道岔結(jié)構(gòu)及作用StructureandFunctionof

道岔結(jié)構(gòu)及作用StructureandFunctionof

RailwaySwitch天津鐵道職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院鐵路信號(hào)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)備維護(hù)把兩條或兩條以上的軌道，在平面上進(jìn)行相互連接或交叉的設(shè)備稱為道岔。其作用是使機(jī)車(chē)車(chē)輛由一條軌道轉(zhuǎn)入或越過(guò)另一條軌道，以滿足鐵路運(yùn)輸中的各種作業(yè)需要，也是鐵路信號(hào)的主要控制對(duì)象之一。道岔因其構(gòu)造不同而形式多樣，最常見(jiàn)的是普通單開(kāi)道岔。高速鐵路道岔轉(zhuǎn)轍設(shè)備結(jié)構(gòu)組成及作用StructureandFunctionofHigh-SpeedRailwaySwitchTheequipmentthatconnectsorcrossestwoormoretracksontheplaneiscalledturnout.Itsfunctionistomaketherollingstockturnintoorcrossoveranothertrackfromonetrackforvariousoperationneedsinrailroadtransportation,andisalsooneofthemaincontrolobjectsofrailroadsignal.Theturnoutisindifferentformsduetoitsstructure,andthemostcommononeisthecommonsingleopenturnout.高速鐵路道岔轉(zhuǎn)轍設(shè)備結(jié)構(gòu)組成及作用（一）單開(kāi)道岔的組成普通單開(kāi)道岔有左開(kāi)和右開(kāi)之分，是最常見(jiàn)、最簡(jiǎn)單的線路連接設(shè)備。普通單開(kāi)道岔的組成包括轉(zhuǎn)轍器、轍叉及護(hù)軌、連接部分，如圖所示。StructureandFunctionofHigh-SpeedRailwaySwitch1.CompositionofsingleturnoutThecommonsingle-openingturnoutisthemostcommonandsimplestlineconnectionequipment,withtypesofleft-openingandright-openingturnouts.Thecompositionofcommonsingle-openingturnoutincludesswitchmachine,frogandguardrail,andconnectingpart,asshowninFigure.高速鐵路道岔轉(zhuǎn)轍設(shè)備結(jié)構(gòu)組成及作用1.轉(zhuǎn)轍器由兩根尖軌、兩根基本軌及轉(zhuǎn)轍機(jī)械組成，如圖所示。尖軌是轉(zhuǎn)轍器的主要部件，通過(guò)連接桿與轉(zhuǎn)轍機(jī)械相連，操縱轉(zhuǎn)轍機(jī)械就可變換尖軌的位置，以確定道岔的開(kāi)通方向。2.轍叉及護(hù)軌包括可動(dòng)心軌、翼軌及護(hù)軌。其作用是保證車(chē)輪安全通過(guò)兩條鋼軌的相互交叉處。可動(dòng)心軌是為了防止列車(chē)經(jīng)過(guò)兩翼軌最窄處到轍叉心時(shí)，車(chē)輪輪緣走錯(cuò)轍叉輪緣槽而導(dǎo)致脫軌設(shè)計(jì)的，可以減輕車(chē)輪對(duì)翼軌和心軌的沖擊，適應(yīng)列車(chē)高速運(yùn)行。如圖，當(dāng)尖軌開(kāi)通某一方向時(shí)，活動(dòng)心軌的轍叉心就與開(kāi)通方向一致的翼軌密貼，與另一翼軌分開(kāi)。3.連接部分包括連接轉(zhuǎn)轍器和轍叉及護(hù)軌的部分。它包括直線軌和導(dǎo)曲線軌。由于導(dǎo)曲線的半徑較小，又不能在導(dǎo)曲線上設(shè)置緩和曲線和超高，所以列車(chē)在側(cè)向過(guò)岔時(shí)，速度要受到嚴(yán)格的限制。1.SwitchmachineItiscomposedoftwotonguerails,twostockrailsandswitchmechanism,asshowninFigure.Thepointedrailisthemainpartoftheswitchmachine,whichisconnectedtotheswitchmachinethroughtheconnectingrod,andthepositionofthepointedrailcanbechangedbymanipulatingtheswitchmachinetodeterminetheopeningdirectionoftheturnout.2.FrogandguardrailFrogandguardrailincludesmovablefrograil,wingrailandguardrail.Itensuresthesafetyofthewheelsthroughtheintersectionoftworails.Themovablecenterrailisdesignedtopreventderailmentcausedbythewheelflangegoingtothewrongfrogflangegroovewhenthetrainpassesthroughthenarrowestpartofthetwowingrailstothefrogcenter.Itcanreducetheimpactfromthewheeltothewingrailsandfrograil,andadapttohigh-speedtrainoperation.AsshowninFigure,whenthetonguerailisopenedtoacertaindirection,theswitchforkheartofthemovablefrograilisclosetothewingrailthatisopenedinthesamedirectionandseparatedfromtheotherwingrails.3.ConnectingpartsConnectingpartsincludepartsconnectingswitchandfrogandrailguard.Itincludesstraightrailandguidecurverail.Becausetheradiusoftheguidecurveissmall,andthetransitioncurveandultrahighcannotbesetontheguidecurve,thespeedofthetrainisstrictlylimitedwhenpassingtheturnoutlaterally.StructureandFunctionofHigh-SpeedRailwaySwitch高速鐵路道岔轉(zhuǎn)轍設(shè)備結(jié)構(gòu)組成及作用（二）道岔號(hào)由岔心所形成的角，叫轍叉角，它有大有小。道岔號(hào)碼（N）是代表道岔各部主要尺寸的。通常用轍叉角α的余切來(lái)表示。如圖所示，即：N=cotα。道岔號(hào)與轍叉角α成反比關(guān)系，α角越小，N越大，導(dǎo)曲線半徑也越大，機(jī)車(chē)車(chē)輛通過(guò)該道岔時(shí)就越平穩(wěn)，允許過(guò)岔速度也就越高。所以采用大號(hào)碼道岔對(duì)于列車(chē)運(yùn)行是有利的。隨著列車(chē)重量和速度的不斷提高，應(yīng)逐步采用強(qiáng)度更高，號(hào)碼更大的道岔。鐵路的主要線路上大多采用9、12、18號(hào)三個(gè)型號(hào)的道岔，其通過(guò)速度如表2.TurnoutnumberTheangleformedbytheforkiscalledfrogangle,whichcanbelargeorsmall.Theturnoutnumber(N)representsthemainsizeofeachpartoftheturnout.ItisusuallyexpressedasthecotangentofthefrogAngleα.

