高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法--句子的成分

1、高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法句子的成分第四章 句子結(jié)構(gòu)及成分一.陳述句, 疑問(wèn)句, 祈使句, 感嘆句75二.簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句751）簡(jiǎn)單句：752) 并列句：753）復(fù)合句：76考點(diǎn)： 兩個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，要用連接詞，變?yōu)椴⒘芯浠驈?fù)合句77三.句子成分77四.簡(jiǎn)單句的五種基本結(jié)構(gòu)87基本句型 一： （主謂）87基本句型 二： （主系表）87基本句型 三： （主謂賓）88基本句型 四： （主謂間賓直賓）89基本句型 五： （主謂賓賓補(bǔ)）906. There be 句型91練習(xí) ：劃分句子成分練習(xí)92第四章 句子結(jié)構(gòu)及成分一. 陳述句, 疑問(wèn)句, 祈使句, 感嘆句句子按用途可分四種：1）陳述句（肯定、否定）：H

2、e is six years old; She didnt hear of you before.2）疑問(wèn)句（一般、特殊、選擇、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old?Mary can swim, cant she?3）祈使句：表示命令或者請(qǐng)求. 又叫無(wú)主句，主語(yǔ)通常為you,省略.Be careful, boys; Dont talk in class4）感嘆句：how 后面加上的是形容詞副詞.what后面加上的是名詞.How clever the boy is! What a clever

3、boy he is!二. 簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句句子按結(jié)構(gòu)可分為簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句。1）簡(jiǎn)單句：只有一個(gè)主語(yǔ)（或并列主語(yǔ)）和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)（或并列謂語(yǔ)）。e.g. He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American boys.She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.（劃線部分為并列謂語(yǔ) ，只有一個(gè)主語(yǔ)，仍為簡(jiǎn)單句。）2) 并列句：由并列連詞（and, but, or等）或分號(hào)（；）把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句連在一起構(gòu)成。要注意喲,

4、逗號(hào)是不可以連接句子的,這一點(diǎn)和漢語(yǔ)不同.e.g. You help him and he helps you.The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。1、表示連接兩個(gè)同等概念，常用and, not onlybut also, neithernor, then等連接。e.g. The teachers name is Smith, and the students name is John.2、表示選擇，常用的連詞有or, eitheror, otherwise等。e.g. Hurry up, or youll mis

5、s the train.3、表示轉(zhuǎn)折，常用的連詞有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。e.g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.4、表示因果關(guān)系，常用的連詞有so, for, therefore等。e.g. August is the time of the year for rive harvest, so every day I work from dawn un

6、til dark.3）復(fù)合句：復(fù)合句含有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，其中一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)作另一個(gè)的成分。（而并列句的兩個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)間是并列關(guān)系， 而不是從屬關(guān)系）。復(fù)合句包含：名詞性從句（主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句）、定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句等。當(dāng)簡(jiǎn)單句的一個(gè)成分從詞或詞組變?yōu)榫渥訒r(shí)，整個(gè)句子就成為復(fù)合句了。1. It is wrong. （只有一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，是簡(jiǎn)單句） 2. What he said is wrong.（what he said,是一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，he為主語(yǔ)，said為謂語(yǔ)，what是賓語(yǔ)。What he said is wrong. 是另外一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。What he said

7、作主語(yǔ)，is wrong系表結(jié)構(gòu)作謂語(yǔ)。因此，本句是復(fù)合句。What he said是名詞性從句作主語(yǔ)）。3. The boy over there is my brother. （只有一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，是簡(jiǎn)單句）4. The boy who is wearing a hat is my brother.（The boy is my brother.是一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu) who is wearing a hat也是一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，作了前一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)中主語(yǔ)the boy的定語(yǔ)。因此本句是復(fù)合句。）5. I was doing my homework at six. （只有一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，是簡(jiǎn)單句）6. I w

8、as doing my homework when he came in.（I was doing my homework是一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，he came in也是一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。后面一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)作前一個(gè)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。因此是復(fù)合句。練習(xí)：判斷下列句子是簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句：1. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.2. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.3. There is a chair in this room, isnt there?4. My brother an

9、d I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.5. He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.6. He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.7. Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so.8. What he said at the meeting is very important, isnt it?

