英語語法-第七章非謂語動詞導(dǎo)學(xué)案-高三下學(xué)期英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)專項

第七章非謂語動詞非謂語動詞引入Igotupearlytocatchthefirstbus.todo不定式作目的狀語Iboughtasleepingbag.動名詞作定語Doyouknowthatmansittingoverthere?現(xiàn)在分詞作定語Laughedatbyothers,Mikefeltangry.過去分詞作原因狀語非謂語動詞在句中不能作謂語，但保留著動詞的某些特征（比如有自己的賓語和狀語），非謂語動詞沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，但有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化，可以在句中作除了謂語之外的任何成分。非謂語動詞的分類：非謂語動詞的形式：非謂語動詞作主語1.todo不定式作主語，可以直接放在句首，謂語動詞用單數(shù)?？梢员硎緦淼膭幼骰蛘呔唧w的某一次行為。Toenteragooduniversityismygoal.Tomakehimchangehismindthistimeisimpossible.注：不定式作主語時常置于句末，用it作形式主語放在句首。Itisimpossibletomakehimchangehismindthistime.注：不定式作主語時,其邏輯主語常用of/for引出。ItiseasyformetolearnEnglishwell.形容詞側(cè)重于評價事Itissillyofyoutodosuchathing.形容詞評價人的特征Itisimpossible______metoarrivetherebefore5p.m.key:forItiskind_______youtohelpmewithmyEnglish.key:of2.動名詞作主語，可以直接放在句首，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。表示一般的、抽象的、泛指的概念，或已經(jīng)完成的事情。Smokingisbadforourhealth.Losingthisgamemadehimverydisappointed.注：動名詞作主語也可以用it形式主語。常用的情況：Itisnouse/nogood/fun/useful/useless/awasteof..doingItisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.Itisawasteoftimeplayingputergames.非謂語動詞作主語：練一練（1）Ittookyearsofwork___________(clean)theriver.（2）__________(be)amillionaireismygoal.（3）Itiskind_____youtolendmesomuchmoney.（4）__________(read)booksbroadensourhorizons.（5）Itisnogood________(stay)uplate.（6）(2021年)Itispossible________(walk)orbiketheentire14kilometers.（7）(2020年)Thesedays,itisnotunusualfor10to12yearoldstopublishtheirownwebsitesorforsecondandthirdgraders_________(begin)puterclasses.（8）(2019年)Onourwaytothehouse,itwasrainingsohardthatwecouldn’thelpwonderinghowlongitwouldtake________(get)there.Keys:toclean;Tobe;of;Reading;staying;towalk;tobegin;toget非謂語動詞作表語1.todo不定式和動名詞作表語時，如果對主語內(nèi)容進(jìn)行解釋時，兩者可以互換。MyjobistoteachEnglish/teachingEnglish.ToteachEnglish/TeachingEnglishismyjob.注：表示未來的動作時，只能用todo。主語通常是dream,goal,aim,purpose,plan,wish等表示意向、打算的詞。Mygoalistoenteragooduniversity.2.現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作表語時，具有形容詞特征。interesting,exciting,surprising,amazing,shocking,interested,excited,surprised,amazed,shocked等。Thegameisveryexciting.I’minterestedinEnglish.Yourspeechisveryencouraging.Mybikeisbroken.Shewasinjuredseriously.注:主語有實義動詞do的某種形式時，作表語的todo省略to。WhatIwanttodoishaveagoodsleep.注:主語和表語結(jié)構(gòu)對稱Seeingisbelieving.=Toseeistobelieve.非謂語動詞作表語：練一練（1）Mydreamis________(travel)aroundtheworld.（2）Thenewsisso__________(shock).（3）Thefilmisso_______thatwe’redeeply______(move).（4）Mywishis________(study)atatopuniversity.