英語學(xué)習(xí)初中知識

Thefirstunitofaggressionandresistance

1,theSinoBritishOpiumWar(1840-1842)

(1)therootcauses:theBritishinordertoopentheChinesemarket,theplunderofrawmaterials,

dumpinggoods.

(2)fuse:1839LinZexuledtheHumenbeachmovement,aheavyblowtotheBritishinvaders.

(3)themaincourse:inJune1840,theUnitedKingdomtoprovokeawar.InAugust1842,theship

arrivedinNanjingRiver,theQinggovernmentwasforcedtoseekandsignedthe"Treatyof

Nanjing".

(4)themaincontentsoftheSinoBritishTreatyofNanjing:

Thecut-cutHongkongislandtoBritainIIreparations-21millionyuan

Guangzhou,Xiamen,thetradeinFuzhou,Ningbo,Shanghai

Thetax-BritishimportandexportgoodstaxpaidshallbeagreedwiththeBritishChinese.

(5)theinfluence:Chinastartsfromthefeudalsocietygraduallyreducedtoasemicolonialand

semifeudalsociety,theOpiumWaristhebeginningofthemodernhistoryofchina.

Second,the2OpiumWar(1856-1860)

(1)therootcauses:theWesternpowersdonotmeetthevestedinterests,inanattemptto

furtheropentheChinesemarket.

(2)theNationalWar:theAngloFrenchalliedforcesasthemainculprits,theUnitedStatesand

Russiaasanaccomplice.

(3)ismainlythrough:1856101936,start,1860,BritishandFrenchtroopsattackedBeijing,

burnedtheYuanmingyuan,thelootingofRussiawerecutaccountedformorethan150million

squarekilometersofChineseterritory.

(4)theimpactofthesemicolonialandsemifeudalsocietyinChina.

3,duringthesecondOpiumWar,Chineseandforeignreactionaryforcestocolludewiththe

establishmentofthe"rifles",in1862,theTaipingArmyinCixifighting,killingtoothfishteam

leaderwall.

4,inordertocrushBritain,RussiabyYaqubsplitplotinXinjiang,theQinggovernmentappointed

TangasaspecialcommissionertoenterXinjiang,ZuoZongtangtotake"firstHouNan,slowinto

thewar"strategy,recoveredinalltheterritoryofRussiaoccupiedtheHiregionofXinjiang.In

1884,theQinggovernmentsetupinXinjiangprovince.

5,theSinoJapaneseWar(1894-1895)

(1)thecause:JapantoachievetheconquestofNorthKorea,theinvasionofChina,todominate

theworldofdreams.

(2)after:in1894,theJapaneseoccupationofKorea,invasionofChina,inthebattleoftheYellow

Sea,DengShichangfoughtbravelyagainsttheenemies,wasmartyred,earlyin1895,the

JapanesetroopsoccupiedWeihaiwei,Beiyangfleetannihilated.InAprilofthesameyear,Li

HongzhangandJapanesePrimeMinisterItouHirofumisignedthe"TreatyofShimonoseki"the

endofthewar.

(3)themaincontentofthe"TreatyofShimonoseki"

TheterritoryofLiaodongPeninsula,Taiwan,thePenghuislandsclaims-2milliontaelsofsilver

TheopenportsandfactoriestoallowJapantosetupfactoriesinports

(4):theinfluenceofthe"TreatyofShimonoseki"greatlydeepenedthedegreeofsemiChina.

6,theEightPowerAlliedforceswarofaggressionagainstChina(1900-1901)

(1)thecause:from1898onwards,theboxerlaunchedanantiimperialistpatrioticmovement,a

threattotheinterestsofbigpowersinchina.

(2)after:1900bySeymourrateofEightPowerAlliedforcesinvaded,thecaptureofTianjin,then

captureBeijing,theEmpressDowagerCixileadGuangxuemperorfledinpanic,in1901,theQing

governmentwasforcedtosigntheTreatyof1901.

(3)themaincontentofthe"treaty"

Theeconomiclossofsilver4.5theQinggovernmentguaranteedpoliticaltwentymillionpeople

toparticipateintheantiimperialistactivitiesprohibited.

Diplomacy-thedemarcationofBeijingeasttothepeoplelanefortheembassysector

Themilitary,theQinggovernmentdemolishedDagufort,allowingBeijingtopowerstroops

stationedalongtheShanhaiguanrailway.

(4):thesigningoftheTreatyof1901,theQinggovernmentcompletelybecomeatoolof

imperialistruleinChina;Chinacompletelyreducedtoasemicolonialandsemifeudalsociety.