10、9. The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.10. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.11. Right now it is the summer vacation and Im helping my Dad on the farm.12. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.13. Sometimes we go on working after dark

11、 by the lights of our tractors.14. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat 15. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him.答案：1. 簡(jiǎn)單句 2. 復(fù)合句, The boy is called Tom是一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu) who offered me his seat也是一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，為定語(yǔ)從句，作前一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)中主語(yǔ)the

12、boy 的定語(yǔ)。3. 簡(jiǎn)單句，反義疑問(wèn)句 4. 簡(jiǎn)單句，my brother and I 是并列主語(yǔ)，后面go to school和come back為并列謂語(yǔ)，因此也只有一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。5. 并列句 6.含有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句。7. 并列句 8. 復(fù)合句，what he said也是一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，名詞性從句作主語(yǔ)。 9. 簡(jiǎn)單句，只有一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。10. 簡(jiǎn)單句，前面為并列主語(yǔ)。11. and連接的并列句 12. 由so連接的并列句 13. 簡(jiǎn)單句 14.but連接前后為并列句，但后面又是一個(gè)含有定語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句。15.含有讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句?？键c(diǎn)： 兩個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，要用連接詞，變?yōu)椴⒘芯?/p>

13、或復(fù)合句一個(gè)句子如果出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，那它就不是簡(jiǎn)單句了，要么是并列句，要么是復(fù)合句。是并列句時(shí)要有and, so, but,等并列連詞或用分號(hào)。是復(fù)合句時(shí)也要有連接詞?？傊挥枚禾?hào)而不用連接詞簡(jiǎn)單的把兩個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)連接到一起的句子是錯(cuò)誤的。如：I like English, my English is very good.I like English and my English is very good.As I like English, my English is very good. I have a house, its windows are very big. I have a

14、 house and its windows are very big. I have a house, whose windows are very big. 練習(xí)：參看 定語(yǔ)從句 關(guān)系詞的選擇P137 6三. 句子成分現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)里一般的句子成分有六種，即主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。英語(yǔ)的基本成分有七種：除 主語(yǔ)（subject）、謂語(yǔ)（predicate）、賓語(yǔ)（object）、定語(yǔ)（attribute）、狀語(yǔ)(adverbial) 和補(bǔ)語(yǔ)（complement）之外還有 表語(yǔ)（predicative）（同位語(yǔ)）。許國(guó)璋英語(yǔ)中劃句子成分的符號(hào)主語(yǔ) 在下面劃一直線 謂語(yǔ) 在下面劃曲線

15、賓語(yǔ) 在下面劃雙橫線 定語(yǔ) 在下面劃虛線 （一行點(diǎn)使我們想到一排釘子， 釘 諧音為“定語(yǔ)” 的“定”） 狀語(yǔ) 下面為短橫線 （短橫線使我們想到短木樁， 木樁撞（狀）鐘）補(bǔ)語(yǔ) 上一短橫，下一短橫（下一短橫好像是為了彌補(bǔ)上面短橫間的空隙） 同位語(yǔ) 上下雙曲線，（雖都有曲折，上下位置基本相同） 1. 主語(yǔ) 主語(yǔ)是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首,通常由名詞性的詞來(lái)充當(dāng)。可由1.名詞、2.代詞、3.數(shù)詞、4.名詞化的形容詞（如the rich）5.不定式、6.動(dòng)名詞、7.主語(yǔ)從句等表示。練習(xí)1. 在下面句子的主語(yǔ)下面劃?rùn)M線，并說(shuō)出由什么充當(dāng)1. During the 1990s, American

16、country music has become more and more popular. 2. We often speak English in class.3. One-third of the students in this class are girls.4. To swim in the river is a great pleasure.5. Smoking does harm to the health.6. The rich should help the poor.7. When we are going to have an English test has not

17、 been decided.8. It is necessary to master a foreign language.9. That he isnt at home is not true答案：1. During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名詞）2. We often speak English in class.（代詞）3. One-third of the students in this class are girls.（數(shù)詞）4. To swim in the river

18、 is a great pleasure.（不定式）5. Smoking does harm to the health.（動(dòng)名詞）6. The rich should help the poor.（名詞化的形容詞）7. When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主語(yǔ)從句）8. It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)為后面的不定式）9. That he isnt at home is not true. (主語(yǔ)從句， that不能