（5）Thenaughtyboyisso________(annoy).Keys:totravel;shocking;moving;moved;tostudy;annoying非謂語動詞作賓語todo不定式作賓語:①做動詞的賓語：只能加todo作賓語的動詞（短語）：(1)三個希望一答應(yīng)一承諾(hope，wish，expect，agree，promise)(2)兩個要求一拒絕(demand，ask，refuse)(3)設(shè)法學(xué)會做決定(manage，learn，decide/determine)(4)假裝在選擇(pretend，choose)(5)打算提出與計劃(intend，offer，plan)(6)申請失敗負(fù)擔(dān)起(apply，fail，afford)(7)準(zhǔn)備渴望又碰巧(prepare，desire，happen)(8)迫不及待要威脅（can’twait，threaten）②做介詞的賓語：介詞but,besides,except后可以加todo不定式作賓語。Ihavenochoicebuttoworkhard.若but,besides,except前有實義動詞do的形式，省略to.Icandonothingbutwait.注：can’thelpbutdo不得不做某事/情不自禁做某事注：todo作賓語時，如果后面有賓補，借助形式賓語it.IthinktostudyEnglishwellisimportant.IthinkitimportanttostudyEnglishwell.Wethinkitnecessarytomakeaplaninadvance.Wethinkitourdutytohelpthoseinneed.2.動名詞作賓語:只能加動名詞作賓語的動詞（短語）：(1)喜歡考慮逃避避免(enjoy，consider，escape，avoid)(2)不禁放棄太冒險(can’thelp，giveup，risk)(3)感激承認(rèn)與否認(rèn)(appreciate，admit，deny)(4)介意想象三推遲(mind，imagine，delay，putoff，postpone)(5)允許完成期待(allow/permit，finish，lookforwardto)(6)建議繼續(xù)多練習(xí)(suggest，advise,goon，keepon，practise)(7)致力原諒和堅持(bedevotedto，excuse，insiston)(8)成功別錯過(succeedin，miss)注：allow，permit，advise后需加動名詞作賓語，如果后面有名詞或代詞作賓語，則用todo不定式作賓補。allow/permit/advisedoingallow/permit/advisesbtodoOurschooldoesn'tallowsmoking.Ourschooldoesn'tallowustosmoke.注：want,need,require作“需要”講時,后面加動名詞表示被動含義，相當(dāng)于todo不定式的被動：want/need/requiredoing=want/need/requiretobedoneThecarneedsrepairing.=Thecarneedstoberepaired.類似：deserve“值得”+doing=+tobedoneHedeservesrespecting.=Hedeservestoberespected.注：接不定式與動名詞作賓語意義不同的動詞forgettodo忘記去做某事forgetdoing忘記做過某事remembertodo記得去做某事rememberdoing記得做過某事regrettodo對將做某事感到遺憾regretdoing后悔做過某事trytodo努力做某事trydoing嘗試做某事stoptodo停下來去做另一件事stopdoing停下目前做的事goontodo繼續(xù)做另一件事goondoing繼續(xù)做目前做的事meantodo打算做某事meandoing意味著做某事can’thelp(to)do不能幫助做..can’thelpdoing情不自禁做.注：有些動詞后面可用todo和doing作賓語，區(qū)別不大。like,love,begin,start,hate,continue,prefer+todo/doingwouldlike后面只能用todo，feellike后面只能用doing注：介詞后面的賓語需要用動名詞After/Beforefinishinghishomework,hewenttobed.Shewaspraisedforhelpingtheoldlady.lookforwardto/beusedto習(xí)慣于/stickto/objectto/bedevotedto/beequalto/beabsorbedin等,后面加名詞或動名詞。注：以下結(jié)構(gòu)中，介詞in常省略havedifficulty/trouble/problems(in)doing做某事有困難Ihavedifficulty/trouble/problems(in)findingtheexit.spend時間/金錢(in)doing花費時間/金錢做某事Ispentmuchtime(in)improvingmyEnglish.Thereisnopoint(in)doing做某事沒意義Thereisnopoint(in)arguingwithher.注：其他形式的賓語：doone’s/somedoing,godoingdosomewashing/running/reading/writinggoswimming/hunting/shopping/skating注：adj.的賓語：beworthdoingThemusicisworthlisteningtomorethanonce.非謂語動詞作賓語：練一練（1）Hemanaged________(solve)theproblem.（2）Ican’timagine______(live)withoutmyphone.（3）Sorry!Ididn’tmean_________(disturb)you.（4）I’mlookingforwardto________(see)you.（5）Nevergiveup______(try).（6）(2021年)After__________(spend)sometimelookingatallthedefensiveequipmentatthewall,wedecideditwastimeforsomeaction（7）(2021年)Minimizetheimpactof________(visit)theplace.