英語語法 介詞與介詞詞組.ppt_第1頁
英語語法 介詞與介詞詞組.ppt_第2頁
英語語法 介詞與介詞詞組.ppt_第3頁
英語語法 介詞與介詞詞組.ppt_第4頁
英語語法 介詞與介詞詞組.ppt_第5頁
已閱讀5頁,還剩35頁未讀, 繼續(xù)免費閱讀

下載本文檔

版權說明:本文檔由用戶提供并上傳,收益歸屬內(nèi)容提供方,若內(nèi)容存在侵權,請進行舉報或認領

文檔簡介

1、介詞與介詞詞組,主要內(nèi)容,1 介詞的定義和用法 2 介詞的種類 3 介詞短語及其功能 4 介詞兼作副詞和連詞 5 介詞與其他詞類的搭配 6 介詞的后置 7 介詞的省略,介詞的定義和用法,介詞(preposition),又叫做前置詞,一般置于名詞之前。它是一種虛詞,一般不重讀,在句中不單獨作任何句子成分,只表示氣候的名次或相當于名次的詞語與其他句子成分的關系 介詞后面的名次或相當于名次的詞語叫做介詞短語??勺鹘樵~賓語的詞語通常有: 1 、名次或名詞性從句,如: He lives near the institute. 他住在學院附近,2、代詞,如: I am angry with him. 我生

2、他的氣 3、動名詞或動名次短語,如: I have an idea for solving this problem. 我只有一個解決這個問題的想法。 4、不定式(只限于介詞but和except),如: I could do nothing but just sit there and hope 我除了坐等別無他法 I can do nothing for them except to send them money. 我除了給他們寄錢以外,什么也不能幫他們。,5、數(shù)詞,如: Four from seven leaves three. 7減4余3。 6、形容詞,如: I know it fro

3、m old. 我早就知道它。 7、副詞,如: I cant stay for long. 我不能久待。 英語中的介詞相當于漢語中的動詞,如: Are you for it or against it?你是贊成還是反對?(介詞for相當于“贊成”,介詞against相當于“反對”。),介詞的種類 一.介詞可按其構(gòu)成分為: 1、簡單介詞(simple preposition),即單一介詞,如at in of since 等 2、復合介詞(compound preposition),由兩個介詞組成,如as for, as to, into等 3、二重介詞(double preposition),由兩

4、個介詞搭配而成,但沒有復合介詞那樣固定,如form under,form behind,until after等。,4、短語介詞(phrasal preposition),由短語構(gòu)成,如:because of,in spite of 等 5、分詞介詞(participle preposition),由現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成,如:regarding ,concerning ,including等 二. 介詞還可以按其詞義分為常見的下列幾種: 1)表地點(包括動向)。如:about,above,before ,behind,down,from,in,near,through,under,with等 2)表時

5、間,如after,before,since,till,towards,within等 3)表除去,如:besides,but,except等 4)表比較,如:as,like,above,over等 5)表反對,如:against,with等,6)表原因、目的,如:to ,with ,form等 7)表結(jié)果,如:to,with,without等 8)表手段、方式,如:by ,in, with等 9)表所屬,如:of,with等 10)表條件,如:on,without,considering等 11)表讓步,如:despite,in spite of,notwithstanding等 12)表關于

6、,如:about,concerning,regarding等 13)表對于,如:to,for,over,at等 14)表根據(jù),如:on,according to等 15)表其他,如:for(贊成),without(沒有)等,介詞短語及其功能,介詞和介詞賓語一起構(gòu)成介詞短語(prepositional phrase)。介詞短語在句中可用作: 1、主語:如: Form Beijing to Tianjin is two hours by train. 從北京到天津坐火車只需二小時。 2、表語:如: She looks like an actress. 她像演員。 3)賓語:如: Ill give

7、you until tomorrow. 我給你的期限到明天 4)定語:如: A friend in need is a friend indeed,患難見真情。 5)狀語,如: Dona covered her face with her hand as if swooning,多娜用手捂著臉,好像要暈過去 6)補語,如: As a scientist,he was dedicated to the truth.作為一個科學家,他獻身于追求真理(主語補語),介詞兼作副詞和連詞,有一些介詞可兼作副詞,這種介詞亦可稱作小品詞(particle),試比較: 1、(1)My mother is in

