核能專業(yè)英語

1、第一課詞匯： Concept概念, conception概念, conceive構(gòu)想、理解 Isotope同位素, isomer同質(zhì)異能素 element, atom, nucleus, nucleon element, elements, molecule, molecules, molecular atom, atoms, atomic, nucleusnju:klis，nu:klis原子核, nuclei, nuclear, nucleonnju:klin核子, nucleons, nucleonic核子的 particle, particles, fissile易裂變的, fissio

2、nable可以發(fā)生裂變的 fertile可裂變的，fertile materials增殖材料 fission, fusion, decay inner, innermost / outer, outermost chain reaction fragment碎片Expression： times A is ten times B. varies inversely as E equals m times c squared. E = mc2 the n-th power of a: an result in / result from is accompanied by / correspon

3、d to The discovery of fission was made in Germany in 1938 by Hahn. Be composed of 由組成 Binding energy 結(jié)合能 Discrete excited states 不連續(xù)的激發(fā)態(tài) Electromagnetic radiation 電磁輻射 Ev：electron-volt Conservation of mass/energy 質(zhì)量/能量守恒練習： 電子帶負電，質(zhì)子帶正電。 Electron is negatively charged，proton is positively charged。 在任

4、何質(zhì)量變化的反應中，質(zhì)量的減少與能量的釋放相伴，而質(zhì)量的增加與能量的吸收相隨。 In any reaction in which mass changes，a decrease of mass is accompanied by the release of energy，and an increase of mass corresponds to the absorption of energy。 電荷間的靜電斥力與它們之間距離的平方成反比。 The force of electrostatic repulsion between like charges varies inversely

5、as the square of their separation。 通常，原子核存在于能量為基態(tài)的平衡態(tài)或者說穩(wěn)定的條件下。 Normally atomic nuclei exist in an equilibrium or stable condition known as their ground state of energy。 原子的質(zhì)量并不等于組成它的粒子質(zhì)量之和。 The mass of atom is not equal to the sum of the masses of its constituent particles。 E=mc2：E is equal to m ti

6、mes c squared。 1u = 1.660410-27kg One u equals 1.6604 times 10 to minus 27 kg。第二課詞匯： Qualitative定性的, quantitative定量的 matter exposed to beta particles暴露在粒子中的物質(zhì) in addition to .除了 in competition with與什么競爭 present no shielding problem不產(chǎn)生防護問題 cross section截面 special theory of relativity狹義相對論 potential s

7、cattering勢散射 principle原則、主義, principal首要的、主要的 compound nucleus formation復合核的產(chǎn)生 (deformation 變形) ionization 電離 irradiate 輻照 spectrum of energies 能譜 transition 轉(zhuǎn)換 transmit 傳輸，傳導 練習： 有一種輻射叫做韌致輻射。 There is a kind of radiation called bremsstrahlung。 除了X射線輻射以外，有一種輻射叫做韌致輻射。 In addition to the X-rays，there

8、is another radiation called bremsstrahlung。 除了由電子變換軌道引起的X射線輻射以外，還有一種類似的輻射叫做韌致輻射。 In addition to the X-rays due to the transitions in the electronic orbits，a similar radiation called bremsstrahlung produced。 光子與物質(zhì)的相互作用 Gamma ray interactions with matter。 光電效應，康普頓散射，電子對效應。 Photoelectric Effect，Photon-

9、electron Scattering(Compton Effect)，Electron-Positron Pair production 光子與物質(zhì)的相互作用包括光電效應，康普頓散射和電子對效應。 The interactions between Gamma ray and matter include Photoelectric Effect、Compton Effect and pair production。 與結(jié)合能相比， In comparison with the energy of binding of the structure 入射能量越高，其作用效果就越明顯。 The h

10、igher is the energy of projectile，the greater is the effect。 與結(jié)合能相比，入射能量越高，其作用效果就越明顯。 The higher the projectile energy in comparison with the energy of binding of the structure，the greater is the effect。 Gamma輻射有著比beta粒子要強得多的穿透力從而存在著嚴重的防護問題。 Gamma radiation has a much greater penetration power in ma

