2025年聚焦美國零排放道路貨運：政策、技術(shù)、基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施及市場展望報告

USZero-EmissionRoad

FreightinFocus:Policy,

Technology,Infrastructure,andMarketOutlook

—SFCChinaGlobalZEFVMarketAnalystSeries

January2025

USZero-EmissionRoadFreightinFocus:Policy,Technology,Infrastructure,andMarketOutlook

SFCChinaGlobalZEFVMarketAnalystSeries

January2025

?SmartFreightCentreChina,2025

Suggestedcitation:[SmartFreightCentreChina].[USZero-EmissionRoadFreightinFocus:Policy,Technology,Infrastructure,andMarketOutlook——SFCChinaGlobalZEFVMarketAnalystSeries].2025.

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Disclaimer

TheviewsexpressedinthispublicationarethoseofSmartFreightCentreChinaandstaff,consultantsandmanagement,anddonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsoftheBoardofTrusteesofSmartFreightCentreChina.SmartFreightCentreChinadoesnotguaranteetheaccuracyofthedataincludedinthispublicationanddoesnotacceptresponsibilityforconsequenceoftheiruse.

Acknowledgements

ThisreportwaswrittenbyFurui(Freda)Yang,thesummervisitingscholarofSmartFreightCentreChinafromJune-August2024.BycollectingandanalyzingrelevantinformationbeforeJuly2024,thereportprovidesacomprehensivepictureofthesituationofU.S.marketforzero-emissionroadfreight,aswellasreferenceinformationforzero-emissionroadfreightstakeholdersinChina.WewouldliketoexpressourspecialthankstoFredaYangforhercontributiontothisreport.

Thecompletionofthisreporthasbenefitedfromsupportandassistancefromvarioussources.Wewouldliketoexpresssinceregratitudetoalltheexpertsandscholarswhohaveprovidedvaluableopinionsandsuggestionsforthisresearch.SpecialthanksgototheresearchexpertsfromtheInternationalCouncilonCleanTransportation(ICCT)andBeijingSmartGreenTransportTechnologyCO.,LTD..Theirrichindustryexperienceandprofoundinsightshaveprovidedimportantreferencesforthisreport.Theirprofessionalknowledgeinthefieldsofsustainabledevelopmentandzero-emissiontransportationhasgreatlyenrichedthecontentofthisreport,providingvaluableinsightsforacomprehensiveunderstandingandanalysisofthedevelopmentofzero-emissionfreighttransportationintheUnitedStates.

AboutSmartFreightCentreChina

SmartFreightCentreChina’svisionisanefficientandzeroemissiongloballogisticssector.SmartFreightCentreChina’smissionistocollaboratewiththeorganization’sglobalpartnerstoquantifyimpacts,identifysolutions,andpropagatelogisticsdecarbonizationstrategies.SmartFreightCentreChina’sgoalistoguidetheChinalogisticsindustryintrackingandreducingtheindustry’sgreenhousegasemissionstoreachzeroemissionsby2050orearlier,consistentwitha1.5°Cfuture.

Contact

SmartFreightCentreChina909,BuildingE,ULOPark

P.O.100215,ChaoyangDistrict,BeijingChinaTeloffice/p>

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infochina@

Contents

AcronymList 5

1Zero-EmissionFreightintheUnitedStates:PolicyOverview 6

1.Introduction 6

2.FederalLawsandSupportingIncentiveMeasures 7

3.California'sGoalsandSupportingPolicies 10

4.U.S.GoalsandSupportingPolicies 15

2OverviewoftheZero-EmissionFreightMarketandTechnologyPathwaysinthe

UnitedStates 24

1.GeneralOverviewoftheZero-EmissionTruckMarket 24

2.Zero-EmissionTruckTechnology 27

3.Medium-andHeavy-DutyElectricTrucks 28

4.Medium-andHeavy-DutyHydrogenFuelCellTrucks 34

3OverviewoftheZero-EmissionFreightInfrastructureintheUnitedStates 38

1.ElectricTruckInfrastructure 38

2.HydrogenFuelCellTruckInfrastructure 45

REFERENCES 54

Appendix: 57

January20253

ExecutiveSummary

SinceCaliforniaissuedtheCleanTruckRulein2020,zero-emissionfreighthasbecomeafocusofattentionacrossU.S.states,promptingactionatvariouslevels.However,existinginformationisoftenfragmentedandfocusedondifferentaspects,makingitdifficulttopresentacomprehensivepictureoftheU.S.zero-emissionfreightlandscape.Thisreportaimstoprovidereaderswithaclearandmulti-dimensionalunderstandingthroughamulti-facetedexamination.ThereportoutlinestheprogressofU.S.zero-emissionfreightfromfourkeydimensions:policy,vehicletechnology,infrastructure,andmarket.Throughthismulti-dimensionalanalysis,westrivetopresentaholisticviewofthiscomplexissue.