19、省略)練習(xí)2. 改錯(cuò)1) Do exercise everyday is good for your health.2) That what he said isnt true.3) He came late made his teacher angry.4) On the desk is two books.答案：1）do改為doing, 用動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)。2）去掉that, what本身都有連接作用。3）在he前加That, 主語(yǔ)從句中that不能省。也可改為His coming late, 用動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)。4）is改為are, 介詞短語(yǔ)不能作主語(yǔ)，本句是倒裝句。2. 謂語(yǔ)：謂語(yǔ)由

20、動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)所作的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。謂語(yǔ)的構(gòu)成如下：1、簡(jiǎn)單謂語(yǔ)：由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。如： He practices running every morning. He reads newspapers every day.2、復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)：（1）由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或其他助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. My sister is crying over there.I have been waiting for you all the time.I would stay at

21、 home all day.（2）由系動(dòng)詞加表語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。系動(dòng)詞不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)，要和表語(yǔ)一起作謂語(yǔ)。如：We are students.Your idea sounds great.考點(diǎn)1. 在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)中要注意動(dòng)詞第三人稱單數(shù)當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)（不止一個(gè)人），后面用動(dòng)詞原形。當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是一個(gè)人，并且不是I 和you，謂語(yǔ)要用第三人稱單數(shù)，也就是在后面加-s,-es1. We/You(你們)/They _(go) to school every day.2. Tom and Mike _(go) to school every day. 3. His children _(go) to school ev

22、ery day.4. Tom _(go) to school every day.5. My brother _(go) to school every day.6. Your sister _(go) to school every day.7. Their son _(go) to school every day.8. He / She _(go) to school every day.答案：1-3， go 4-8, goes考點(diǎn)2. 謂語(yǔ)中要有動(dòng)詞，因此形容詞前面要加上系動(dòng)詞才能作謂語(yǔ)。如：Our school very beautiful and we like it very m

23、uch.Our school is very beautiful and we like it very much.The food delicious and I ate a lot. The food was delicious and I ate a lot. 考點(diǎn)3. 在復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)中，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞,如：will, shall, would, should, can, may must, could, might,還有had to, had better, used to, would rather等，都沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化，后面用動(dòng)詞原形。She might stayed at hom

24、e. She might stay at home. He must comes. He must come. 考點(diǎn)4. 進(jìn)行時(shí)是be + doing, 不要把be遺忘了It raining heavily. It was raining heavily. They planting trees on the farm. They were planting trees on the farm. 3. 表語(yǔ)：表語(yǔ)多是形容詞，用以說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，它一般位于系動(dòng)詞（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表語(yǔ)一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分

25、詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、副詞及表語(yǔ)從句表示。劃出下列句中的表語(yǔ), 并說(shuō)明有什么充當(dāng)。1) Our teacher of English is an American. 2) Is it yours? 3) The weather has turned cold. 4) The speech is exciting. 5) Three times seven is twenty one? 6) His job is to teach English.7) His hobby（愛(ài)好）is playing football. 8) The machine must be under re

26、pairs. 9) The truth is that he has never been abroad.答案：1) Our teacher of English is an American.（名詞）2) Is it yours?（代詞）3) The weather has turned cold.（形容詞）4) The speech is exciting.（分詞）5) Three times seven is twenty one?（數(shù)詞）6) His job is to teach English.（不定式）7) His hobby（愛(ài)好）is playing football.（動(dòng)名

27、詞）8) The machine must be under repairs.（介詞短語(yǔ)）9) The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表語(yǔ)從句）4. 賓語(yǔ)：賓語(yǔ)由名詞性的詞充當(dāng),表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承愛(ài)者，一般位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞后面。賓語(yǔ)分為動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)和介詞賓語(yǔ),分別構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)和介詞結(jié)構(gòu),劃出下列句中的賓語(yǔ), 并說(shuō)明有什么充當(dāng)。1) They planed many trees yesterday. 2) The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.3) (How many d

28、ictionaries do you have?) I have five. 4) They helped the old with their housework yesterday. 5) I wanted to buy a car. 6) I enjoy listening to popular music.7) I think（that）he is fit for his office.答案：1) They planed many trees yesterday.（名詞） 2) The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on t

29、ime.（代詞）3) (How many dictionaries do you have?) I have five.（數(shù)詞）4) They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名詞化形容詞）5) I wanted to buy a car.（不定式短語(yǔ)）6) I enjoy listening to popular music.（動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)）7) I think（that）he is fit for his office.（賓語(yǔ)從句）5. 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：英語(yǔ)中有些及物動(dòng)詞，除有一個(gè)直接賓語(yǔ)以外，還要有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，才能使句子的意義完整