（8）(2021年)Activitiesthererangefromwhalewatchingtohiking(遠(yuǎn)足)andacmodationsaim_______(have)alowimpactonthenaturalenvironment.（9）(2019年)Scientistshaverespondedby_____(note)thathungrybearsmaybecongregating(聚集)aroundhumansettlements.（10）(2019年)A90yearoldhasbeenawarded“WomanOfTheYear”for______(be)Britain’soldestfulltimeemployee—stillworking40hoursaweek.Keys:tosolve;living;todisturb;seeing;trying;spending;visiting;tohave;noting;being非謂語動詞作定語：單個詞前置，短語后置todo作定語:①表示動作尚未發(fā)生,被動用tobedoneIwasinahurrybecauseIhadatraintocatch.Ihavesomethingimportanttosay.Theproblemtobesolvedisquitedifficult.Ihavesomeclothestowash.自己洗Ihavesomeclothestobewashed.讓別人洗②由序數(shù)詞,形容詞最高級,theonly,thelast,thenext修飾的名詞或代詞用不定式作定語。Heisthemostsuitablepersontodothejob.Sheistheonlyonetoknowthetruth.Iamalwaysthefirsttoeandthelasttoleave.③被限定詞是抽象名詞時,常用不定式作定語:chance,opportunity,ability,way,promise,attempt等。Hedoesn’thavetheabilitytosolveplexproblems.Ihopetohavethechancetostudyabroad.Shemadeapromisetohelpme.2.動名詞作定語:常置于被修飾詞的前面,表示被修飾詞的用途awalkingstick/areadingroom/awaitingroom/awashingmachine/washingpowder/asleepingbag/aswimmingpool/arunningtrack/fishingnet/awritingdesk/adivingboard/acookingpot等。3.現(xiàn)在分詞作定語:表主動、進(jìn)行，被動、進(jìn)行用beingdone.Thesmilinggirlisveryhelpful.ThemanstandingoverthereisMr.Smith.Thebridgebeingbuiltnowis100meterslong.對比：動名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞作定語asleepingbag/asleepingbabyaswimmingpool/aswimmingboy注：datebackto/datefrom/belongto/consistof只能用現(xiàn)在分詞作定語Iboughtavasedatingbackto/fromMingDynasty.Theluggagebelongingtohimisveryheavy.Wevisitedamitteeconsistingoftenexperts.4.過去分詞作定語:及物動詞的過去分詞表被動、完成。Hewasresponsibleforthedamagedgoods.Thereportwrittenbyhimisfullofmistakes.注：不及物動詞的過去分詞只表完成retiredworkers退休工人escapedprisoners逃犯fadedflowers凋落的花departedfriends離去的朋友對比:fallingleaves/fallenleavesdevelopingcountries/developedcountriesboilingwater/boiledwateradrowningman/adrownedmantherisingsun/therisensun對比:Thehouse_________(build)nextmonthwillbeverybig.Thehouse___________(build)nowisverybig.Thehouse______(build)lastmonthisverybig.Keys:tobebuilt;beingbuilt;built注:形容詞化的現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作定語，表示特征aninterestingfilm/adisappointingresult/amovingstory/anannoyingboyanexcitedgirl/thefrightenedchildren/theshockedpeople/asurprisedlook非謂語動詞作定語：練一練（1）Youshouldgrabtheopportunity_____(go)abroad.（2）Ihavemanyclothes______(wash).Ican’tgoshopping.（3）Thecar_____________(repair)nowismine.（4）Thereisa__________(swim)poolinmyhouse.（5）Thevase________(break)byhimdatesbackto1560.（6）(2022年)Henryranonehundredmeters,jumpedovera1.2meterfence,andheldouthisarmstocatchthe______(fall)child.（7）(2022年)AvisuallychallengedmanfromBeijingrecentlyhiked(徒步)40daystoXi’an,asafirststep_________(journey)theBeltandRoadroutebyfoot.