Unit2UnderstandingeachotherExtendedreading課件-高中英語譯林版（2020）選擇性

ExtendedReadingUnit2UnderstandingeachotherBytheendofthisperiod,youwillbeableto:understandwhyandhowwordsareborrowedfromotherlanguages;analysedifferentattitudestowardsborrowedwords;useexamplestoexplaintheirownattitudestowardsborrowedwords.

DoyouknowsomeChinesewordsthatcomefromotherlanguages?—English—Japanese—French克隆、臺風、巧克力干部、哲學、理事牛軋?zhí)恰⑾銠?、芭蕾舞ChinesewordsEnglishwords撲克pokerKungfu功夫基因genedimsum點心克隆cloneyin陰模特modelyang陽休克shocktaichi太極Pre-readingBorrowedwordsCompletethechartbelowwiththeinformationfromthemagazinearticle.Findthekeywordsortopicsentenceofeachparagraph.FastreadingChartPara1Para2Para3Para4Para5Para6ThephenomenonofwordborrowingTheprocessofborrowingwordsfromotherlanguagesAvoidingborrowedwordsWelcomingborrowedwords“Therestaurant’sfriedtofuisdelicious.”Isthereanythingspecialaboutthissentence?Well,allthewordsexcept“the”and“is”areborrowedfromotherlanguages!Thiscomesasnosurprise,giventhatEnglishhasborrowedwordsfrommorethan300differentlanguages,includingLatin,Greek,FrenchandChinese.However,Englishisnotaloneinborrowingwordsfromotherlanguages-borrowedwordscanbefoundinalmostalllanguages.Forexample,Englishwordsthat

areborrowedintotheChineselanguageinclude“bacon”,“tank”and“golf”.Therestaurant’sfriedtofuisdelicious.（這家餐廳的炸豆腐真美味。）這句話有什么特別之處嗎？好吧，除了the和is之外，所有的單詞都是從其他語言中借來的！這并不奇怪，因為英語已從300多種不同的語言中借用了詞匯，包括拉丁語、希臘語、法語和漢語。然而，英語并不是唯一一種從其他語言引入外來詞的語言——幾乎所有語言中都可以找到外來詞。例如，被借用到漢語中的英語詞匯包括“培根（bacon）”、“坦克（tank）”和“高爾夫（golf）”。Borrowedwordspara.1Para.1Whydoestheauthorsay“thiscomesasnosurprise”inLine3?BecauseEnglishhasborrowedwordsfrommorethan300differentlanguages,includingLatin,Greek,FrenchandChinese.Whydoestheauthortaketheexampleof“tofu”?Topresenthistopicinavividwayanddrawlisteners’attention.CarefulreadingThiscomesasnosurprise,giventhatEnglishhasborrowedwordsfrommorethan300differentlanguages,includingLatin,Greek,FrenchandChinese.1

句意：考慮到英語從300多種語言(包括拉丁語、希臘語、法語和漢語)中借用詞匯，這并不令人意外。

Giventhattherewassolittletime,Ithinktheyhavedoneagoodjob.

考慮到時間緊迫，我認為他們干得不錯。本句中g(shù)iven是過去分詞的形式，用作介詞，或者連詞，經(jīng)常和that等連用，引導條件狀語從句，表示“考慮到；鑒于”。Givenhowhardthetestwas,I’mnotsurprisedshefailed.

考慮到考試有多難，她不及格我一點也不驚訝。（1）__________________________________,I’msureteachingistherightcareerforher.

考慮到她對孩子感興趣，我相信教書對她來說是

正確的職業(yè)。（2）_________________________________________________,westilltrytoenablethesurvivorstobeasindependentaspossible.

