2024北京豐臺(tái)區(qū)高二（下）期中英語(yǔ)（B卷）及答案

試題PAGE1試題2024北京豐臺(tái)高二（下）期中英語(yǔ)（B卷）考試時(shí)間：90分鐘第一部分知識(shí)運(yùn)用（共兩節(jié)，30分）第一節(jié)（共10小題；每小題1.5分，共15分）閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。ForalittlegirlgrowingupinColombia,asciencecareerwithNASAmayseemimpossible.Trujillo,however,isanaerospace

engineerwholeadsateamattheNASAlaboratory1fortheroboticarmofthelatestMarsrover(火星探測(cè)器).

exploringit?That’sataleof

3

writteninthestars.Bornin1983,evenasayounggirlTrujillowas

certain

ofherpassionforscience.Butshedoubtedhowfarshe’dbeableto

4

inamale-dominatedfield.ThenherdadofferedtosendhertoMiami.Only17atthetime,she

5

theoffer.Trujillotookaseriesofhousekeeping

6

toputherselfthroughMiamiDadeCollege.Sometimesshewascleaningbathroomstohelppayherwaythroughher

studies.Butshedidn’t

7“Isaweverythingcomingmywayasanopportunity”.

Thencameanotherlife-changingmoment.ShebecamethefirstHispanic(西班牙語(yǔ)國(guó)家的)womantobe

8

totheNASAAcademy.Later,shebecameanengineeratNASA’sGoddardSpaceFlightCenter.