11、tter than beta particles，and consequently(因此) presents a serious shielding problem。第三課詞匯： to illustrate為了說明 counterpart配對物 rest energy / inherent energy靜止能量 special relativity狹義相對論 linear momentum / angular momentum 線動量/角動量 magnitude大小、數(shù)量、量級 / direction方向、趨勢 recoil反作用、彈回 as sketched in Fig.3.3如圖3.3所

12、示 diminish in strength with distance強度隨著距離減小 is proportional to成比例的 vary inversely as 與成反比 elastic scattering彈性散射/ inelastic scattering非彈性散射 in contrast with.和形成對比 penetrate 穿透 kinetic energy 動能 moderator 慢化劑 an array of 一排、一群、一批 account for 考慮練習： 和帶電粒子相比，中子作為電中性的粒子，不需要很高的能量就能穿透原子核。 in contrast with

13、 charged particles, neutrons as neutral particles need not have high energy to penetrate the nucleus. 嚴格地講，我們必須考慮所有的狹義相對論效應，包括粒子速度引起的質(zhì)量增加。 Strictly speaking, we should account for all effects of special relativity, including mass increase with particle speed. 讓我們通過一些計算來說明這些觀點。 Let us illustrate thes

14、e ideas by some calculations. 當中子減速到和慢化劑原子的熱振動相當?shù)哪芰繀^(qū)域時，它們會在碰撞中失去或者獲得能量。 As neutrons slow into energy region that is comparable to the thermal agitation of the moderator atoms, they may either lose or gain energy on collision.第四課詞匯： Melt熔化, freeze凍結(jié), volatilize揮發(fā), boil沸騰, sublimate升華, solidify凝固 in o

15、ne form or another 各種形式的 in excess of超過 disperse分散，傳播 impurity不純，雜質(zhì) aluminium鋁 magnesium鎂 zirconium鋯 beryllium鈹 stainless steel不銹鋼 uranium 鈾 ； uranium dioxide 二氧化鈾 ； plutonium 钚 helium 氦 compensate 補償 adequate 充分的 thermodynamic 熱力學的 eliminate from排除 buildup 累積練習： 它既可以以純鈾，也可以儲如UO2和UC的化合物形式在反應堆中使用。 It

16、 can be used in reactor either as pure uranium or as a compound such as UO2 or UC. 對一個熱反應堆的慢化劑的要求，也就是低質(zhì)量數(shù)、非常小的中子俘獲截面和大的散射截面，將選擇限制于很少的材料之間。 The requirements of the moderator for a thermal reactor, namely low mass number, very low neutron capture cross-section and high scattering cross-section, limit

17、the choice to only a few materials. 將水在動力反應堆中用作慢化劑的主要問題與其不適宜的熱力學性質(zhì)有關(guān)。 The main problem associated with the use of water as moderator in a power reactor concerns its rather unfavorable thermodynamic characteristics. 重水大部分物理性質(zhì)和熱力學性質(zhì)與水相似。 Heavy water is similar to water in its most of physical and ther

18、modynamic properties. 一些氣體冷卻劑由于這樣或那樣的原因可被排除在考慮范圍之外。 Some gaseous coolants can be eliminated from consideration for one reason or another. 氦是惰性的，有良好的熱力學性質(zhì)，不存在放射性危險，所以它可被認為是理想的氣體反應堆冷卻劑. Helium is inert, has good thermodynamic properties and does not pose a radioactive hazard, so it might be regarded a

19、s the ideal gaseous reactor coolant. 燃料包殼材料需要非常低中子俘獲截面、良好的熱導率和高溫下良好的強度以經(jīng)受熱應力，燃料解體和包殼內(nèi)部裂變產(chǎn)物氣體壓力的累積。 The fuel cladding materials require a very low neutron capture cross-section, good thermal conductivity and good strength at high temperature to resist thermal stresses, deformation of fuel and buildup

20、 of fission product gas pressure inside the cladding.第五課詞匯： self-sustaining自持式 chain reaction鏈式反應 explosive爆炸的 depend on依據(jù)，依靠 concentration濃縮，濃度 more dense than比更密集、濃厚 lie(lies, lay, lain, lying) in The secret that capitalists exploit labor lies in surplus value. lie to(lies, lied, lied, lying) argu