30、。賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。換句話說(shuō)，在意思上，賓語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于賓補(bǔ)的主語(yǔ)。帶有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的一般句型為：某些及物動(dòng)詞（如make等）+賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)。賓補(bǔ)可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)和從句充當(dāng)。用 線劃出下列句中的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，并指出是什么詞充當(dāng)，同時(shí)體會(huì)賓補(bǔ)和賓語(yǔ)之間的邏輯關(guān)系。1) His father named him Dongming. 2) They painted their boat white. 3) Let the fresh air in. 4) You mustnt force him to lend his money to you. 5) We s

31、aw her entering the room.6) We found everything in the lab in good order.7) We will soon make our city what your city is now.8) I want your homework done on time.答案：1) His father named him Dongming.（名詞）2) They painted their boat white.（形容詞）3) Let the fresh air in.（副詞）4) You mustnt force him to lend

32、his money to you.（不定式短語(yǔ)）5) We saw her entering the room.（現(xiàn)在分詞）6) We found everything in the lab in good order.（介詞短語(yǔ)）7) We will soon make our city what your city is now.（從句）8) I want your homework done on time.(過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ))6. 主補(bǔ)：對(duì)主語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)充。（含有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的句子在變成被動(dòng)賓語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，原來(lái)的賓補(bǔ)就成了主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。He was elected monitor. She was f

33、ound singing in the next room.He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.7. 定語(yǔ)：定語(yǔ)是對(duì)名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語(yǔ)或句子，漢語(yǔ)中常用的表示。定語(yǔ)通常位于被修飾的成分前?？键c(diǎn)1. 若修飾some, any, every, no構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí)，（如：something、nothing）,定語(yǔ)通常置后。I have something important to tell you.(important修飾something,卻放在后面)There is nothing interesting in th

34、e book.（ interesting 修飾 nothing）考點(diǎn)2. 副詞用作定語(yǔ)時(shí)須放在名詞之后。 People there are very friendly. (那兒的人們)He went up to a policeman downstairs. （樓下的警察）考點(diǎn)3. 單個(gè)形容詞作定語(yǔ)一般放在所修飾詞之前，形容詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)一般放在所修飾詞之后The next man is a scientist.The man next to me is a scientist.（我旁邊的那個(gè)人）The shop closest to my house is about one kilomete

35、r away.（距我家最近的那個(gè)商店）考點(diǎn)4. 介詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)時(shí)要后置The boy under the tree is Tom.（樹(shù)下的那個(gè)男孩）The tallest boy in our class is John.（我們班最高的那個(gè)男孩）考點(diǎn)5. 名詞作定語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù)，但當(dāng)woman, man作定語(yǔ)且后面名詞為復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，woman man 也要用復(fù)數(shù)boy students, apple trees, men doctors, women nurses考點(diǎn)6. 動(dòng)詞不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)、過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)要后置（參看 P104非謂語(yǔ) 作定語(yǔ)部分）I have something to s

36、ay. (直譯：我有要說(shuō)的話)The boy crying over there is my classmate.（在那邊哭的那個(gè)男孩）The house built last year is impressive.（去年建的那座房子）考點(diǎn)7. 動(dòng)名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)的區(qū)別 (參看P106非謂語(yǔ)部分)This is a swimming pool.(動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)，表功能)The sleeping boy is only five.（現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)， 表正在進(jìn)行）考點(diǎn)8. Else, 別的，其它的，通常放在不定代詞和疑問(wèn)詞后作后置定語(yǔ)Who else do you know?Somebody

37、else might have taken it away.You can see these signs in a hospital. _ can you see them?A. Where else B. Where place elseC. Where else place D. Else where考點(diǎn)9. enough修飾名詞可前置或后置, enough修飾形容詞、副詞時(shí),必須后置。Nearby可作形容詞、副詞，因此修飾名詞時(shí)也可前置或后置1) I havent got enough money. I cant afford it.（形容詞作定語(yǔ)）2) We have time en