（8）(2022年)InspiredbytheBeltandRoadForumforInternationalCooperation______(hold)inBeijing,Caodecidedtocovertheroutebyhikingasatribute(致敬)totheancientSilkRoad.（9）(2022年)Chinahasaresponsibilitytoworkwithothercountriestopromotethehealthydevelopmentoftheteaindustry.Itcanhelptobuildamunitywitha________(share)futureformankind.（10）(2021年)Thoughitistheonlyunnaturalthingonyourwayupthemountain,stillithighlightsthewholeadventureandoffersaplacewhereyoucansitdowntorestyour________(ache)legs.Keys:togo;towash;beingrepaired;swimming;broken;falling;tojourney;held;shared;aching非謂語動詞作補足語1.todo不定式作賓補。常見的動詞有：ask,invite,want,encourage,wish,expect,beg,request,require,advise,order,force,cause,allow,permit,forbid,warn,remind,teach,callon,appealto,waitfor,wouldlike/love/prefer等。Theheavyraincausedtherivertoriserapidly.Thegovernmentcalledonusnottowastewater.注:不帶to的不定式作賓語補足語。五看：see,watch,notice,observe,lookat二聽：hear，listento一感覺：feel三使役：let,make,haveMymothermakesmecleanmyroomeveryday.Isawhimenterthehallyesterday.主動to離開，被動to回來Iammadetocleanmyroombymymothereveryday.Hewasseentoenterthehallbymeyesterday.注:sbbesaid/believed/known/reported/considered/thought等后，常用todo/tohavedone作主語補足語。Chinesepeopleareconsideredtobethemosthardworkingpeopleintheworld.Hewasreportedtohavepassedaway.現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補，表示主動、進(jìn)行。常見動詞：see,watch,notice,observe,lookat,hear,listento,feel,get,have,keep,leave,find,catch等.Ifound/caughthimcheatingintheexamwhenIcamein.Don'tleaveherwaitingoutsideintherain.對比：Iheardhimsinglastnight.IheardhimsingingwhenIcamebackhome.注:形容詞化的現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補表特征Ifindthebookboring.3.過去分詞作賓補，表示被動、完成。常見動詞：see,watch,notice,observe,lookat,hear,listento,feel,get,have,make,find等。Shetriedtomakeherselfheardamongthepeople.注:形容詞化的過去分詞作賓補表特征Isawthedoorclosed.非謂語動詞作補足語：練一練（1）Heinvitedme________(have)dinnerwithhim.（2）Isawhim_________(laugh)whenIpassedby.（3）Hekeptme________(wait)outsidefortwohours.（4）Heisconsidered____________(make)greatprogress.（5）Ineverforceothers______(do)anything.（6）(2020年)Theymakegreatgiftsandyouseethemmanytimes___________(decorate)withredenvelopesandmessagesofgoodfortune.（7）(2020年)Andwhenhesawthemistsrisingfromtheriverandthesoftclouds_____________(surround)themountaintops,hewasreducedtotears.（8）(2020年)Aswellaslookingatexhibits,visitorscanplaywithputersimulations(模擬)andimaginethemselveslivingatadifferenttimeinhistoryor________(walk)througharainforest.（9）(2018年)Oncehismessagewasdelivered,heallowedme________(stay)andwatch.（10）(2017年)Fatandsaltareveryimportantpartsofadiet.Theyarerequired___________(process)thefoodthatweeat,torecoverfrominjuryandforseveralotherbodilyfunctions.Keys:tohave;laughing;waiting;tohavemade;todo;decorated;surrounding;walking;tostay;toprocess六、非謂語動詞作狀語todo不定式作狀語①作目的狀語，意為“為了；以便”。