N=cotαStructureandFunctionofHigh-SpeedRailwaySwitch

ItcanbeseenfromtheformulathattheturnoutnumberisinverselyproportionaltothefrogAngleα.ThesmallertheαAngleis,thelargertheNis,thelargertheradiusoftheguidecurveis,themorestablethelocomotiveandvehiclewillbewhencrossingtheswitch,andthehighertheallowablecrossingspeedis.Sotheuseoflargeturnoutfortrainoperationisadvantageous.Withtheincreasingweightandspeedoftrains,higherstrengthandlargernumbersofswitchesshouldbegraduallyadopted.

MostofthemainrailwaylinesadoptthreetypesofturnoutNo.9,12and18,andtheirpassingspeedsareshowninTable高速鐵路道岔轉(zhuǎn)轍設(shè)備結(jié)構(gòu)組成及作用（三）道岔的位置和狀態(tài)由圖所示，道岔有兩根可以移動(dòng)的尖軌，一根密貼于基本軌，另一根尖軌離開(kāi)基本軌，可以同時(shí)改變兩根尖軌的位置，使原來(lái)密貼的分離，而原來(lái)分離的密貼，可見(jiàn)道岔有兩個(gè)可以改變的位置。我們通常把道岔經(jīng)常所處位置叫做定位，臨時(shí)根據(jù)需要改變的另一位置叫做反位。為改變道岔的兩個(gè)位置，在道岔尖軌處需要安裝道岔轉(zhuǎn)轍設(shè)備。3.Locationandstatusofturnout