Inthepolicysection,weintroducetheU.S.zero-emissionfreightpolicysystem,usingvariousdocumentsascluestooutlinethespecifictimetargetsandactionguidelinesproposedbyeachdocument.SpecialfocusisgiventoCalifornia'sleadingactions.

ThemarketsectionprovidesapanoramicviewoftheU.S.zero-emissionfreightmarket.Weanalyzesalestrendsofzero-emissiontrucks,marketsharesofmajormanufacturers,andmarketpenetrationratesofdifferenttypesofvehicles(suchasurbandeliveryvehicles,long-haultrucks,etc.).Wealsodiscusskeyfactorsaffectingmarketdevelopment,suchastotalcostofownershipandpolicyincentives.

Thetechnologysectiondelvesintothelatestdevelopmentsinthetwomaintechnologicalroutes:batteryelectricandhydrogenfuelcell.Weprovideadetailedanalysisofimprovementsinkeyindicatorssuchasbatterycapacity,chargingspeed,andfuelcellefficiency,andhowthesetechnologicaladvancementsaffectvehicleperformanceandoperatingcosts.

TheinfrastructuresectioncomprehensivelyreviewsthecurrentstatusandplanningofchargingandhydrogenrefuelinginfrastructureintheUnitedStates.Wenotonlypresentthequantityanddistributionofinfrastructurebutalsoanalyzethechallengesfacedinitsconstruction,suchasgeographicalimbalancesandpowergridcapacityissues.

Throughthecomprehensiveanalysisofthesefourdimensions,thisreportaimstoconstructacomprehensivecognitiveframeworkforreaders,helpingthembetterunderstandthecurrentstatus,challenges,andfuturedevelopmentdirectionsofzero-emissionfreightintheUnitedStates.Webelievethatthismulti-facetedexaminationwillprovidevaluablereferenceforpolicymakers,industryparticipants,andresearchers,promotingthefurtherdevelopmentofglobalzero-emissionroadfreightinitiatives.

January20254

AcronymList

AdvancedCleanTruck(ACT)RegulationBatteryElectricVehicle(BEV)

CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard(CARB)

CaliforniaEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(CalEPA)CaliforniaHydrogenBusinessCouncil(CHBC)

CaliforniaPublicUtilitiesCommission(CPUC)CleanHydrogenProductionStandard(CHPS)

CleanTruckProgram(CTP)DepartmentofEnergy(DOE)

ElectricVehicleSupplyEquipment(EVSE)FuelCellElectricTruck(FCET)

FuelCellElectricVehicle(FCEV)

GlobalCommercialVehicleDrivetoZero(GCVDrivetoZero)GlobalMemorandumofUnderstanding(GlobalMOU)

Heavy-DutyVehicle(HDV)

HydrogenProductionTaxCredit(PTC)

Medium-andHeavy-DutyZero-EmissionVehicle(MHDZEV)Medium-DutyVehicle(MDV)

MemorandumofUnderstanding(MOU)

NationalElectricVehicleInfrastructure(NEVI)NationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory(NREL)

NationalZero-EmissionFreightCorridorStrategy(NZEFCS)

NationalZero-EmissionTruckCoalition(NZETC)TransportationElectrificationPartnership(TEP)

UnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)Zero-EmissionVehicle(ZEV)

January20255

1Zero-EmissionFreightintheUnitedStates:PolicyOverview

1.Introduction

Greenhousegasemissionssignificantlyimpactpublichealthandwell-being.IntheUnitedStates,thetransportationsectorstandsoutasthelargestsinglesourceoftheseemissions,accountingfor33%ofthetotal.Withinthissector,heavy-dutyvehiclesarethesecond-largestcontributor,responsiblefor21%ofalltransportation-relatedemissions.1

TheU.S.classifiescommercialvehiclesbasedontheirgrossvehicleweightrating(GVWR).ThisanalysisencompassesvehiclesrangingfromClass2b(8,501–10,000lbs)toClass8(33,000lbsandabove).Throughoutthisreport,vehicleswithinthisrangearecollectivelyreferredtoasmedium-andheavy-dutyvehicles.