21、ment爭論，辯論，論據(jù) use sth up/ use up sth 用盡 enriched uranium ； depleted uranium breeding ratio 增殖率 fraction 小部分 a fraction of subdivide 細分 subdivide into練習： 一個穩(wěn)定自持鏈式反應的必要條件是一次裂變產(chǎn)生的中子之一會導致第二次裂變，從中產(chǎn)生的一個中子繼續(xù)導致第三次裂變，余此類推。 The condition that is necessary to a stable, self-sustain chain reaction is that one of

22、 the neutrons produced in one fission proceeds to cause the second fission from which one neutron goes on to cause the third one, and so on. 下面簡單的論證說明了這個觀點。 The following simplified argument illustrate this point. 如果增殖系數(shù)遠小于1，則只有一小于部分可利用的鈾被用掉。 If breeding ratio is much less than 1, only a fraction of

23、 the available uranium is used up. 相似的利用了Th232-U233的增殖過程的想法應用于反應堆， Similar ideas apply to reactors making use of 232Th-233U breeding process. 在即為增殖又為動力生產(chǎn)設(shè)計的反應堆里，其堆芯可以被細分為兩個區(qū)域。 In reactors designed for breeding as well as power production, the core may be subdivided into two regions.第六課詞匯： Withstand抗

24、拒，忍受 Erosion腐蝕 Vacant真空 Fabrication制造 phenomenon/phenomena現(xiàn)象 yield生產(chǎn) entitle/name/call命名 consumption 消費、消耗量練習： 動力反應堆被設(shè)計成能經(jīng)受高溫效應、流動的冷卻劑腐蝕和核輻射。 The power reactor is designed to withstand the effect of high temperature, erosion by moving coolant and nuclear radiation. 首要的和最重要的考慮是能量的產(chǎn)生，它和燃料的消耗直接相關(guān)。 The

25、first and most important consideration is energy production, which is directly relation to fuel consumption. 反應堆通過控制棒位置的調(diào)節(jié)被引入滿功率和運行溫度和壓力（的狀態(tài)）。 The reactor is brought to full power and operating temperature and pressure by control rod position adjustments. 既然在一年的運行循環(huán)之中不能再加入燃料，那么那些需要被消耗的燃料一開始就必須被裝入。 S

26、ince no fuel is added during the operating cycle of the order of a year, the amount to be burned must be installed at the beginning.第七課詞匯： Conduction傳導, convection對流, radiation熱輻射 Conductivity 傳導率 impart sth to sb向某人傳授 把分給某人 convert A to B 把A轉(zhuǎn)換成B transmit傳送，傳達 in the vicinity of/near在附近，接近，大約 bear i

27、n mind 記住 nucleate boiling核態(tài)沸騰 film boiling膜態(tài)沸騰 subcooled boiling過冷沸騰 gradient 梯度 thermohydraulic 熱工水力學 the rate of heat flow 熱流率 slop of temperature 溫度的斜率 temperature gradient 溫度梯度練習： 對流致冷取決于許多因素，諸如流速，流動通道的形狀和大小，冷卻劑的熱學性質(zhì)，換熱面積和表面與冷卻劑的溫差。 Convective cooling depends on many factors such as fluid speed

28、, the size and shape of flow passage, the thermal properties of the coolant, as well as the area exposed and the temperature difference between surface and coolant. 熱，作為一種能量形式，有三種傳遞方式：熱傳導，熱對流和熱輻射。 Heat, as one form of energy, is transmitted by three methodsconduction, convection and radiation. 熱流率與溫

29、度的斜率，也就是溫度梯度成正比。 The rate of heat flow is proportional to the slop of temperature, i.e. the temperature gradient.第十課詞匯：ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC)： ASME 鍋爐與壓力容器規(guī)范Core support barrel：A circular cylinder, including a external ring flange at the top, supports the lower support structure