8、the house. 我的母親在屋里(介詞) (2)Is there anybody in? 里面有人嗎?(副詞) 2、(1)The programmer is over。這個節(jié)目播完了。(副詞) ( 2)The programmer was broadcast over the radio.這個節(jié)目是通過電臺廣播的。(介詞),請注意下面兩句中的與介詞形式相同的副詞 3、(1)He turned over the book.他翻過書頁(over在此是介詞,與turned組成短語動詞) (2)Ive put on weight.我體重增加了。(on在此是介詞,與put組成短語動詞) 請注意下面兩

9、句中的與副詞形式相同的介詞: 4、(1)The boat moved slowly down the river,那船沿河緩緩而下。(down在此是介詞) (2)He climbed up the tree.他爬上了樹(up在此是介詞) 5.還有少數(shù)介詞可以兼作連詞,如:after before since till(until)等,如: (1)The ball goes up very high after it hits the ground. 這球著地后蹦得很高, (2)It will not be long before they come back.他們不久就回來。 (3)I can

10、t make you out .Youre so changed since last we met .我不認識你了。自從上次見面后,你可變多了。 (4)Will you be all right until I get back?在我回來之前你會一切都好嗎?,介詞與其他詞類的搭配,由于英語名詞的格的形態(tài)變化逐漸減少,因而介詞與名詞及其他此類的搭配關系與愈加重要。這種搭配,有許多已變成習慣,需要一一牢記。 1)與名詞的搭配,有的與后面的名詞搭配,如: at home by the door in the city on Sunday in 1921 with care for good acr

11、oss the country 有的與前面的名詞搭配,如: attention to contribution to desire for devotion to independence of interest of love for objection to persistence in sympathy with,2)與動詞的搭配,如:account for aim at amount to begin with depart from die of lead to object to offend against specialize in (1) 動詞+介詞:Eating too m

12、uch often results in sickness. (2) 動詞+賓語+介詞:They substituted papermoney for gold. 上述搭配中的賓語可按語義意圖加以改變。但在詞組動詞結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞不能隨意改變。例如: You should make good use of this opportunity, for it may not occur again. (3) 動詞+副詞小品詞+介詞:I dont wish to break in on your thoughts.,3) 介詞與形容詞的搭配 ,如: independent of獨立的 ignorant

13、of不知道的 tired of厭倦的 afraid of害怕 sick of 厭惡的 short of短缺 indifferent to冷漠的 devoted to專心于 addicted to沉迷于 partial to偏愛 superior to優(yōu)于 equal to與平等 注:(1)詞根或詞源相同的名詞、動詞和形容詞多共用一個介詞,如: sympathy/sympathize/sympathetic +with 同情 object/objection +to 反對 popular/popularity +with 受歡迎,但也有例外,如: equal to equality with 與

14、相等 married to marriage with 同結(jié)婚 (2) 同一個形容詞與不同的介詞搭配可表示不同的意義。例如: (be) angry with對某人生氣 (be) angry at about 因某事生氣 (be) familiar with對熟悉 (be) familiar to為所熟悉 (be) good at善于 (be) good for對有益 (be) good to對友好 但有時區(qū)別并不大,如friendly with(或to),popular with(或among), originate in(或from)等?,F(xiàn)在就連die of 與die from 的區(qū)別也似乎

15、不甚明顯了。,介詞的后置,前已說過,介詞一般放在名詞之前,但在下列情況下,則常后置(常在全句或分句或從句之末): 1)介詞賓語為疑問詞時。如: What are you talking about? 在間接疑問句和感嘆句中介詞亦可后置。如: I dont know what you are talking about. (間接疑問句) What a jolly mess I am in!(感嘆句) 2)介詞賓語為關系代詞或縮合連接代詞時。如: Do you remember the book which the teacher referred us to? Thats what he is

16、talking about.,注:在正式文體中,介詞亦可放在疑問詞、關系代詞、連接代詞之前。如: With whom did you go? This is the book from which I got the story. From what I hear , he is a good swimmer. (from what I hear 是一固定詞組,from須置于what之前) 3)在其它情況下。如: “Theres nothing to be afraid of,” Mother said. It is a fact that here I could not find one

17、garbage can to throw trash in. Ill try to get it over with as quickly as possible.,介詞的省略,現(xiàn)代英語在某些情況下看來有一種省略介詞的趨勢。 1)省去as,如: I consider him an expert. (him 之后省去as ,現(xiàn)在一般認為不應用as) 2)省去at,如: What time did you arrive home? (what 前省去at) 3)省去by,如: I sent the letter airmail. (airmail前省去by) 4)省去from,如: Cant yo

18、u stop the child getting into mischief? (getting 前省去from) 5)省去in,如: I had started a schoolboy diary the same year I entered the Latin School, in 1928.(the same year 前省去in),有些動名詞之前常省去in,如: I have been some time answering this question. (answering前省去in) He showed his appreciation for her assistance he