Thezero-emissionfreightpolicyframeworkintheUnitedStatesisacomplexyetstructuredsystem,characterizedbymultiplelevelsandprograms.WithCaliforniaoftenleadingtheway,thisframeworkevolvesincrementally,expandingfromspecificinitiativestobroaderapplications.Theframeworkcanbeconceptualizedinfourmaintiers:

1.Federallaws

2.High-levelplans,strategies,andprograms

3.Specificregulationsdevelopedunderstrategicplanningguidance

4.Variousincentivemeasuresdirectlyguidedbylawsandbills

Thismulti-tieredapproachallowsforacomprehensiveandadaptablestrategytoaddressthechallengesoftransitioningtozero-emissionfreighttransportationacrossthenation.

Figure:SchematicDiagramoftheU.S.Zero-EmissionFreightPolicyFramework

1UnitedStatesDepartmentofTransportation.(2024).DecarbonizingUSTransportation:ReporttoCongress.Retrievedfrom

/sites//files/2024

-

07/DOT%20Report%20to%20Congress%20Decarbonizing%20US%20Transportation%20072924%20final.pdf

January20256

Federallawsestablishtheoverarchingframeworkandfundamentalprovisions,providinglegalandfinancial

supportforzero-emissionfreightinitiatives.KeylegislationincludestheCleanAirAct,theBipartisanInfrastructureLaw(BIL),andtheInflationReductionAct(IRA).Theselawssetstringentemissionstandardsandallocatesubstantialfederalfundingforinfrastructuredevelopmentandtechnologicalinnovation.Notably,theCleanAirActempowerstheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)toestablishstandardsminimizingairpollutantemissionsfrommobilesources.

High-levelplansandstrategiesoutlinedetailedobjectivesandimplementationpathways,guidingregulationsatvariousgovernmentlevelsandprivatesectoractions.DocumentssuchastheU.S.NationalBlueprintforTransportationDecarbonizationandtheNationalZero-EmissionFreightCorridorStrategydefinespecificgoalsandstrategiesforeachphase,drivingnationwideprogressinzero-emissionfreight.California,withitsuniqueauthoritytosetstricteremissionstandards,hasimplementedpioneeringregulationsliketheAdvancedCleanTruckRegulation(ACT),whichmandatesincreasingsalesofzero-emissionheavy-dutytrucks.

Incentivemeasures,directlyguidedbylawsandbills,aimtoencouragebusinessesandindividualstoadoptzero-emissionfreighttechnologiesthrougheconomicmeans.Theseincludetaxcredits,subsidies,andrewardprograms,suchastheCommercialCleanVehicleTaxCredit(45W)andtheAlternativeVehicleRefuelingPropertyTaxCredit(30C),whichdirectlyboostmarketacceptanceandadoptionofzero-emissionmedium-andheavy-dutyvehicles.

Toprovideaclearoverviewofthiscomplexpolicylandscape,thefollowingsectionswillexaminethreekeyareas:federallawsandtheirassociatedincentives,California'sgoalsandsupportingpolicies,andtheoverarchingU.S.objectivesandtheirpolicysupportmechanisms.

2.FederalLawsandSupportingIncentiveMeasures

Since1970,theCleanAirActhasbeenthecornerstoneofU.S.environmentalpolicy,providingthefundamentalregulatoryframeworkforcontrollingairpollutionandvehicleemissions.Buildingonthisfoundation,theBidenadministrationhastakenagroundbreakingapproachtoaddressingclimatechangeandadvancinglow-carbondevelopmentinthetransportationsector.ThroughtheBipartisanInfrastructureLaw(BIL,2021)andtheInflationReductionAct(IRA,2022),thegovernmenthasestablishedacomprehensivesetofstrategies.Thesetwonewlawsjointlyinvestover$100billion2incleantransportationinitiatives,settingthecourseforthegovernment'sambitious2050climategoals.Akeyfocusistheelectrificationofmedium-andheavy-dutyvehicles,acriticalareaforbothemissionsreductionandeconomictransformation.