ThisFebruary,whenthePerseverancerover

landed

onthesurfaceofMars,itwas

9

bycommentary(解說(shuō))fromTrujilloinNASA’sfirst-everSpanish-language

broadcast.Trujillo’sownstoryis

10

thatjustbeyondthebarrierliesanentireuniverseofopportunitieswaitingforanyonewillingtoworkhardenoughtoreachforthestars.1.A.eager B.responsible C.concerned D.grateful2.A.actually B.hardly C.precisely D.repeatedly3.A.innocence B.kindness C.perseverance D.sympathy4.A.respond B.rise C.invest D.apply5.A.madeup B.turnedup C.pickedup D.tookup6.A.measures B.activities C.jobs D.courses7.A.skip B.panic C.explain D.complain8.A.applied B.admitted C.assigned D.introduced9.A.accompanied B.restricted C.enhanced D.teased10.A.theory B.information C.competence D.proof第二節(jié)(共10小題；每小題1.5分，共15分)閱讀下列短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容填空。在未給提示詞的空白處僅填寫(xiě)1個(gè)恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~，在給出提示詞的空白處用括號(hào)內(nèi)所給詞的正確形式填空。請(qǐng)?jiān)诖痤}紙指定區(qū)域作答。AMangroves,knownas“redforest”inChina,growbetweenlandandsea,charaterisedbytheircomplexroots.When11(see)fromafar,themangroveforestsappearmoresplendid.Mangrovescanhelpsoftenwavesandprotectcitiesfromcoastalwinds.Forthesereasons,they12(praise)as“coastalguardians”.Uptonow,China13(establish)anumberofprotectedareaswithmangroves.BBeforeIwenttomiddleschool,Ihaddreamedofbecomingateacher.Iamsurethatittakesgreateffortstomakemydreamcometrue.SoIlearnasmuchasIcanfromteachersandtextbooks.Imakefulluseofmysparetimetoreadbooks14(acquire)moreknowledge.Ihavetoworkhardtowalkintomyidealuniversity.Therewillbemanydifficulties,15I’msureIwillgetthemover.Ibelievemydream16(come)trueinfuture.C(century)allovertheworld.LiBai,oneofChina’s18(great)poets,wrotepoetryageof25,hebegantravellingaroundthecountry.Hemadefriendswithscholarsandkeptjournals.Histravelswerethebasisforhisworksofmorethan2000poems,20wereaboutbeautifulnaturalscenesandthepeoplewhotouchedhisheart.閱讀理解（共兩節(jié)，38分）第一節(jié)（共14小題；每小題2分，共28分）閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。AForhighschoolstudents,justthinkingaboutyourcareerprobablyisn’tenough.Youhavetoactivelydosomeresearchandplan.Herearesomeofthebestcareersforthefutureandhowyoucangetyourfootinthedoor.RegisteredNursesTobecomeregisterednurses,you’regoingtoneedeitheranassociatedegreeinnursing,aBachelorofScienceinnursing,oranotherofficiallyapproveddiploma(文憑)fromanursingprogram.Ifyouwanttobeapracticingphysician,you’llneedamedicaldegreeinyourchosenfieldontopofyourfour-yeardegree.DataAnalystsBigdataisagrowingfieldwithprofitableopportunitiesforcollegegraduates.Youarerequiredtohaveamaster’sdegreeincomputerscienceoranotherrelatedfield.Datascienceisatraditionallymale-dominatedindustryandonly26percentareheldbywomen.Thankfully,itisholdingoutanolivebranchtofemalesandtherearesometerrificprogramsspeciallydesignedforthemtobreakintothisdynamicfield.PlumbersandElectriciansNotallofthebestcareersforthefuturewillrequireafour-yearundergraduatedegree.There’saseriousdemandforskilledpositionsjobslikeplumbersandtechnicians.Manyofthesepositionsrequireahighschooldegreeandoftenanassociatedegreeinarelatedfield,butdon’tnecessarilyrequiregraduationfromafour-yearuniversity.CybersecurityExpertsTheaveragesalariesforcybersecurityexpertscanstartat$80,000forITSecurityConsultantsandcanreachsixfiguresforotherpositionssuchasasecuritydirector.Thebestwaytostartyourpathincybersecurityiswithabachelor’sdegreeincomputerscience,informationtechnology