38、ough to do the work. （形容詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)）3) You cant be careful enough. (副詞作狀語(yǔ))3) If you are in trouble, ask a policeman nearby for help. （副詞作定語(yǔ)）= If you are in trouble, ask a nearby policeman for help. （形容詞作定語(yǔ)）用 劃出下列句中的定語(yǔ)，并指出是什么詞性或結(jié)構(gòu)充當(dāng)?shù)?. Tom is a handsome boy. 2. His boy needs Toms pen. 3. The boy in blue i

39、s Tom.4. The boy needs a ball pen.5. The boy there needs a pen.6. The boy to write this letter needs a pen.7. There is nothing to do today. 8. The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother. 9. There are five boys left.10. The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday.11. The boy

40、 you will know is Tom.12. The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.13. He is reading an article about how to learn English. 14. Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom. 15. His rapid progress in English made us surprised.16. There are thirty women teachers in our school.答案：

41、1. Tom is a handsome boy. （形容詞作定語(yǔ)）2. His boy needs Toms pen.( His物主代詞Toms名詞所有格,作定語(yǔ)：)3. The boy in blue is Tom.(介詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ))4. The boy needs a ball pen.（名詞作定語(yǔ)）5. The boy there needs a pen./那兒的男孩需要一支鋼筆。副詞作后置定語(yǔ)）6. The boy to write this letter needs a pen.（要寫(xiě)這封信的男孩需要一支鋼筆。不定式作定語(yǔ)）7. There is nothing to do t

42、oday.（不定式to do作nothing的定語(yǔ) ） 8. The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.（那個(gè)微笑的男孩需要一支他媽媽買的鋼筆。現(xiàn)在分詞smiling作定語(yǔ), 后面過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)）9. There are five boys left.（有五個(gè)留下的男孩，數(shù)詞和過(guò)去分詞） 10. The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday.（那個(gè)在閱讀的男孩需要你昨天買的鋼筆。定語(yǔ)從句）11. The boy you will know is Tom.

43、（你將認(rèn)識(shí)的男孩叫湯姆。定語(yǔ)從句）12. The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（動(dòng)名詞，介詞短語(yǔ)）13. He is reading an article about how to learn English.（關(guān)于如何學(xué)英語(yǔ)的文章，介詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)）14. Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（進(jìn)教室的第一個(gè)，不定式短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)）15. His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（他在英語(yǔ)方面的

44、快速進(jìn)步，物主代詞、形容詞作定語(yǔ)，介詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)）16. There are thirty women teachers in our school.（數(shù)詞、名詞作定語(yǔ)）8. 狀語(yǔ)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子, 說(shuō)明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫作狀語(yǔ)。可由以下形式表示：He writes carefully. He walks slowly.(寫(xiě)地認(rèn)真，走地慢，修飾動(dòng)詞用副詞)This material is environmentally friendly.（修飾形容詞用副詞）He runs very slowly.（修飾副詞slowly, 因此very是副詞）Unfortunate

45、ly, he lost all of his money. （修飾整個(gè)句子用副詞）考點(diǎn)1. 形容詞、副詞的選擇修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子用副詞，作狀語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)語(yǔ)時(shí)一般用形容詞可簡(jiǎn)單的歸結(jié)為：形修名，作表、定；副作狀，修飾 副、形 動(dòng)He is careful.（作表語(yǔ)，用形容詞）He is a careful boy.（作定語(yǔ)， 用形容詞）練習(xí): 參看 形容詞和副詞部分 P55 考點(diǎn)17考點(diǎn)2. 幾個(gè)副詞并列作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),其順序較靈活,但一般是：方式地點(diǎn)時(shí)間。如：We had a good time together outdoors last Sunday.I found a lo

46、st pen outside our school yesterday morning.考點(diǎn)3. 頻度副詞如often、always、usually等在be及助動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞后,行為動(dòng)詞前。He is often late.He is always helping others.He often came late.考點(diǎn)4. 副詞按意義分類在句子成分中，主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)都比較好辨認(rèn)，如果這幾個(gè)成分都不是，那很可能就是狀語(yǔ)了。因此，狀語(yǔ)的種類很多，可以表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、程度、條件、方式和讓步一. 方式副詞suddenly 突然地 rapidly 迅速地 warmly