WhiletheBILfocusesoninfrastructuredevelopment,theIRArepresentsthelargestclimateactioninU.S.history.Together,theyacceleratethetransitiontozero-emissionvehiclesacrossvarioussectors.Bycombiningfiscalmeasuressuchastaxcredits,grants,andloans,theseactsprovidesupportthroughouttheentirevaluechain,reinforcingandexpandingtheregulatoryfoundationestablishedbytheCleanAirAct.

Thesetwoactssharetwocommoncharacteristics:broad,comprehensivesupportandtargetedbreakthroughsinkeyscenarios.Bothmaintainatechnology-neutralstance,offeringsupportforarangeofzero-emissionfreighttrucksandrelatedprocesses.Thisflexibilityencouragesmarket-driveninnovationwhileensuringprogresstowardsemissionreductiongoals.

Firstly,intermsoffinancialsupport,anotablefeatureoftheseactsistheircoverageoftheentiremedium-andheavy-dutyvehicleelectrificationvaluechain:

Manufacturing:TheIRA'sAdvancedTechnologyVehicleManufacturingprogramprovides$3billioninloanstosupporttheproductionofcleanvehiclesandcomponents.

VehiclePurchase:TheIRAintroducescommercialcleanvehiclecreditsofupto$40,000pervehicle,significantlyloweringupfrontcostbarriersforfleetoperators.

2AtlasPublicPolicy.(n.d.).$3BillioninFederalFundingforEVstoDate.AtlasEVHub.

/data

_story/3-billion-in-federal-funding-for-evs-to-date/

January20257

ChargingInfrastructure:Section11401oftheBILallocates$2.5billionforchargingandalternativefuelinfrastructure,whiletheIRA'sAlternativeFuelRefuelingPropertyCreditfurtherincentivizeschargingstationconstruction.

GridSupport:Section40107oftheBILprovides$3billiontoenhancegridflexibility,includingvehicle-to-grid(V2G)technology,ensuringthepowersystemcanmeetthegrowingdemandfromelectricvehicles.

Thismulti-prongedapproachensurescomprehensivesupportforthetransitiontozero-emissionmedium-andheavy-dutytrucks,fromproductiontooperation.

Secondly,byidentifyingkeyworkscenarios,bothactsstrategicallyadvancezero-emissiongoalsinthetransportationsector.Ports,oftenmajoremissionsourcesinurbanareasandsuitableforelectrificationduetotheirhigh-frequency,short-distanceoperations,receivespecificsupportprogramstofundtheirelectrificationprogress.Additionally,federalfleetsareexpectedtodemonstratetransportationelectrification,withtheU.S.PostalService(USPS)fleetallocated$1.71billionforelectrificationupgrades.

Thelegislationalsoaddressesdomesticprotectionismandsocialimpacts.Forinstance,theIRA'sincentivesfordomesticproductionofbatteriesandcriticalmineralsaimtobuildresilientsupplychainsandcreatejobs.TheBILprioritizescommunityequity,targetinginfrastructuredevelopmentinruralandunderservedcommunities.

ToprovideadeeperunderstandingofthespecificmeasuresintheBILandIRAforpromotingthetransitionofmedium-andheavy-dutyvehiclestozeroemissions,thefollowingtableoutlinesthemainkeyprovisionsandfundingarrangementsrelatedtomedium-andheavy-dutyvehicles:

Title

Description

LeadAgency

Funds

(Million

USD)

FundingType

RelevancetoMHDV

Grantsfor

chargingandfueling

infrastructure

AgrantprogramforpubliclyaccessibleEVcharging

infrastructure,hydrogenfuelinginfrastructure,propanefuelinginfrastructure(limitedto

medium-andheavy-duty

vehicles),andnaturalgas

fuelinginfrastructure.Priorityisgiventoruralareas,low-andmiddle-incomecommunities,

andcommunitieswithlimitedprivateparking.

DepartmentofTransportation

2,500

Grants

Indirect

(Infrastructure)

Reductionof

Truck

EmissionsatPortFacilities

Projectsaimedatreducing

idlingbytrucksatportfacilities,includingresearchonport

electrification,emerging

technologies,andfunding

projectstoreduceport-relatedemissions.