,engineering,orotherrelatedfields.21.Inwhichjobwillthegender(性別)distributionprobablybemorebalanced?A.DataAnalysts. B.RegisteredNurses.C.CybersecurityExperts. D.PlumbersandElectricians.22.Tobeacybersecurityexpert,whichisthebasicrequirement?A.Amaster’sdegreeincomputerscience.B.Acertificateofhighschoolgraduation.C.Abachelor’sdegreeininformationtechnology.D.Adiplomaofficiallyapprovedfromamedicalprogram.23.Whereisthetextprobablytakenfrom?A.Ahealthlecture. B.Aschoolwebsite.C.Ajobadvertisement. D.Asciencemagazine.BWorkingatacommercialbankinNewYorkCityinthemid-2010s,AnnaSackssensedalackofmeaninginherlife.Shewantedtodosomethingmorefulfilling.Somepeopleseekingmeaningmightreadaself-helpbook,orperhapsvolunteerafewhoursaweek.SackspackedupherlifeandmovedtoConnecticutforthreemonthstoparticipateinAdamah,afarmingprogramthatfocusesonsustainablelivingandgrowingsustainablefood.ReturningtoNewYork,Sackscarriedwithheranewfoundpurposeandasetofskillstoturnherdreamsintoreality.“OneofthethingsthatreallystuckwithmefromAdamahwashowlittlewastetheyproducedandhowtheyhandledthewastetheydidhave,mostlythroughcomposting(堆肥),”shesays.“AndIjustthought,‘Whyaren’twedoingthathere?Whatisactuallyinallthosebagsandrecyclingbinsattheroadsides?’”TheAdamahprogramopenedSacks’seyestothedamageconsumercultureisdoingandtheneedtofindsolutions.Soin2016,shestartedworkingwithafoodrescueprogram,andin2017,shefoundhertruecalling—whatshecalls“trashwalking”.Duringwalksaroundherneighborhood,Sacks,31,pickedthroughtrashtolookforreusableitems.Soonhertrashwalksexpandedtoincluderecyclingbinsinbigcompanies.Surprisingly,shediscoveredreallygreatstuff—likeclothingandfood—allofwhichshedocumentsonInstagramandTikTok.UnderthenameTheTrashWalker,Sacksquicklygainedpopularityforhereducational,funny,andsurprisingvideosthathighlighttheproblemswithconsumerismandshareinformationabouthowtoliveamoresustainablelifestyle.“Therootissueisoverproduction,whichleadstoover-consumption,whichleadstoalargeamountofwaste,”shesays.Sacksisoneofthemostinfluentialclimatechangeactivistsonsocialmediatoday.Thelessonfromhertrashwalkingisn’tjustthatweneedtoproducelessstuff.It’sthatweneedtostopthrowingperfectlygooditemsinthetrashtoo.WhatmotivatedAnnaSackstogetinvolvedinAdamah?Aself-helpbooksheread. Herjobatacommercialbank.C.Herdesireforameaningfullife. D.Thevolunteerexperienceshehad.25.WhatdidAnnaSacksfindimpressiveaboutAdamah?A.Fast-growingfoodoutput. B.Eco-friendlylivingpractices.C.Advancedfarmingtechniques. D.Variouswastemanagementmethods.26.WhydidAnnaSacksstarther“trashwalking”?A.Toimproveherlivingconditions. B.Togainpopularityonsocialmedia.C.Toadvertiseherfoodrescueprogram. D.Tohandlethedamagebyconsumerculture.27.Whatdoestheauthoradvocatetoreducewaste?A.Raisingpricesonproducts. B.Collectingsecond-handitems.C.Producinghigh-qualitygoods. D.Makingfulluseofproducts.CTryHard,butNotThatHard.Somanyofuswereraisedwiththebeliefofhardworkandmaxeffort,taughtthatwhatweputinwaswhatwegotout.Now,somecoachesandcorporateleadershaveanewmessage.Tryingtorunattopspeedwillactuallyleadtoslowerrunningtimes.Liftingheavyweightsuntilyouabsolutelycan’tanymorewon’tsparkmoremusclegainthanstoppingalittlesooner.Thetrick—beitinexercise,oranything—istotryfor85%.Aimingforperfectionoftenmakesusfeelawful,burnsusoutandbackfires.Instead,countthefactthatyouhiteightoutof10ofyourtargetsthisquarterasawin.“Ialreadymesseditup,”SherriPhillipswouldregretaftermissingoneofherdailypersonalgoals.