考慮到地震已造成嚴重破壞，我們?nèi)匀慌κ剐?/p>

存者盡可能獨立。【即學活用】GiventhatsheisinterestedinchildrenGiventhattheearthquakehascausedseveredamage

Wordborrowingcomesabout

whentwocultureswithdifferentlanguagesinteract.This

tendstohappenwhenthereis

nosuitablewordforanobjectorideainthenativetongue.This

phenomenonhasbeenoccurringforthousandsofyears.Inthecurrentageofglobalization,whencommunicationstechnology

bringsdifferentculturesclosertogether,wordsareevenmorelikelytobeborrowedstraightfromthesourcelanguageatafasterpacethaneverbefore,especiallythoserelatedtotechnologicaldevelopments,suchas“email”and“Internet”.當不同語言的兩種文化相互交流時，外來詞就產(chǎn)生了。這種情況往往發(fā)生在當母語中沒有合適的詞來表達某個物體或某種想法時。這一現(xiàn)象已經(jīng)延續(xù)數(shù)千年。在如今的全球化時代中，當通訊技術(shù)使得不同文化更加緊密地聯(lián)系在一起時，詞匯甚至更有可能會以前所未有的速度直接從原語言中被借用，特別是那些與技術(shù)發(fā)展相關(guān)的詞匯，如“電子郵件（email）”和“互聯(lián)網(wǎng)（Internet）”。para.2Para.2Whendoeswordborrowingusuallyoccur?Itoccurswhentwocultureswithdifferentlanguagesinteract,andthereisnosuitablewordforanobjectorideainthenativetongue.Carefulreading1.Wordborrowingcomesaboutwhentwocultureswithdifferentlanguagesinteract.(line8)comeabout

產(chǎn)生，發(fā)生1)他們的相遇純屬偶然。(comeabout)2)我不知道她是如何偷聽到我們談話的。(comeabout)2)Idon’tknowhowitcameaboutthatsheoverheardourconversation.1)Theirmeetingcameaboutbyaccident/chance.Inthecurrentageofglobalization,whencommunicationstechnologybringsdifferentculturesclosertogether,wordsareevenmorelikelytobeborrowed

straightfromthesourcelanguageatafasterpacethaneverbefore,especiallythoserelatedtotechnologicaldevelopments,suchas“email”and“Internet”.2長句子分析狀語時間狀語后置定語主句主語Words；evenmorelikelytobeborrowed是謂語；straightfromthesourcelanguageatafasterpacethaneverbefore作狀語。Thoughborrowingwordshasbecomefaster,theprocessisstillcomplex,andittakestimebefore

newwordsareintegratedintoeverydayspeech.Atfirst,theborrowedwordisonlyusedbybilingualspeakers.Itthen

spreadstopeoplewhodonotknowtheoriginallanguage,andtheywillchangethepronunciationtofitthewaytheyspeak,almostunknowingly.盡管借用外來詞的速度已變得更快了，這個過程仍然是復(fù)雜的，而且新的詞匯需要一段時間才能融入日常用語中。起初，外來詞只被雙語者所使用，然后這個詞會傳播到不懂原語言的人那里，并且他們會在幾乎不知不覺中改變外來詞的發(fā)音，使之適應(yīng)自己的語言習慣。para.3Anexampleofthisistheword“kungfu”,whichreferstoChinese

martialarts.ThiswordcomesfromChinesegongfu.

Overtime,thesoundsthataredifficulttopronouncehavebeenreplacedwithmorefamiliarones.Thelongeraborrowedwordhasbeeninuse,themoreitsoundsandevenlookslikethenativelanguage.這一過程的一個例子就是“功夫（kungfu）”這個詞，它指的是中國武術(shù)。這個詞來源于漢語詞匯“功夫（gongfu）”。隨著時間的推移，難以發(fā)音的部分被更為熟悉的發(fā)音所取代了。一個外來詞使用的時間越長，它聽起來甚至看起來就越像本土語言。para.3Para.3Isiteasyforaborrowedwordtobeintegratedintotheotherlanguage?No,itisn’t.Whatistheprocessofborrowingwords?AtfirstThenOvertimeTheborrowedwordisonlyusedbybilingualspeakers.

Itspreadstopeoplewhodonotknowtheoriginallanguage,andtheywillchangethepronunciationtofitthewaytheyspeak,almostunknowingly.

Thesoundsthataredifficulttopronouncehavebeenreplacedwithmore…nativelanguage.