DepartmentofTransportation

250

Grants

Direct

Deploymentof

TechnologiestoEnhance

Grid

Flexibility

Providesfundingforvariousmethodstoenhancegrid

flexibility,includingvehicle-to-gridtechnology.

DepartmentofEnergy

3,000

Grants

Indirect

(Infrastructure)

Advanced

Providesfundingforarangeof

Departmentof

750

Grants

Direct

Energy

"advancedenergy"

Energy

Manufacturing

manufacturingfacilities,

January20258

andRecyclingGrant

Program

includingfacilities

manufacturingEVsandEVchargingcomponents.

Port

InfrastructureDevelopment

Program

Providesfundingforprojectsto

enhanceportresilience,

includingportelectrification

andinfrastructureforEV

chargingorhydrogenfuelingfordrayagetrucksandrelatedgridupgrades.

DepartmentofTransportation

2,250

Grants

Indirect

(Infrastructure)

Table:ProvisionsRelatedtoMHDVsintheBIL

Title

Description

LeadAgency

Funds(USD)

FundingType

RelevancetoMHDV

Qualified

CommercialClean

Vehicles

Providesa30%creditforelectricandothernon-

gasoline/dieseltrucksanda

15%creditforcombustion

vehiclesequippedwithatleast15kWhbatteries.Thecreditiscappedat15%ofthepurchasepriceforPHEVsand30%of

thepurchasepriceor

incrementalcost(whicheverislower)forEVandFCEV

vehicles.Forvehiclesunder

14,000lbs,thecreditiscappedat$7,500.Validthrough2032.

Treasury

Department

3.5Billion

Tax

Credit

Direct

CleanHeavy-DutyVehicleGrant

Program

Acompetitivegrantprogramwithatotalallocationof$930million,ofwhich30%willbe

dedicatedtovocationalzero-emissiontrucks.Itincludes

fundingforvehicle

replacement,charging

infrastructure,workforce

development,andplanningandtechnicalactivitiestosupport

theadoptionofzero-emissionvehicles.

EnvironmentalProtection

Agency

1Billion

Grants,

Subsidies

Direct

Advanced

TechnologyVehicles

ManufacturingProgram

TheIRAincludes$20billionin

loansfornewcleanvehiclemanufacturingfacilities

nationwide,with$3billionallocatedtotheAdvancedTechnologyVehicles

ManufacturingProgramto

produceorintegrateadvancedtechnologyvehiclesintheU.S.,providedsuchvehiclesemit

loworzerogreenhousegasesinanyoperationalmodeor

DepartmentofEnergy

3Billion

DirectLoan

Direct

3Vocationalzero-emissiontrucksarespecializedvehiclesdesignedforspecificindustries(suchasconstruction,wastemanagement,andlogistics)thatproducenotailpipeemissions

January20259

condition(includingBEVandFCEV).

Domestic

ManufacturingConversion

Grants

Theprogramwillprovide$1.7billion(approx.12.3billion

RMB)tosupportupgradesto11autoplantsin8states—

Michigan,Ohio,Pennsylvania,

Georgia,Illinois,Indiana,

Maryland,andVirginia—tohelpbusinessesproduceproducts

relatedtotheEVsupplychain,includingelectricmotorcyclesandschoolbuscomponents,electriccommercialvehicle

batteries,hybridtrains,andelectricvehicles.

DepartmentofEnergy

1.7Billion

Grants,

Subsidies

Indirect(All

BEV)

U.S.PostalServiceCleanFleet

Provides$1.71billioninfundingforpurchasing,

designing,andinstalling

infrastructuretosupportzero-emissiondeliveryvehiclesatPostalService-ownedor

leasedfacilities.TheprogramrunsthroughSeptember30,2031.

GeneralServices

Administration

1.71

Billion

Grants

Direct(SpecificFleet)

AlternativeFueling

PropertyCredit

Providesataxcreditforheavy-dutytruckcharging

infrastructure,increasing

incentivesfrom$30,000perassetto$100,000perasset.

Treasury

Department

1.738Billion

Tax

Credit

Indirect

(Infrastructure)

Clean

HydrogenProductionTaxCredit

Cleanhydrogenproducersareeligibleforataxcreditofupto$3perkilogramofclean

hydrogenproduced.Eligible

cleanhydrogenmustproducenomorethan4kgofCO2-

equivalentperkgofhydrogen.