30、.堆芯吊籃Austenitic stainless steel奧氏體不銹鋼Nil-ductility transition temperature脆性轉(zhuǎn)變溫度Charpy impact test 擺錘沖擊實驗Threshold detector 閾探測器練習：1. What is the reactor vessel comprised of? The reactor vessel system is comprised of the reactor vessel assembly, supports, level indication and surveillance specimens.2

31、. Describe the structure of the reactor vessel.The reactor vessel is a large cylindrical vessel which serves to contain and support the core and internals (堆內(nèi)構(gòu)件).3. What does the reactor vessel assembly consist of?The reactor vessel assembly consists mainly of a removable hemispheric upper closure h

32、ead(半球形上封頭), a vessel flange(容器法蘭), three shell section(upper, inter-mediate and lower) and a hemispheric bottom head(底封頭).4. Whats the relationship of the reactor vessel flange, core barrel and the reactor fuel?The vessel flange is a forged ring with a machined ledge on the inside surface to suppor

33、t the core barrel(堆芯吊籃), which in turn supports the reactor internals and the core. The reactor fuel is supported by the core barrel。5. How to monitor the water level within the reactor vessel? The water level within the reactor vessel for the system 80+ design is monitor using inadequate core cooli

34、ng monitoring system (ICCMS, 堆芯冷卻監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)) and Shutdown Reactor Coolant Level Monitor(SRCLM, 停堆冷卻劑水位監(jiān)測).ICCMS servers to monitor vessel temperature and water level inventory continuously during normal, Loss of Coolant Accident (LOCA, 冷卻劑流失事故) and post-LOCA.SRCLM servers to monitor the water level in the

35、 reactor vessel during refueling operation.6.What factors influence the cooldwon time from operating temperature to refueling temperature? This duration is dictated solely by the rate of change of decay heat generation, and the capacity of the shutdown cooling system.( Plant heatup rate is limited b

36、y the heat input from the pumps.)7. How to test the reactor vessel material and Why to test?Surveillance specimens are provided for preirradiation testing(輻照前測試) to establish the baseline properties, and for irradiation exposure(輻照) within the reactor to determine the changes which occur in these pr

37、operties as a result of neutron irradiation(中子輻照).Pre-irradiation testing：Standard and pre-crack charpy impact specimens(標準的和斷裂前的擺錘沖擊樣品) ; Drop weight specimens (落錘樣品) ; Tensile and compact tension specimens (拉伸及緊湊拉伸樣品).8. Please list the materials investigated?9. Please list the functions of the re

38、actor vessel internals?Providing the structure support for the core and fuel located within the reactor vessel ;Guiding the primary coolant through the core ;Providing for the alignment of the core with the CEAs, CEMDs, and instrumentation ;Serving as a shield to protect the reactor vessel from radi

39、ation damage.10. What does the reactor vessel internals consist of?Core support barrel assembly and Upper guide structure assembly11. Please list the components of the core support barrel. It consists of the core support barrel, the lower support structure, snubbers (緩沖器) and the core shroud assembl

40、y.第11課詞匯：Feed pump 給水泵：the pump forcing the condensate from condenser to steam generator.Pressurizer 穩(wěn)壓器Containment 安全殼：A term used in power plant to cover the pumps, heat exchangers, valves and other equipment, which accompany with the primary system.Reactor vessel 反應堆容器：The vessel in which the cor

41、e, moderator, coolant and control rods are situated.Primary coolant system 主冷卻劑系統(tǒng)Chemical shim 化學補償：Changes in reactivity or in reactor conditions are compensated for by varying the concentration of boric acid in the coolant.Hot shutdown 熱停堆ASME：American Society of Mechanical Engineers 美國機械工程師協(xié)會ANS：

42、American Nuclear Society 美國核協(xié)會Boil dry time 蒸干時間：the time of evaporating all water in the steam generator to steamThermal shock 熱沖擊練習：1. Describe the coolant circulation in the reactor vessel. The core is cooled by water which flows downward through an annulus around the core and then upward through

43、 the core, then the core is cooled. The heated water leaves the core through one of several pipes, each of which leads to a steam generator (SG).The cooled water leaving the steam generator is returned to the core by a large coolant pump, and the steam produced flows to a turbine (汽輪機) , which drive