19、lping him practice English. (helping前省去in) 6)省去of,如: What color is it? (what 前省去of) He plunged out the doors. (out =out of) 7)省去on,如: He meant to go hunting. (hunting前省去on.現(xiàn)也有人認為go是連系動詞,hunting是表語) 8)省去to,如: He never failed to show the traditional respect due Prof. Lin .(due后省去to),9)在列舉一系列名詞時,介詞可省去,

20、以免重復,如: When youre lying without moving, you suddenly get an itch on the shoulder, the head, the back. (the head 與the back 前省去on) 但在下面句子中由于強調(diào)介詞of,故須重復: He was guilty of vanity, of several meannesses. 下面一句中連詞and前后的介詞不同,故一般皆不可省略: Dr. Sun has agreed to be an adviser to and member of the board of the co

21、llege. 注:在某些現(xiàn)成說法中,介詞的賓語亦可省略。如: Have you put the kettle on? (介詞on 后省去the fire) When do you go off? (介詞off后省去duty),補充,幾組近義介詞的比較 1. 表示時間的介詞 (1) at , on, in at表示“時間的一點”或“較短暫的時間”,如 (時刻)幾點幾分、黎明、中午、日出、日落等。例如: They arrived home at 10 p.m. At what time will you have an interview this afternoon? on表示“日期”,“每星期

22、的各天”,“特定的早晚、日間、上下午”等。例如: He was born on June 10th, 1970. On Friday she will fly to Tokyo. On the morning after his arrival he went to visit her. We hung our socks in front of the fireplace on Christmas Eve. in表示“較長的一段時間”,意為“在的時候”,常表示世紀、朝代、時代、年、季節(jié)、月、及一般(非特定)的上下午、晚間或“時間以后”等。例如: They came to Australia

23、in the 1960s. A sports meet will be held in March. She usually goes shopping in the morning. You should be in charge of the case in my absence. The dinner will be ready in 15 minutes.,(2) for , since, by, for表示“某一動作持續(xù)的時間長度”。例如: I stayed in London for two days on my way to New York. We havent seen ea

24、ch other for a long time. since表示“從某具體時間開始,一直持續(xù)到(說話)的時刻”。常作完成時態(tài)謂語的時間狀語。例如: I have been waiting here since this morning. He has worked here since 1990. by表示“到的時候”。動作動詞常用完成時態(tài);狀態(tài)動詞(如be)常用一般時態(tài)。比較: We will have finished the report by nine oclock in the evening. By noon, everybody will be in this room for

25、 a break.,(3) till , until 這一對介詞意思一樣,在肯定句中意思為“直到的時候”。例如: He waited till (until) 8 oclock. 在否定句中意思為“直到才”。例如: Until now I know nothing about it. Jack didnt arrive at the airport until about 12 oclock.,2. 表示地點、位置的介詞 (1) at , in, at表示在一點上,或籠統(tǒng)地指一個地方,即把某個地方作為一個點來看待。例如: The car pulled up right at the gate.

26、 She lives at No. 70 Hazel Avenue. in表示大地方,在某物、某范圍內(nèi),或泛指較具體的位置。例如: Soon they will arrive in the city they have longed for a long time. There is some wine left in the bottle.,(2) on , over, above on指“在平面上”,表示與某物有接觸。例如: There is a color TV set on the desk. The children are seated on the grass. over指“在上

27、方”,表示不與表面接觸的垂直的懸空位置,意為“高于正上方”。例如: The plane is flying over the village. There is a lamp over the table. above指“在上方”,表示不與表面接觸且不垂直的上方。例如: The water came above our knees. The plane is flying above the clouds.,(3) between , among between表示“在兩者之間”。例如: My sister was sitting between my mother and me. Can y

28、ou show me the difference between the two words? 有時between也可指三個以上的人或物。這時,它表示講話者分別看待某件東西周圍的物體并強調(diào)“相互”關系。例如: It was a treaty between four nations. 這是一個四國之間的條約。 There was a race between the five ships. 這五艘船之間進行了一場比賽。 Switzerland lies between Italy, France, Austria and Germany. 瑞士位于意大利、法國、奧地利和德國之間。 among

29、表示“在兩者以上不確指的人或物之間”。例如: The film star stood among many reporters. The presents were distributed among the students. They visited the famous temple among the hills.,3. 表示空間運動的介詞 across , through across表示在一個平面上橫穿過,意為“從一邊到另一邊”;也可強調(diào)“橫過”,或“在的另一邊”。例如: The old man went across the road to greet his friend. W