ToimprovehisEnglish,hepracticesEnglisheveryday.HepracticesEnglisheverydaytoimprovehisEnglish.注：todo前可以加inorder或soas,soastodo不能置于句首。Inordertogetagoodgrade,shestudiedveryhard.Hesoldhisoldcarinorderto/soastobuyanewone.②作結(jié)果狀語用于onlytodo結(jié)構(gòu)中,表出乎意料的結(jié)果。Hehurriedtoschool,onlytofindit’sSunday.用于tooadj./adv.to..結(jié)構(gòu)中Theboxistooheavytolift.Theyarrivedtoolatetogetgoodseats.用于adj./adv.enoughto..結(jié)構(gòu)中Sheisoldenoughtogotoschool.③作原因狀語常用于“主語＋系動詞＋形容詞＋todo”結(jié)構(gòu)中。常見形容詞：happy,sorry,lucky,glad,anxious,pleased,disappointed,angry,proud,surprised,delighted，clever,foolish等。I’msorrytohavebotheredyou.I’mpleasedtomeetyou.Heissofoolishtobelievethat.注：在“主語＋系動詞＋形容詞＋todo”結(jié)構(gòu)中，如果句子的主語和不定式構(gòu)成邏輯上的被動關(guān)系，不定式通常用主動形式表示被動含義。Thequestionishardtoanswer.Thesofaisfortabletositon.④作評論性狀語tobesure,tobehonest/frank,totellyouthetruth,toputitanotherway，toputitsimply,tobefair,tobebrief,tobeexact,tomakemattersworse,tosumup,tobegin/startwith等。Tobehonest/frank,Idon’tlikeyou.Tobegin/startwith,weneedtoanalysetheproblem.2.現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語:①作時間、結(jié)果、原因、伴隨、條件、讓步、方式狀語等，與句子主語之間存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。Hisparentsdied,makinghimsosad.Beingill,hedidn’tgotowork.Notknowingwheretogo,hefeltveryupset.Havingbeenscoldedmanytimes,theboybecamemorecareful.②作評論性狀語generally/strictly/frankly/roughly/broadlyspeaking,taking.....intoaccount,considering....,judgingfrom/by....等.Generallyspeaking,girlsaremoresuitableforthejob.Takingtheweatherintoaccount,wedecidedtoputoffthesportsmeeting.3.過去分詞作狀語:作時間、結(jié)果、原因、伴隨、條件、讓步、方式狀語等，與句子主語之間存在邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系。Seriouslyinjured,shewassenttothehospitalatonce.Givenmoretime,Icoulddoitbetter.Theteacherenteredtheclassroom,followedbymanystudents.注：有些過去分詞作狀語時不表示被動或完成，而表示狀態(tài)。常見的詞和短語有：located,seated,hidden,devoted/dedicated/mittedto,lost/absorbed/buriedin,dressedin,facedwith等。Locatedinthecenterofourcity,thebarisverypopular.Facedwithsomanychallenges,hewasveryconfident.注：現(xiàn)在分詞的完成被動形式作狀語時，常用過去分詞代替。(Havingbeen)seriouslyinjured,hewassenttothehospital.※如果強調(diào)狀語的動作發(fā)生在主句動作之前，用現(xiàn)在分詞。Havingbeentoldmanytimes,hestillmadethesamemistake.HavinglivedinBeijingforyears,heknowsitverywell.非謂語動詞作狀語：練一練（1）_______(see)fromtheplane,thecitylookssmall.（2）_______(see)thebeautifulscenery,hefeltsorelaxed.（3）Shecamein,________(carry)ababyinherarms.（4）Sherefusedme,________(make)meheartbroken.（5）________(attract)byherbeauty,hefellinlovewithher.（6）(2022年)Theplanwillextendprotectiontoasignificantnumberofareas,bringingmanyoftheexistingprotectedareasforgiantpandasunderoneauthority_____________(increase)effectivenessandreduceinconsistenciesinmanagement.