Theexplorationofthemodernizationofthesecondunit

7,theWesternizationMovement(1860s-90)

(1)background:afterthesecondOpiumWar,theQingDynasty(2)objective:tobesetwith

troublesinternallyandexternallytomaintaintheruleoftheQingDynasty

(3)thestudyobject:theadvancedproductiontechnology(4)intheWest:thelandlordclass

(5)time:NineteenthCentury60-90years(6)advocate:"theteacherYiLongtechnologyto

self-improvement"

(7)representative:Central-yeup-ZhengGuofan,LiHongzhang,ZuoZongtang,ZhangZhidong

(8)themaincontent:pre-to"self"astheslogan,foundedthemodernmilitaryindustry,mainly

inAnqingmilitarymachinery,JiangnanmanufacturingBureau,FoochowDockyard(referredtoas

"thetwocouncilsa")

Late-to"pursuitofwealth"astheslogan,opencivilindustry,mainlyinthesteamship(LI),

HanyangIronWorks,HubeiTextilelayout(Zhang).Thenbuildthenorthern,Nanyang,Fujianthree

Navy,establishedTungwenCollegeandanumberofnewschools.

Results:(9)theSinoJapaneseWarofBeiyangfleetmarksacompletefailureofthe

WesternizationMovement,completelybankrupt.

(10)thenatureofthefeudalrulersofaself-helpmovement.

(11)evaluation:negative:thesubjectivepurposeistomaintainthefeudalrule,nottomake

Chinaprosperousandstrongpositive:bytheintroductionofwesternadvancedtechnology,the

establishmentofmodernindustry,theobjectiveofthe

Theemergenceanddevelopmentofthenationalcapitalismplayedaroleinpromotingthe

developmentoftheWesternpowers,theinvasionof

Hasalsoplayedacertainroleintheboycott.WesternizationMovementisthebeginningof

modernChina.

8,1898(1895-1898)

Background:(1)signedthe"TreatyofShimonoseki",theunprecedentednationalcrisis

(2)theleadership:bourgeoisreformers(3)representativefigures:KangYouwei,LiangQichao

(4)thestudyobject:thewesternadvancedsystem(constitutionalmonarchy)

(5):Preludemainlythrough1895,KangYouweiandLiangQichaolaunched"gongcheshangshu"..

Here

ThedevelopmentofKangYouweiandLiangQichaofoundedthe"internationalbulletin"(later

renamedthe"Chineseandforeignrecord"),strongorganizationallearning

Will,publicityreform,theformationofpoliticalgroupsreformers.

Theclimaxof1898,EmperorGuangxuissuedreformact,lasted103days,

Hereknownasthe"HundredDaysReform"(alsocalled1898)

TheendofSeptember1898,theEmpressDowagerCiXiissuedacoup,Guangxuemperor

imprisoned,Tan

Tothesamesixpeoplewerekilled,thefailureofthereform.

(6)themaincontentsofthe"HundredDaysReform"

Economically-toencouragetheprivatesectortosetupmilitarytrainingandminingenterprises-

totrainnewforces

Political-reformofgovernmentinstitutions,theabolitionofredundantofficials,appointing

reformers,cultureandeducation,establishnewstyleschool,translationofWesternbooks,the

founderofthepress.

(7)Nature:apoliticalreformmovementledbythebourgeoisie.

(8)failure:thebourgeoisiestrengthisweak,relyonanopoweroftheemperor.

ThepoliticalreformviolatedtheinterestsofthefeudalandstubborncliqueheadedbyQueenCi

Xi,whohadbeenstronglyopposedbythem.

(9)thehistoricalsignificance:thereformofthepoliticaltheoryoftheextensivespreadofthe

theoryofthepoliticalscienceandnaturalscience,inthecommunityplayedaroleinthe

enlightenment,topromotethestruggleofthebourgeoisiefromthereformtotherevolution.

9,therevolutionof1911(1912-1894)

(1)theleadership:thebourgeoisrevolutionaryschool(2)learningobject:thewesternadvanced

system(DemocraticRepublic)

(3)representative:SunZhongshan

(4)theguidingideologyandprinciples

(5)theorgan-"MinBao"

(6)thenatureofbourgeoisdemocraticrevolution

(7)mainlythrough:Revolutionto-1894,SunYatseninHonolulu,organizedrevolutionarygroups

Xingzhongwill;in1905,SunYatseninTokyo,Japan,establishedtheChineseAlliance.Greatly

promotethenational

Greatlypromotethenationalbourgeoisdemocraticrevolutionmovement.