Treasury

Department

N/A

Tax

Credit

Indirect(Energy)

Table:ProvisionsRelatedtoMHDVsintheIRA

3.California'sGoalsandSupportingPolicies

TheU.S.hasambitiousgoalsforzero-emissionfreight,withCalifornialeadingthewaybysettingaseriesofmedium-andlong-termtargets.Thesetargetsandthecorrespondingpoliciesareoutlinedthroughstrategicplanningdocumentstoguidethetransitionofmedium-andheavy-dutytruckstozeroemissions.

January202510

Figure:California'sGoalsandSupportingPolicies

California'sExecutiveOrderN-79-20,signedbyGovernorGavinNewsomin2020,isakeytop-levelpolicythatsignifiesthestate'ssignificantcommitmenttozero-emissionfreight.Thecoregoalofthisexecutiveorderistoachieve100%zero-emissionsalesofnewpassengercarsandtruckssoldwithinthestate.Iffeasible,allmedium-andheavy-dutyvehiclesonCaliforniaroadswillbe100%zero-emissionby2045.Toachievethisambitiousgoal,Californiahasintroducedaseriesofcomplementaryregulationsandmeasurestoensuretheeffectivesupportandadvancementofthesepolicyobjectives.

3.1AdvancedCleanTruckRegulation(ACT)

InJune2020,CaliforniaintroducedtheAdvancedCleanTruckRegulation(ACT),oneofthemostrobustregulatoryapproachesglobally.Thisregulationconsistsoftwocomponents:manufacturersalesrequirementsandreportingrequirements.

Details

Sales

Requirements

2024:Startingfrom2024,allmanufacturersofcertified2b-8classinternalcombustionenginevehicleswillberequiredtosellzero-emissiontrucks.

2035:Zero-emissiontrucksneedtoaccountfor55%of2b-3classtrucksales,75%of4-8classstraighttrucksales,and40%oftractortrucksales.By2045,allnewtruckssoldinCaliforniawilltransitiontozero-emissionvehicles.

Reporting

Requirements

CompanyandFleetReporting:Largeemployers,includingretailers,manufacturers,brokers,andothers,mustreportinformationrelatedtofreightandshuttleservices.Fleetownerswith50ormoretrucksmustreportontheirexistingfleetoperations.

Table:ACTRegulationDetails

January202511

ThedesignoftheAdvancedCleanTruckRegulationfollowsasimilarpathtoCalifornia's1990Zero-Emission

Vehicle(ZEV)creditmechanismforlight-dutyvehicles.Itoperatesona"setcreditcompliancelimit-sellorbuyzero-emissionvehiclecredits-achievecompliancethroughmarketmechanisms"pathway.Accordingtothisregulation,startingin2024,alldieseltruckssoldinCaliforniainthe2b-8classcategories,includingpickuptrucks,mustmeetacertainproportionofzero-emissionvehiclesales.4

Figure:Class2b-8population

Thisregulatorypolicyprovidesasecuredmarketfoundationforzero-emissiontruckmanufacturers,supportingtheirbusinessdevelopment,supplychainconstruction,andinnovationtomeetnewjobrequirements.Theregulationnotonlyensuresasmoothtransitionbutalsorepresentsanefficienteconomicintervention.

Accordingtotheregulation,manufacturersmustmeetthespecifiedzero-emissionvehicle(ZEV)salesratiosannuallyusingcredits.Bothzero-emissiontrucksandnear-zeroemissiontruckscanearncredits,butthecreditsawardedvarybyvehicleclass,withhigherclassesearningmorecreditspervehiclesold/purchased.Fornear-zeroemissiontrucks,thereisanNZEVadjustmentfactor,whichisonepercentofthepureelectricrange,cappedatamaximumof0.75.Creditsgeneratedbyhybridelectrictrucksarealwayslessthanthoseforacorrespondingzero-emissiontruck,cappedat75%ofthenormalzero-emissioncreditamount.5

Formanufacturers,startingin2021,eachsaleofaZEV(ZeroEmissionVehicle)andNZEV(NearZeroEmissionVehicle)modelearnscreditsthatarestoredinacreditbank.Manufacturerscanlater"withdraw"fromthiscreditbanktofulfillcomplianceobligations,withtheremainderoft