Lastyear,theCOOofaManhattanphotographybusinessbegantrackingmetricslikehersleepqualityandexercisetime.Itwasonlyaftersheswitchedtoaimingfor85%successoveraweekthatshestuckwithherefforts,insteadofgivingupwhenshemissedamark.

Dialinginonthesweetspotof85%canhelpusgrow.Ina2019paper,researchersusedmachinelearningtotrytofindtheidealdifficultyleveltolearnnewthings.Theneuralnetworktheycreated,meanttomimicthehumanbrain,learnedbestwhenitwasfacedwithqueries(疑問(wèn))setto85%difficulty,meaningitgotquestionsright85%ofthetime.Ifataskistoohard,humansgetdemotivated,saysBobWilson,anauthorofthestudy.“Ifyounevermakeanyerrors,you’re100%accurate,well,youcan’tlearnfromthemistakes.”RonShaich,afounderandformerCEOofrestaurantchainPanera,isskepticalofpeoplewhohit100%onsalestargets.Hewondersifthegoalsaretoolow.Theyshouldbeambitiousenoughthatyouwon’talwaysgetthere,hesays.Nowaninvestor,boardmemberandauthorofacomingbusinessbookthatstresses80%equalssuccess,Shaichisconvincedmostcompaniesdon’tevenhitthatnumber.Yearsago,asaconsultant,GraceUenglearnedthe“80-20rule.”Theideawastostoponceyouwere80%completeonaproject,shesays.Uengrecentlytookuppiano.Shepracticedforlonghoursandstillgrimacedwhensheperformedforhermusicgroup.Thenshestartedtacklingsmallchunksofapieceinsteadofrunningthroughthewholethingagainandagain.Beforearecentperformance,shereadabookandwenttochurchinsteadofputtinginextrahoursatthepiano.Whenitwastimetoperform,sheplayedwell—andactuallyenjoyedit.“Youhavetohavethewisdom,”shesays,“toknowwhentostop.”28.Whatisthemainmessageofthepassage?A.Maximumeffortiskeytosuccess.B.Strivingforperfectionleadstoburnout.C.Consistenthardworkguaranteessuccess.D.Properaimsandeffortenhanceperformance.29.AccordingtoRonShaich,whatdoesconsistentlyhitting100%targetssuggest?A.Exceptionalperformance.B.Perfectstrategicplanning.C.Goalsnotambitiousenough.D.Highlevelsofemployeemotivation.30.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?A.BobWilsonthinks100%accuracygetspeoplefullofmotivation.B.SherriPhillipswouldnotregretanymoreaftertracking85%metrics.C.GraceUengfeltoptimisticaftersheplayedthepianoforalongtime.D.Researchersbelievetheideallearningwayistofacedifficultqueries.DCertainformsofAIareindeedbecomingubiquitous.Forexample,algorithms(算法)carryouthugevolumesoftradingonourfinancialmarkets,self-drivingcarsareappearingoncitystreets,andoursmartphonesaretranslatingfromonelanguageintoanother.Thesesystemsaresometimesfasterandmoreperceptivethanwehumansare.Butsofarthatisonlytrueforthespecifictasksforwhichthesystemshavebeendesigned.ThatissomethingthatsomeAIdevelopersarenoweagertochange.Someoftoday’sAIpioneerswanttomoveonfromtoday’sworldof“weak”or“narrow”AI,tocreate“strong”or“full”AI,orwhatisoftencalledartificialgeneralintelligence(AGI).Insomerespects,today’spowerfulcomputingmachinesalreadymakeourbrainslookweak.AGIcould,itsadvocatessay,workforusaroundtheclock,anddrawingonallavailabledata,couldsuggestsolutionstomanyproblems.DM,acompanyfocusedonthedevelopmentofAGI,hasanambitionto“solveintelligence”.“Ifwe’resuccessful,”theirmissionstatementreads,“webelievethiswillbeoneofthemostimportantandwidelybeneficialscientificadvancesevermade.”SincetheearlydaysofAI,imaginationhasoutpacedwhatispossibleorevenprobable.In1965,animaginativemathematiciancalledIrvingGoodpredictedtheeventualcreationofan“ultra-intelligentmachine…thatcanfarsurpassalltheintellectual(智力的)activitiesofanyman,howeverclever.”Goodwentontosuggestthat“thefirstultra-intelligentmachine”couldbe“thelastinventionthatmanneedevermake.”Fearsabouttheappearanceofbad,powerful,man-madeintelligentmachineshavebeenreinforced(強(qiáng)化)bymanyworksoffiction—MaryShelley’sFrankensteinandtheTerminatorfilmseries,forexample.ButifAIdoeseventuallyprovetobeourdownfall,itisunlikelytobeatthehandsofhuman-shapedformslikethese,withrecognizablyhumanmotivationssuchasaggression(敵對(duì)行為).Instead,IagreewithOxfordUniversityphilosopherNickBostrom,whobelievesthattheheaviestrisksfromAGIdonotcomefromadecisiontoturnagainstmankindbutratherfromadoggedpursuitofsetobjectivesattheexpenseofeverythingelse.ThepromiseanddangeroftrueAGIaregreat.Butalloftoday’sexciteddiscussionaboutthesepossibilitiespresupposesthefactthatwewillbeabletobuildthesesystems.And,havingspokentomanyoftheworld’sforemostAIresearchers,IbelievethereisgoodreasontodoubtthatwewillseeAGIanytimesoon,ifever.31.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“ubiquitous”inParagraph1probablymean?A.Stableinquality. B.Changeabledaily. C.Enormousinquantity. D.Presenteverywhere.32.WhatcouldAGIdoforus,accordingtoitssupporters?A.Helptosolveproblems. B.Makebrainsmoreactive.C.Benefitambitiouspeople. D.Setuppowerfuldatabases.33.AsforIrvingGood’sopiniononultra-intelligentmachines,theauthoris.A.supportive B.disapproving C.fearful D.uncertain34.WhatcanbeinferredaboutAGIfromthepassage?A.Itmaybeonlyadream.B.Itwillcomeintobeingsoon.C.Itwillbecontrolledbyhumans.D.Itmaybemoredangerousthanever.第二節(jié)（共5小題；每小題2分，共10分）根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，從短文后的七個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)中有兩項(xiàng)為多余選項(xiàng)。請(qǐng)?jiān)诖痤}紙指定區(qū)域作答。How

to

bemoreresilient

(適應(yīng)力強(qiáng)的)?,

to

resisttheshockwhenlifethrows

us

curveballhow

likely

we

are

to

crumble(崩潰)orthriveinthesesituations.36Adversesituationscantake

us

bysurprise.Intheworkplace,itcouldbeintheform

of

alayoff,thecompanyweworkforgoingunderorbeingrestructured,orevenmissingoutonapromotion.Failedfriendships

and

relationships,hardfinancialtimesand

evenloss

of

belovedones

are

thingsthatcanoccuroutside

of

work.