47、熱烈地 successfully 成功地quickly 很快地 carefully 仔細(xì)地 proudly 驕傲地 angrily 憤怒地二. 地點(diǎn)、方向副詞here 這里 there 那里 outside 在外 inside 在內(nèi)away 遠(yuǎn)離 straight 徑直地 upstairs 上樓 backwards 向后三. 時(shí)間副詞now 現(xiàn)在 then 當(dāng)時(shí) soon 不久 still 依然tomorrow 在明天 yesterday 在昨天 already 已經(jīng) yet仍四. 頻度副詞（又稱：頻率副詞）always 總是 usually 通常 frequently 頻繁地 often 經(jīng)

48、常sometimes 有時(shí) seldom 很少，不常 rarely 罕有地 never 從不五. 程度副詞very 非常 quite 十分 too 太 pretty 相當(dāng)rather 稍微 extremely 極端地 almost 幾乎 nearly 幾乎練習(xí)：指出下列劃線部分屬于什么狀語(yǔ)1. How about meeting again at six? 2. Mr Smith lives on the third floor. 3. Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain. 4. She put the

49、eggs into the basket with great care. 5. She came in with a dictionary in her hand. 6. In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. 7. To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business. 8. The boy needs a pen very much. 9. The boy really needs a pen. 10. He was so tir

50、ed that he fell asleep immediately. 11. She works very hard though she is old. 12. I am taller than he is. 13. I shall go there if it doesnt rain. 14. On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom. 15. Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen. 答案：1. （時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)） 2. （地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)） 3. （原因狀語(yǔ)） 4. （方式狀語(yǔ)）

51、5. （伴隨狀語(yǔ)） 6. （目的狀語(yǔ)） 7. （目的狀語(yǔ)） 8. （程度狀語(yǔ)） 9. （程度狀語(yǔ)） 10. （結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)） 11. （讓步狀語(yǔ)） 12. （比較狀語(yǔ)） 13. （條件狀語(yǔ)） 14. (時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)) 15. （原因狀語(yǔ)）9. 同位語(yǔ)同位語(yǔ)是在名詞或代詞之后并列名詞或代詞對(duì)前者加以說(shuō)明的成分，近乎于后置定語(yǔ)。如：We students should study hard. / (students是we的同位語(yǔ)，都是指同一批學(xué)生）We all are students. / (all是we的同位語(yǔ)，都指同樣的我們）Its good to us students. 1 The y

52、oung man, _ ,works in the office.A. me brother B. my brother C. my brothers D. me 2. Our English teacher, _ often helps us with study.A. Mrs. Wang B. Mrs. Wangs C. Mrs. Wangs . D. of him 3. _, some railway workers, are busy repairing the train.A. Them B. He C. They D. Theirs(答案：B, A, C)10. 獨(dú)立成分有時(shí)句子中

53、會(huì)有一些與句子沒(méi)有語(yǔ)法聯(lián)系的成分，稱為句子獨(dú)立成分(注意：區(qū)別于分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu))。感嘆詞：oh, hello, aha, ah,等?？隙ㄔ~yes 否定詞no稱呼語(yǔ)：稱呼人的用語(yǔ)。插入語(yǔ)：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。如: The story, I think, has never come to the end./我相信,這個(gè)故事還遠(yuǎn)沒(méi)結(jié)束.四. 簡(jiǎn)單句的五種基本結(jié)構(gòu)英語(yǔ)句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以歸納成五種基本句型及其擴(kuò)大、組合、省略或倒裝。掌握這五種基本句型，是掌握各種英語(yǔ)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)。英語(yǔ)五種基本句型列式如下：一： （主謂）二： （主系表）三： （主謂賓）四： （主謂

54、間賓直賓）五： （主謂賓賓補(bǔ)）基本句型 一： （主謂）這類句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都是不及物動(dòng)詞，都不帶賓語(yǔ)，但可以帶狀語(yǔ)，常見(jiàn)的不及物動(dòng)詞有： act, come, go, work, last, fall, cry, disappear, appear, smile, rise, ring，live, look, listen, laugh, hurry, talk, sleep, retire, graduate, die, care, agree, ,jump, fail, wait, succeed, stay, sit, lie, shine, happen, take place, rain, snow, ect. 如: It is raining now. ( )Weve worked for 5 hours. ( )The meeting lasted half an hour. ( )Time flies. ( )分析下列句子成分，并在后面括號(hào)內(nèi)標(biāo)明屬于五種基本句型中的哪一種1) Dark clouds hung overhead. ( )2) Gradually a smile appeared on her face. ( )3) He is smiling a