IItheWuchangUprising-October10,1911,revolutionariesinHubeiWuchangUprising.

OccupiedChuWangTaiwanordnanceto11.UprisingarmyoccupiedthecityofWuchang,known

tohistoryas"revolution".TheRepublicofChinawasfoundedinJanuary1,1912,SunZhongshan

wassworninNanjing

TheinaugurationoftheprovisionalpresidentoftheRepublicofChina,declaredtheChinese

people

Formallyestablishedinthecountry,thisyearisthefirstyearoftheRepublicofchina.

TheendofYuanShikaitostealthefruitsoftherevolution,toestablishtheruleofthenorthern

warlords.

(8):historicsuccess:tooverthrowtheruleoftheQingDynasty,theendof2000Yearsoffeudal

monarchy,

TomakeDemocraticRepublicanideaspopular.

Defeat:therevolutionaryfruitwasstolenbyYuanShikai,withoutchangingthesemicolonialand

semicolonialChina.

Thenatureofsocialconstruction,antiimperialistandantifeudaltaskisnotcomplete.

10,thenewculturemovement(1920s-1915)

(1)theleadership:theradicaldemocrat(2)learningobject:thewesternadvancedideologyand

culture

(3)representativefigures:ChenDuxiu,LiDazhao,HuShi,LuXun(4)Nature:ideologicalliberation

movement

(5)banner:"democracy"and"science"(6):"thenewyouth"

(7)themaincontent:pre-"four","four""

Advocatedemocracy,againstthedictatorship;advocatingscience,againstsuperstitionandblind

obedience.

Toadvocatethenewmorality,toopposetheoldmorality,topromotethenewliterature,against

theoldliterature.

Later,publicityoftheMarxdoctrine,in1918,LiDazhaopublished"plebeianvictory"and"cloth

ThevictoryofthevictoryoftheCommunistvictoryoftheOctober,celebratestherevolution,and

attheendofthesameyear,LiDazhaowasinBeijingagain.

Startedtheweeklyreview.

(8)significance:inspirepeopletopursuedemocracyandscience,toexplorethetruthofsaving.

TheconditionsforthespreadofMarxisminChinabyMarx.

(9)thelimitation:totheEastandwestculturehastheabsolutenegativeortheabsolute

affirmativebias.

ThirdunitsoftheriseoftheNewDemocracyrevolution

11,fivefourPatrioticMovement(May4,1919-6)

(1):ParisandtheChinafuseconferencefailed(2)leaders:ChenDuxiu,LiDazhao.

(3)thewarcry:"tofightfortheKingdom,inadditiontothetraitor",cancel"21",opposedtosign

thepeacetreatywithGermany,vowtostrive,IalsoQingdao

(4):May4,1919-after6month,thecenterofthestruggleinBeijing,themainistostrike

students,asthemainformofstruggle

InJune1919.ThestrugglemovedtoShanghai,themainisaworker;thestrikesofworkersand

tradersstrikebecomethemainformofstruggle.

Results(5):toobtainapreliminaryvictory(inBeiyanggovernmentforthereleaseofthearrested

students;IIrecallCaorulin,traitorduties;(3)totosignthepeacetreatywithGermany).

(6):natureisathoroughlyantiimperialistandantifeudalpatrioticmovement.

(7)thesignificanceofthefivefourmovementisthebeginningofthenewdemocraticrevolution

inChina

12,thebirthoftheCommunistPartyofChina

(1)time:July1921(2)location:Shanghai,afterthetransfertotheSouthLakeinZhejiang

(3)onbehalfof:MaoZedong,DongBiwu,LiDaandother13people.

(4)content:throughtheparty'sprogram-tooverthrowthebourgeoisregime,theestablishment

ofthedictatorshipoftheproletariat,

Realizationofcommunism

Todeterminethecentraltaskofthepartyistoleadtheworkers'movement

ElectionofChenDuxiuassecretaryoftheCentralBureau

(5):thebirthoftheCommunistPartyofChinaisanepoch-makingeventsofthehistoryofChina,

sincetheCommunistPartyofChina,thefaceofChina'srevolutionrenewed.

13,theNorthernExpedition

(1)inMay1924,theWhampoamilitaryacademywasfoundedinGuangzhou,JiangJieshi

servedaspresident,ZhouEnlaiservedasdirectorofthepoliticaldepartment.TheWhampoa

militaryacademyhastrainedalargenumberofmilitarypoliticaltalents,whichlaidthe

foundationfortheestablishmentofthenationalrevolutionaryarmy.