（7）(2022年)Ericwokeupalittlelaterwhenheheardchildrenplayingoutside.Hepushedachairontothebalcony(陽臺),andclimbedup______(see)them.（8）(2022年)_______________(strengthen)theconnectionwithyoungpeople,theeventincludedanumberofpublicpromotionalactivitiesonsocialmedia.（9）(2022年)__________(cover)anareaaboutthreetimesthesizeofYellowstoneNationalPark,theGPNPwillbeoneofthefirstnationalparksinthecountry.（10）(2021年)Iwasupsettolearnthatmanyseaanimalseatplasticgarbage,________(think)itisfood.Keys:Seen;Seeing;carrying;making;Attracted;toincrease;tosee;Tostrengthen;Covering;thinking※非謂語動詞補充知識點wh/how+todo構(gòu)成不定式短語，和名詞性從句有相同的作用，在句中可以作主語、賓語、表語、同位語。Idon’tknowwhattosayaboutit.Thequestioniswhethertoaccepthisgift.Howtosolvetheproblemneedstobediscussed.Thedecisionwhentostarttheprojectisveryimportant.2.根據(jù)句意需要，現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞前可以加上when,while,until,once,unless,aslongas,solongas,asif,asthough,though,although,evenif,eventhough等。Whenreadingabook,heoftentakesnotes.Shedidn'tleaveuntilfinishingherwork.Thoughdefeated,hestillremainedpositive.Onceseen,itcan'tbeforgotten.3.當(dāng)動名詞的邏輯主語與句子的主語不一致時，要在動名詞前加上物主代詞或名詞所有格（作賓語時可以是人稱代詞賓格或名詞普通格），這便是動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。IreallyappreciatePeter’s(Peter)helpingmetoday.Youringmakesmesohappy.對比：Doyoumindopeningthedoor?Doyoumindmy(me)openingthedoor?4.獨立主格獨立主格可以理解為在句子中作狀語的短語，可置于句前、句中、句尾。主要有兩部分組成：邏輯主語和邏輯謂語。n./pron.+todo:表示未發(fā)生的動作Noonetowakemeup,Ihavetosetthealarmclock.Alotofworktodo,Iworkedextrahours.Themeetingtobeheldtomorrow,Ihavetoprepareforit.n./pron.+doing:n./pron.和動詞是主動關(guān)系A(chǔ)llthestudentshavingsatdown,theclassbegan.Thecouplewalkedinthepark,theirdogfollowingthem.n./pron.+done:n./pron.和動詞是被動關(guān)系Thejobfinished,theywenthome.Theteachercamein,hisarmscrossed.n./pron.+adj.:Helookedatme,hiseyesfulloftears.n./pron.+adv.:Themeetingover,allofuslefttheroom.n./pron.+prep:Hecamein,abookinhishand.n./pron.+n:Manypeoplejointedus,mostofthemmen.在獨立主格前加上with/without,變?yōu)閣ith復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu),放在句首，和句子用逗號隔開；放句尾，不用逗號。Withareporttowrite,Ican’tgototheparty.Withoutyouhelpingme,wecouldn’thavefinishedit.Withtheproblemsolved,weallfeltrelieved.小試牛刀：（1）Withtheguide_______(lead)theway,wefoundthewayout.（2）Theboy_______(run)ahead,wecouldn’tcatchupwithhim.（3）Hestoodthere,hiseyes_______(close).（4）Theboywascryingwithhistoys_______(break).（5）Ameeting________(attend),Ihavetogetupearly.Keys:leading;running;closed;broken;toattend5.todo不定式主動表被動不定式作定語與被修飾詞為被動關(guān)系且句中有動作執(zhí)行者Ihavealotofproblemstosolve.主語＋系動詞＋形容詞＋todo中主語和todo是被動關(guān)系時Theworkiseasytodo.不定式與疑問代詞連用時Idon’tknowwhattodo.在獨立主格和with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中(With)alotofhomeworktodo,Ihadtostayuplate.to