CarefulreadingWhatmakesitpossibletoborrowwordsdirectlyfromthesourcelanguagefasterthaneverbefore?A.Therapiddevelopmentofcommunicationtechnology.B.Therapiddevelopmentofculture.C.Therapiddevelopmentoflanguages.D.Therapiddevelopmentofhumanbeings.√ReadParagraphs2-3andanswerthefollowingquestions.Whowasthefirsttouseborrowedwords?A.Thenativespeakers.B.Thebilingualspeakers.C.Thepeoplewhodonotknowtheoriginallanguage.D.Thegovernmentofficials.√ReadParagraph3

Whatcanweinferfromthethirdparagraph?_____A.Thepronunciationof“kungfu”isdifficulttounderstand.B.Thecourseofborrowingwordsisslowandsimple.C.Theoriginallanguageisseldomfilledwithborrowedwords.D.Theborrowedwordssoundlikenativelanguagesovertime.DBorrowedwordsareanoutcomeoflanguagedevelopmentthatcanhardlybeavoided,butsomelanguagecommunities

opposeadoptingwordsfromothercultures.Therearecountriesthatmakeinterventionstokeeptheirnativelanguagepure

inordertodefendtheiridentity.TheFrenchspecificallyhaveanofficialorganizationthatcreatesnewwordsinordertoavoidborrowedwords.外來詞是語言發(fā)展中幾乎難以避免的結(jié)果，但一些語言群體反對從其他文化引入詞匯。有些國家為了捍衛(wèi)自己的身份，對外來詞采取干預(yù)措施以保持自己母語的純正。法國人專門有一個創(chuàng)造新詞的官方組織，以避免外來詞。para.4Somelanguageshaveanextremelysmallnumberofspeakers,suchastheNativeAmericanNavajolanguage,usedonlybythemembersofthetribe.Underthiscircumstance,itbecomesamatterofsurvivalforthenativelanguagetorejectoutsideinfluences.

有些語言的使用者數(shù)量非常少，例如美洲印地安人的納瓦霍語，只有這個部落的成員使用。在這種情況下，拒絕外來影響就關(guān)系著母語的生存問題。

para.46.Underthiscircumstance,itbecomesamatterofsurvivalforthenativelanguagetorejectoutsideinfluences.(lines30-32)rejectvt.

拒絕；排斥；駁回；丟棄 n.

次品；被拒之人1)Her__________(reject)ofhimseemstohavemadehimgobackintohisshell.2)Ifpeopleareunkindtohim,hefeels___________(reject).3)Thecheckshirtisa________(reject).rejectionrejectedrejectinanycircumstance任何情況下in/undernocircumstances

無論如何；絕不financial/domestic/personalcircumstances家庭/個人經(jīng)濟狀況While

somecommunitiesarepessimisticabouttheexchangebetweenlanguages,therearealsoothercommunitiesthatreadilywelcomeborrowedwords.English,especially,isbasedonamixofLatin,GreekandGermanic

languages.TheEnglish-speakingcommunitydoesnothesitateabout

absorbingforeignwordsintoitsdailyvocabulary.雖然有些群體對語言之間的互借持悲觀態(tài)度，但也有其他一些群體欣然歡迎外來詞。尤其是英語，它是基于拉丁語、希臘語和日耳曼語的混合體。英語群體毫不猶豫地將外語詞匯吸收到自己的日常詞匯中。para.5Infact,therehaveneverbeenanyformalacademicrestrictionson

newborrowedwords.Borrowingwordsallowsthelanguagetocontinuetodevelop,enablingthecommunitytohaveamoreefficientlanguagewhichmakesitpossibleforthemtosharetheirexperienceswithnew-foundease.Itisalsothroughthosewordsthatnovelideasarespreadanddifferentbeliefsareexchangedmoreconvenientlyandquickly.事實上，他們對新的外來詞從來沒有任何正式的學術(shù)限制。借用外來詞使英語得以繼續(xù)發(fā)展，使得其群體擁有一種更為有效的語言，讓他們能夠以新發(fā)現(xiàn)的輕松狀態(tài)分享他們的經(jīng)歷。也正是通過那些外來詞，新思想的傳播以及不同觀念的交流得以更加便捷、迅速。para.5Listentotheaudioandcompletethetablebelow.AttitudesReasonsExamplesResults__________(Para.4)FrenchNativeAmericanNavajoOptimistic(Para.5)Defendingtheirownidentity________________________________________AcceptingthefactthatEnglish________________________________TheEnglish-speakingcommunityKeepingtheirnativelanguage_____________outsideinfluences____________________________________Ensuringamore________language____________________________________RejectingEnsuringthesurvivaloftheirnativelanguageAllowingforcontinuousdevelopmentFacilitatingexchangeofnovelideasandbeliefs