(2)theNorthernExpedition

Objective:tooverthrowtheruleofthenorthernwarlords,thereunificationofthecountrythe

mainobject:WuPeifu,SunChuanfang,ZhangZuolin

ThemainbattlefieldofthebattleofHubei,Hunan:Main:tingsiqiao,heshengqiaobattle(YeTing

independentregiment)

Theresult:lessthanhalfayear,fromthePearlRiverbasintotheYangtzeRiverBasin,atthe

beginningof1927,thenationalgovernmentmovedfromGuangzhoutoWuhan.

Theending:JiangJieshiandWangJingweisuddenlyfailedmutinyrevolution,thenational

revolutionarymovement.

(3)inApril1927,JiangJieshisetupa"nationalgovernment"inNanjing,theNanjingnational

governmentonbehalfofthebiglandlordsandbigbourgeoisieinterests.

14,August1,1927,ZhouEnlai,HeLong,ZhuDe,whoheldanarmeduprisinginNanchang,the

NanchanguprisingstartedthearmeduprisingagainsttheKuomintangreactionaryruleofthefirst

shot,istocreatethebeginningofthepeople'sarmy.

September15,1927,MaoZedongledtheAutumnHarvestUprising,thenledhistroopstoenter

therural,establishedthefirstruralrevolutionarybase,JinggangshanrevolutionarybaseofChina.

April16,1928,ZhuDe,ChenYiledtherebelarmyledbyMaoZedongandtherevolutionaryarmy

ofworkersandpeasants,inthevictoryoftheJinggangshanrealignment,adaptedfortheFourth

ArmyoftheChineseworkers'andpeasants'RedArmy,Zhucommander;MaoZedongeither

party.

17,thelongmarchoftheRedArmy(October1936-October1934)

(1):thefifthagainst"encirclementandsuppression"seriousdefeatforcedmarch.

(2)after:Ruijinof>advanceXiangxi,breakthroughthefourblockadeline,changetoGuizhou,

crosstherivertocapture,ZunyiSiduchishuiChishui(upsettheenemy'splanofhunt),QiaoJinsha

Rivercrossing(outofenemyencirclement),Dadu,flytheLadingBridge,overthemountains,

grassland,arrivedinNorthernShaanxiWuqi,Huining,GansuProvince(one,two,fourarmy

junctionofthethreemainforces).

(3)theZunyiConference(January1935)

Content:tosolvetheAndrewBogutinthemilitaryandorganizationalerrors;theabolitionofthe

militarycommandoftheantique;affirmationMaoZedong'scorrectposition,establishedbyMao

ZedongtothecorrectleadershipoftheCentralCommitteeoftheChineseCommunistParty.

Significance:themeetingtosavethepartyandsavedtheRedArmy,savetherevolution,isa

turningpointinthehistoryofthepartylifeanddeath.

(4)thevictoryofthelongmarchsignificance:crushedtheKuomintangreactionarieseradication

oftheRedArmy'sattemptto,savethebackboneforceofthepartyandtheRedArmy,the

Chineserevolutionturnedthecorner.

(5)thespiritofthelongmarch:hardwork,discipline,sacrificeneveryieldinspiteofreverses,

faith,happiness,etc..

FourthunitsofthewarofresistanceagainstJapan(August15,1945-July7,1937)

On18September18,1931,theJapanesehasdeliberatelymadewickerLakeincident,anduseit

asanexcuse,theshellingofthecityofShenyang,nine?TheSeptember18thIncidentbrokeout,

becauseChiangKaiShekorderednoresistance,lessthanhalfayear,theNortheastwasfully

occupied,YangJingyutheCommunistpartyinNortheastguerrillaorganizations,tocarryout

guerrillawarfare,nine?TheSeptember18thIncidentopenedthepreludetothelocalChinese

people'swarofresistanceagainstJapan.

19,Xi'anincident(December12,1936)

(1)background:therootcauseoftheriseofSinoJapanesenationalcontradiction,theAnti

Japanesenationalsalvationhasbecomeatoppriority.

SupportedbytheChineseCommunistParty'sappealfortheestablishmentoftheAntiJapanese

NationalUnitedfront.

Directreason-JiangJieshirefusedtoZhang,yangtostopthecivilwar,thejointantiJapanese

proposal.

(2)objective:toforcetheChiangKaiShek

(3):ZhangXueliangandYangHuchengjointactionandarrestedChiangKaiShek,implement

Bingjian,thenationalelectricity,stopthecivilwar,theSovietCommunistPartyintheAnti

Japanese.

