式起重機(塔吊)是把起重臂和起重機構裝在金屬塔架上，整個起重機沿鋼軌道行走，工作時，只限制在軌道和起重臂的長度范圍內作固定吊裝或行走吊裝，有行走式、固定式、附著式和內爬式幾種。Towercrane(towercrane)istheliftingboomandliftingmechanismmountedonthemetaltower,thewholecranealongthesteeltrackwalking,whenworking,onlylimitedtothelengthrangeofthetrackandliftingboomforfixedliftingorwalkinghoisting,therearewalking,fixed,attachedandinternalclimbingtype.一起重機械

FirstLiftingmachinery一起重機械

FirstLiftingmachinery2.塔式起重機2.Towercrane塔式起重機一般應用于多高層建筑結構施工現場的材料和構件的吊裝和運輸。Towercranesaregenerallyusedintheliftingandtransportationofmaterialsandcomponentsattheconstructionsiteofmulti-high-risebuildingstructures塔式起重機優(yōu)點Towercraneadvantages安裝空間和半徑大，覆蓋空間大，吊裝效率高，構件布置可較為靈活，吊裝構件方便，起重臂可以轉向，安裝屋面板、支撐等構件時，臂桿在使用范圍內不受已安裝構件的影響。Theinstallationspaceandradiusarelarge,thecoveragespaceislarge,theliftingefficiencyishigh,thecomponentlayoutcanbemoreflexible,theliftingcomponentsareconvenient,theliftingarmcanbesteered,andwheninstallingroofpanels,supportsandothercomponents,theboomisnotaffectedbytheinstalledcomponentswithinthescopeofuse.2.塔式起重機2.Towercrane塔式起重機缺點Towercranedisadvantages只能直線行走或移動，工作面受到限制，起重機轉移搬運、拆卸和組裝不方便，較費工費時，吊裝場地利用率低。Itcanonlywalkormoveinastraightline,theworkingsurfaceisrestricted,thecranetransferhandling,disassemblyandassemblyareinconvenient,morelabor-intensiveandtime-consuming,andtheutilizationrateoftheliftingsiteislow.一起重機械

FirstLiftingmachinery3.起重桅桿3.Liftingmast

起重桅桿可根據安裝現場的具體情況，安裝工件的品種規(guī)格、重量、吊裝高度等要求來確定。分類：固定式，移動式。Theliftingmastcanbedeterminedaccordingtothespecificconditionsoftheinstallationsite,thevarietyandspecifications,weight,liftingheightandotherrequirementsoftheinstallationworkpiece.Classification:fixed,mobile.一起重機械

FirstLiftingmachinery二簡易起重機械

SecondSimpleliftingmachinery1.千斤頂安裝作業(yè)時，千斤頂常常用來頂升工件或設備、矯正工件的局部變形。千斤頂有液壓式、螺旋式、齒條式三種型式。1.JackDuringinstallationoperations,jacksareoftenusedtoliftworkpiecesorequipmentandcorrectlocaldeformationofworkpieces.Therearethreetypesofjacks:hydraulictype,spiraltypeandracktype.二簡易起重機械

SecondSimpleliftingmachinery1.千斤頂1.Jack

齒條式千斤頂一般承載能力不大，起重量較小，因而不常用。Rackjacksgenerallyhavelittlebearingcapacityandsmallliftingcapacity,sotheyarenotcommonlyused螺旋式千斤頂起重能力較大，可達100t(1000kN)，最為常用Spiraljackshavealargeliftingcapacity,upto100t(1000kN),andarethemostcommonlyused液壓千斤頂起重能力最大，可達320t(3200kN)，最為常用Hydraulicjackshavethelargestliftingcapacity,upto320t(3200kN),andarethemostcommonlyused2.卷揚機2.Winch卷揚機是吊裝作業(yè)中常用的動力裝置，分為手動卷揚機和電動卷揚機。Thewinchisacommonlyusedpowerunitinliftingoperations,whichisdividedintomanualwinchandelectricwinch.手動卷揚機：由卷筒、鋼絲繩、摩擦止動器、止動棘輪裝置、齒輪組、變速器、手柄等部件組成Manualwinch:Itiscomposedofdrum,wirerope,frictionstopper,stopratchetdevice,gearset,transmission,handleandothercomponents電動卷揚機：電動卷揚機由卷筒、減速器、電動機、電磁抱閘等部件組成Electricwinch:Theelectrichoistiscomposedofreel,reducer,motor,electromagneticbrakeandothercomponents二簡易起重機械

SecondSimpleliftingmachinery3.絞磨3.Grinding

絞磨是一種采用最為普遍的由人力牽引的起重工具。它由中心軸、支架和推桿等組成。絞盤是依靠摩擦力驅動繩索的，繩索圍繞在鼓輪上(一般是4～6圈)。工作時，一端使繩索拉緊(用來牽引)，另一端又把繩索放松(用手拉住)。為防止倒轉而產生事故，在鼓輪中心軸上裝有制動齒輪裝置。Grinding,whichisthemostcommonlyusedliftingtoolpulledbyhumanpower,isused.Itconsistsofacentralshaft,bracketandpusher,etc.Thewinchreliesonfrictiontodrivetherope,andtheropeiswrappedaroundthedrum(generally4~6turns).Whenworking,oneendtightenstherope(forpulling)andtheotherendrelaxestherope(pullsbyhand).Inordertopreventaccidentsduetoreversal,abrakegeardeviceisinstalledonthec