37Sohowcanwelearn

to

bemoreresilient?Luckily,therearesomestepsyoucantaketohelpyoubemoreresilientandadaptableinthefaceofadversity,accordingtoDrShahramHeshmat,professorofhealtheconomics.38

Resilientpeopleoften

have

anaim

and

are

able

to

concentratemoreonadesiredoutcome,seeingnegativesituationsasabumpintheroadontheway

to

achievingtheirgoal.Learning

to

relax

and

regulate

your

emotions

isanotherkeystep—oneway

to

helpis

to

practisebreathingexercises.Likewise,dwellingonthings

and

lettingthemget

to

you

cancause

you

to

bestressed.Soseedifficultiesmoreasanopportunity

to

learn

and

growemotionally.

39

Beingable

to

talkwithsomeoneaboutthechallengeswefacecanhelp.First,try

and

findameaningfulgoal.Thingsthathappeninlife

are

notalwayspleasant.Finally,makesure

you

have

agoodsocialsupportnetwork.However,takingafewsteps

to

bemoreresilientcanmakethemalittleeasier

to

getthrough.AQstandsforAdversityQuotient

and

measuresourability

to

dealwiththeups

and

downs

of

life.Beingable

to

handletheseroughtimesisimportantnotonlyinourpersonallives

but

inourprofessionallivestoo.Itcanalsobe

used

to

predictourattitudes,perseverance,longevity,

and

thewayswelearnfromchangesintheenvironment.第三部分書(shū)面表達(dá)(共兩節(jié)，32分)第一節(jié)（共4小題；第40、41題各2分；第42題3分；第43題5分；共12分）閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)題目要求用英文回答問(wèn)題。請(qǐng)?jiān)诖痤}紙指定區(qū)域作答。Robotshelpusinmanyways—fromassemblylinestolookingaftertheelderly.Nowthey’returningtheirattentiontocopingwithclimatechangebyhelpingtoplanttrees.MilremRobotics,anEstoniancompany,hasdevelopedanautonomousrobotforester.Thenewrobotforestercanplantahectareofforestinlessthansixhours.TheroboticplantersareequippedwithLidar(LightDetectionandRanging)whichuseslaserpulsestobuildupathree-dimensionalimageoftherobots’surroundingsandglobalpositioning(GPS)tonavigateprecisely.Thepositionofeachsaplingisrecordedinadatabaseasitisplanted,whichmeansthataspecializedbrushcutterversionoftherobotforestercanreducecompetitivegrowthwithoutharmingtheyoungtrees.Therobotforesterisdesignedforworkingincommercialforestsanditcouldbeusedtorestorenaturalforests,too.Deforestation(濫伐)contributes15%ofallglobalgreenhousegasemissions.Conservationistssay,“Welose10millionhectaresoftreeseveryyeartoagricultureandloggingandweneedtoplantatrilliontreestoreverseforestcoverlosstohelpslowdownclimatechange.”Amaturetreecancaptureanaverageof0.62metrictonsofcarbondioxideoveritslifetime—equivalenttothecarbonemissionsfromdrivingacar2,400kilometres.Treeplantingisjustoneofarangeofmeasuresneededtofightclimatechangeandscientistssayit’simportanttoplanttherighttreesintherightplaceforittobeeffective.Theseroboticplantersarejustoneofthemanynewsolutionsbeginningtosurfaceintimeforthedecadeofdeliveryonclimatechange.Wecandoalottohelpinourdailylife.40.Whatcantherobotforesterdo?41.Accordingtoconservationists,howcanwehelpslowdownclimatechange?42.Pleasedecidewhichpartisfalseinthefollowingstatement,thenunderlineitandexplainwhy.MilremRoboticsdesignedtherobotforesterstohelpspeedupdeforestation.43.Whatelsecanyoudoinyourdailylifetohelpslowclimatechange?(Inabout40words)第二節(jié)（20分）假設(shè)你是高二（1）班學(xué)生李華，你校英語(yǔ)協(xié)會(huì)招聘志愿者，接待來(lái)訪的國(guó)外中學(xué)生。請(qǐng)你寫(xiě)信應(yīng)聘，內(nèi)容包括：應(yīng)聘目的；應(yīng)聘理由。注意：1．

詞數(shù)100左右；2．

信的開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾已給出，不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)。DearSir/Madam,______________________________________________________________________________________________