(4)solution:theCommunistPartyofChinastartingfromtheinterestsofthewholenation,

advocatesapeacefulsolution,ZhouEnlaisenttoXi'antomediate.Finally,ChiangKaiShek

acceptedthecessationofthecivilwar,CommunistPartyoftheSovietUnioninthewarof

resistanceagainstJapanclaims,Xi'anIncidentpeacefully.

(5)meaning:itmarkstheendofthetenyearcivilwar;andtheformationoftheAntiJapanese

NationalUnitedfront.

Onthe7thofJuly20,1937,theJapanesesuddenlyattacktheMarcoPoloBridge,shelling

WanpingCity,thedefendersofChinarosetoresist,Tonglinge,ZhaoDengyuhassacrificedtheir

livesforthecountry.ThenationalwarofresistanceagainstJapanbrokeout.(theLugouBridge

incident,alsoknownasthesevensevenincident).

21,theLugouqiaoIncident,theKuomintangandtheCommunistpartycooperationagain,

workers'andpeasants'RedArmywasredesignatedastheEighthRouteArmy,theNewFourth

Army,theformalestablishmentoftheAntiJapaneseNationalUnitedwar.

22,theLukouchiaoIncident,theJapaneselaunchedeight?13incident,amassiveattackon

Shanghai,December1937,theJapanesearmycapturedNanjing,killingChineseresidentsof

morethan300000people,nationalgovernmentwasforcedtomovedthecapitaltoChongqing.

September23,1937"Pingxingguanvictory"istheChineseforcessincethebeginningoftheAnti

Japanesewarmadethefirstvictory,1938springgeneralLiTsungJencommandofthebattleof

Taierzhuang,andannihilatedmorethantenthousandpeople,isagreatvictoryoftheChinese

armysincethebeginningoftheAntiJapanesewarmade.

24,theleadershipoftheCommunistPartyofChinaAntiJapaneseaccordingtomilitaryand

civiliantenaciousresistance,becomeamainstayinfightingagainstJapaneseaggression,Yan'anis

thegeneralstrategicrearbattlefieldbehindenemylines.

25,inordertosmashtheenemy"cage"policy,1940lnAugust,theEighthRouteArmyinPeng

Dehuaicommandlaunchedthe"hundredregiments",thehundredregimentsisthelargestbattle

inthewarofresistanceagainstJapan,theChineseArmytaketheinitiativetoattackthe

Japanese.

26,theCommunistPartyofChina

(1)time:April1945(2)address:Yanan

(3)background:thevictoryofthewarofresistanceagainstJapan

(4)thecentraltask:todiscusstheimportantissuesofChina'swayofwinningthewarof

resistanceagainstJapanandthevictoryofthewar.

(5)thecontentsoftheparty'spoliticalline(seeP82)

(6)thesignificance:towinthewarofresistanceandtherealizationofChina'sbrightprospects

forthepreparationoftheconditions.

27,thevictoryofthewarofresistanceagainstJapan

(1):1.Japanlaunchedthewarofaggression,injustice,ChineseJapaneseisanunjustcausefinds

scantsupport;

Themeaningofthewar;Ajustcauseenjoysabundantsupport.

ThecooperationoftheUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnionandtheassistanceoftheinternational

antifascistforces.

TheChinaundertheleadershipoftheCommunistPartyandtheAntiJapanesearmedisthe

mainstayoftheAntiJapanesewar.

ThecooperationbetweentheKuomintangandthenationalwarofresistance.

(2)after:inAugust1945,theUnitedStatestoHiroshima,Japan,Nagasaki,throwingatomic

bombs;

TheSovietUnionattackedJapanesetroopsinNortheastchina;

TheChinaledbyCommunistPartyandfromlocaltocounterattackcounterattack.

InAugust15,1945,Japanwasforcedtoannouncetheunconditionalsurrenderofthegreat

victory.

(3)revelation:againstthewar;cherishpeace;donotforgetnationalhumiliation,waryof

Japanesemilitarismstriveforprogresswithdetermination;

Righteousresurrection.

(4):1isthefirstnationalliberationwarofcompletevictory,wipedoutacenturyofhumiliation.

Itisanimportantpartoftheworldantifascistwarandmadegreatnationalsacrifice

Sacrifice,alsomadeagreatcontributionto.

Thevictoryoftheliberationwarofthefifthunits(April1949-June1946)

28,Chongqingnegotiations(January1946-August1945)

(1)background:afterthevictoryoftheAntiJapaneseWar;thepeopleofthewholecountrylong

forpeaceanddemocracy,butJiangJieshi,supportedbytheUnitedStates,hasaplottolauncha

civilwar.

(2)purpose