AsshowninFigure,theturnouthastwomovabletonguerails,oneiscloselyattachedtothestockrail,andtheotherisawayfromthestockrail.Thepositionofthetwotonguerailscanbechangedatthesametime,sothattheoriginaltightpasteisseparated,andtheoriginalseparatedtightpasteshowsthattheturnouthastwopositionsthatcanbechanged.Weusuallyrefertotheregularpositionoftheturnoutaspositioning,temporarychangeaccordingtotheneedofanotherpositioniscalledreverse.Tochangethetwopositionsoftheswitch,installaswitchingdeviceattheswitchrail.StructureandFunctionofHigh-SpeedRailwaySwitch高速鐵路道岔轉(zhuǎn)轍設(shè)備結(jié)構(gòu)組成及作用（四）對(duì)向道岔和順向道岔道岔本身并無(wú)順向和對(duì)向之分。這只是根據(jù)列車(chē)運(yùn)行方向而言的。列車(chē)迎著道岔尖軌運(yùn)行時(shí)，該道岔就叫對(duì)向道岔。反之，列車(chē)順著道岔尖軌運(yùn)行時(shí)叫順向道岔。如圖所示。4.OppositeturnoutandforwardturnoutTheturnoutitselfhasnodifferencebetweenforwarddirectionandoppositedirection.Thisisonlybasedonthetrainrunningdirection.Whenthetrainrunsagainsttheswitchrail,theswitchiscalledtheoppositeswitch.Onthecontrary,whenthetrainrunsalongtheturnoutswitchrail,itiscalledaforwardturnout,asshowninFigureStructureandFunctionofHigh-SpeedRailwaySwitch高速鐵路道岔轉(zhuǎn)轍設(shè)備結(jié)構(gòu)組成及作用（五）單動(dòng)道岔和雙動(dòng)道岔按壓一個(gè)道岔按鈕（電動(dòng)道岔的操縱元件），如僅能使一組道岔轉(zhuǎn)換，則稱該道岔為單動(dòng)道岔；如果能使兩組道岔同時(shí)或順序轉(zhuǎn)換，則稱為雙動(dòng)道岔，有時(shí)也稱為聯(lián)動(dòng)道岔，故它有三動(dòng)和四動(dòng)的情況。為了簡(jiǎn)化操作手續(xù)，簡(jiǎn)化聯(lián)鎖關(guān)系，凡是能雙動(dòng)的道岔必須使之雙動(dòng)?！半p動(dòng)”即意味著兩組道岔可作為一個(gè)控制對(duì)象來(lái)處理。如圖所示。很明顯，使用雙動(dòng)不但手續(xù)簡(jiǎn)化，而且設(shè)備也簡(jiǎn)單了。確定為雙動(dòng)道岔必須符合下列條件：1.開(kāi)通一條進(jìn)路，要求兩組道岔都必須在反位。即列車(chē)要經(jīng)過(guò)這兩組道岔的反位位置2.開(kāi)通一條進(jìn)路，要求兩組道岔中的任何一組在定位，而另一組也在定位時(shí)，并且不影響平行進(jìn)路。3.1/3為雙動(dòng)道岔，對(duì)雙動(dòng)道岔的基本要求是：定位時(shí)都必須轉(zhuǎn)換到定位，反位時(shí)又都必須轉(zhuǎn)換到反位。5Single-actingturnoutanddouble-actingturnoutPressaswitchbutton(thecontrolelementoftheelectricswitch),ifonlyagroupofswitchescanbeconverted,theswitchiscalledasingleswitch;Iftwogroupsofswitchescanbeconvertedsimultaneouslyorsequentially,itiscalledadouble-actingswitch.Double-actingturnoutisalsosometimescalledlinkageturnout,soithasthree-andfour-actingsituation.Inordertosimplifytheoperationproceduresandtheinterlockingrelationship,allturnoutsthatcanbedoubleoperatedmustbedoubleoperated"Doubleacting"meansthattwosetsofswitchescanbetreatedasonecontrolobject,asshowninFigure.Obviously,usingd