44、s the electrical generator.2. Whats the function of the control rod?Control rods are provided to control the nuclear reaction, to change power level, and to shut the reactor down。3. Whats the function of the containment?Containment structures are required now in all countries to contain potential re

45、lease of radioactivity from the plant and to protect against external natural or man-made forces such as earthquake, floods, tornadoes, tsunamis, fires and even airplane crashes.4. Whats the function of components classified into Safety class 2 to fulfill a safety function ( to shutdown the reactor;

46、 to provide cooling for the core or the containment; to cool another safety system; to contain and control radioactivity that may be released in an accident, etc.).5. How to control the reactor power distribution and reactivity?Fuel loading patternBurnable absorber rod depletionChemical shim reactiv

47、ity controlPatterns of CEA insertion and withdrawal.（反應性引入或移出方式）6. Please list the advantages using control rod only to change operating power level?The ability to change power level using control rods only (without adjusting boron concentration) has been provided, simplifying reactivity control and

48、 reducing liquid waste processing requirement.7. What are improvements of system 80+ steam generator?Steam generators include Inconel 690（因康鎳690合金）, improved steam dryer efficiency (蒸汽干燥效率) and 17% increase in overall heat transfer area, and a 10% increase in tube plugging margin(管堵塞裕量).Steam genera

49、tors also has a 25% larger secondary feedwater inventory to extend the boil dry time (蒸干時間) and improve system response to upset condition. And the operating hot leg temperature has been reduced from 327to 324.Steam generator improvements also including larger and repositioned manways（人孔）, a standby

50、 recirculation nozzle, and a redesigned flow distribution plate（流量分配擋板）have been made to facilitate maintenance, and to maintain long term integrity.8. Please list advantages of using ring-forging.Pressure vessel is ring-forged（鍛造環(huán)）reducing the numbers of weld and overall complexity, thus reducing t

51、he fabrication time; Also eliminating concern for thermal shock（熱沖擊）.9. Please list the advantages of interior-periphery refuel strategy.reducing neutron leakage;improving fuel economy;reducing irradiation of the pressure vessel.10. How to accomplish(實現(xiàn))the reactivity insertion? CEA withdrawal;Dilut

52、ion of reactor coolant boron concentration;Reduction of reactor coolant temperature;11. What information can we find from the flux distribution?The flux distribution(注量率分布) in the reactor core is used in the calculation of other important core parameters such as peak liner heat rates (峰值線性熱率), axial

53、 power distributions, azimuthal tilts (方位角偏差) and limits to departure from nucleate boiling (DNB). （堆芯中子注量率用于計算堆芯其他重要的參數(shù)，如峰值線性熱率，軸向功率分布，（中子通量）方位角偏差以及對脫離泡核沸騰（DNB）的限制等。）第12課詞匯：Burnable absorber rod 可燃吸收棒Doppler Feedback Effect 多普勒反饋效應Spacer grid 定位格架Creep 蠕變Swelling 腫脹Reactivity worth 反應性價值Magnetic pu

54、lse welding 磁力脈沖焊練習：1. How to achieve negative reactivity in reactor?CEA insertion；Increasing reactor coolant boron concentration；Increasing reactor coolant temperature；2. What factors would influence the reactivity during normal operation?Position of CEA； coolant average temperature； coolant boron

55、concentration。3. Please list the barriers against the release of fission products. (1) The ceramic pellets operate well below the melting point, then retain most of the fission products within the structure of the fuel;(2) Hermetically sealed Zircaloy-4 cladding tube contains the released fission pr

56、oducts.4. Describe the reactor core configuration simply.The reactor core consists of an array of mechanically identical fuel assemblies in an arrangement that approximates a right circular cylinder. The core is comprised of : control element assemblies, in-core instrumentation assemblies, neutron sources and reactor internals.There are no internal shrouds or channels, then simplifies the reactor design and permits flexibility in fuel arrangement.5. Why does the structure materials in active core zone use zircaloy? All of the structural materials in the active core zone, including the CE