isbasedonamixParas.4-5PessimisticpureofvariouslanguagesefficientDetailedreadingAccordingtothelinguistEdwardSapir,“Itwouldbedifficulttopointtoacompletelyisolatedlanguage...”Forbetterorforworse,

thetendencytoborrowwordshasnevergoneoutofstyle.Themoreinternationalandglobalizedtheworldbecomes,themorelanguagecharacteristics

willbesharedbetweennationsandcultures.語言學家愛德華?薩丕爾認為：“很難指出一種完全孤立的語言……”。不管是好是壞，借用外來詞的趨勢從未過時。世界越是變得國際化和全球化，不同民族和文化之間就會共享更多語言特征。para.6Readthelastparagraphandanswerthefollowingquestion.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardswordborrowing?A.Negative. B.Positive.C.Indifferent. D.Critical.√ReadParagraph6

Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?Thephenomenonofborrowingwordswill________________.continueexisting

What’syourattitudetowardsborrowedwords?2.Inthecurrentageofglobalization,whencommunicationstechnologybringsdifferentculturesclosertogether.(lines10-11)Themoreinternationalandglobalizedtheworldbecomes,themorelanguagecharacteristicswillbesharedbetweennationsandcultures.(lines45-47)globalizationn.

全球化

v._____________信息全球化勢不可擋。(globalization)_______________________________________________Theglobalizationofinformationisunstoppable.globalize1)沙漠化_____________________2)現(xiàn)代化_____________________3)鹽堿化_____________________4)毀林，采伐森林______________desertificationmodernizationsalinizationdeforestationPracticeDiscussionWhydolanguagesborrowwords?EnglishChinesegiventhattendtodoatafasterpacethaneverbeforeunknowinglybereplacedwithabsorbingforeignwordsintoitsdailyvocabularyPracticemakesperfect:Translatethefollowingphrases.考慮到，假定傾向于，趨向于以前所未有的更快的速度不知不覺中被...所取代把外來詞匯吸收到日常詞匯中EnglishChinesenew-foundeasenovelideasisolatedlanguageforbetterorforworsegooutofstylePracticemakesperfect:Translatethefollowingphrases.新發(fā)現(xiàn)的輕松狀態(tài)新思想孤立的語言不管是好是壞過時TextReview1.Inthecurrentageof_____________(globe),whencommunicationstechnologybringsdifferentculturesclosertogether,...2._______borrowingwordshasbecomefaster,theprocessisstillcomplex,andittakestimebeforenewwords________________(integrate)intoeverydayspeech.3.Borrowedwordsareanoutcomeoflanguagedevelopmentthatcanhardly___________(avoid),butsomelanguagecommunitiesoppose__________(adopt)wordsfromotherculture.4.Therearecountriesthatmake_____________(intervene)tokeeptheirnativelanguagepureinordertodefendtheiridentity.globalizationadoptingareintegratedinterventionsThoughbeavoidedTextReview5.__________thiscircumstances,itbecomesamatterof_________(survive)forthenativelanguagetorejectoutsideinfluences.6.__________(Borrow)wordsallowsthelanguagetocontinuetodevelop,__________(enable)thecommunitytohaveamoreefficientlanguagewhichmakes___possibleforthemtosharetheirexperiences_______new-foundease.7.Itisalsothroughthosewords______novelideasarespreadanddifferentbeliefs_____________(exchange)moreconvenientlyandquickly.UndersurvivalBorrowingwithenablingitthatareexchangedGroupdiscussionWhatisyourattitudetowardsborrowedwords?(Supportyourideaswithatleastonepoint.)Group1:FavourablePreventmisunderstandingsEnsurethedynamicsandevolutionDemonstrateacountry’spowerGroup2:DisapprovingRuinthepurityofalanguageCauseconfusionforlearnersInvitethelossofculturalidentityConclusion

AccordingtothelinguistEdwardSapir,“Itwouldbedifficulttopointtoacompletelyisolatedlanguage...”Forbetterorforworse,thetendencytoborrowwordshasnevergoneoutofstyle.Themoreinternationalandglobalizedtheworldbecomes,themorelanguagecharacteristicswillbesharedbetweennationsandcultures.EdwardSapirlinguist&