30、e shall soon be across the Channel. There is a magnificent bridge across the river. The popular music group will give performance across the country. through表示從某物內(nèi)部或三維空間中穿過,從一頭到另一頭。例如: The burglar got in through the window. The doctor pushed his way through the crowd to get to the injured man. He wa

31、s running through the streets.,4. 表示工具、方法、手段的介詞 :with, by, through with表示所使用的具體工具或手段, 也可引出抽象的行為者(如情感、狀態(tài)等) ,還可以表示材料。例如: Wood is often cut with a saw. We should face the dilemma with great courage. The road is paved with stone. by表示相對籠統(tǒng)、抽象的途徑或手段,意為“憑,靠,以”。例如: Babies learn to speak by imitation. We can

32、 improve our reading ability by reading a lot. By working hard he gained rapid promotion. 注意在下列表達中,表示途徑,方式的介詞by其后名詞不帶冠詞。 Those Turkish blankets are all made by hand. The secretary told us the news by telephone. My daughter goes to school by bus. through也表示途徑, 手段。與by的意義較接近,常與by換用。例如: The book was sen

33、t to her through / by post. He gained success through / by painstaking efforts.,5. 表示“除了以外”的介詞 besides , except, except for, but, apart from besides表示“除以外”,意為將其包括在內(nèi),相當于in addition to。例如: Besides English, they also studied math, physics and chemistry in the middle school. Besides exercises on the tex

34、tbook, you have to do more. except指“除外,(其余)都”, 表示沒有將其包括在內(nèi)。常與“all, every, no, none, nothing”等含有整體肯定或否定意義的詞連用。與except連用的整體詞和except 所跟的詞常常是同類的。例如: He answered all the questions except the last one. I understand everything except why she killed her husband. We go to work every day except Sunday.,Except

35、for也表示“除之外”,但是和except不同的是,與except for連用的整體詞與except for所跟的詞往往不是同類的,是指整體中除去一個細節(jié)。例如: Your composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes. Except for an old lady, the bus was empty. but表示“除以外,(其余都或都不)”, 和except的用法相同并?;Q。例如: There is no one here but / except me. Last night, I did nothing but / ex

36、cept watch TV. The enemy had no choice but / except to surrender. apart from表示“除以外”。根據(jù)上、下文的不同,它既可用作besides, 也可用作except 和except for例如: Apart from them, I had no one to talk to. (= except) Apart from other considerations, time is also a factor. (= besides) It is a piece of good work apart from a few s

37、light faults. (= except for),牛刀小試,1.It is useful to be able to predict the extent _which a price change will affect supply and demand. A) from B) with C) to D) for. 2. By 1929, Mickey Mouse was as popular _ children as Coca-Cola. A) for B) in C) to D) with 3. Cancer is second only _ heart disease as

38、 a cause of death. A) of B) to C) with D) from 4. He will agree to do what you require _ him. A) of C) to B) from D) for 5. I was _ the point of telephoning him when his letter arrived. A) in B) to C) at D) on,6. The survival of civilization as we know is _ threat. A) within B) under C) towards D) u

39、pon 7. Finding a job in such a big company has always been _ his wildest dreams. A) under B) over C) above D) beyond 8. I was wandering _a the streets when I caught sight of a tailors shop. A) across B) through C) by D) past,9. Our bus drove _the Great Hall of the People. A) across B) through C) pas

40、t D) over 10. The teacher is busy _ teaching. A) with B) for C) on D) of 11. The teacher is busy _ correcting papers. A) for B) in C) on D) of,答案及詳解,1.空格后是一個定語從句,修飾主語中的名詞extent。空格重要求填入一個介詞,與extent組成短語,修飾謂語動詞affect,表示程度。全句意思是:“能預測物價變動對供求的影響程度,會是很有用的”。extent前要用介詞to。 From, with, 以及for 都不能與extent連用表示程度,

41、 所以答案是C。 2.本題考核形容詞popular的介詞搭配。全句的意思是:“到了1929年,米老鼠和可口可樂一樣,受到孩子們的歡迎。”形容詞popular后面可接介詞with或among,意思是“廣受歡迎的”。因此,答案是D) with。介詞in在這類句子中可表示“受歡迎的范圍”,但不能用in somebody。to有時可以表示“對于來說”,但不能與形容詞popular搭配。介詞for一般表示事物發(fā)生的原因,與全句意思不符合。 3. Second在句中作形容詞,表示次于的時,要后接介詞to,構(gòu)成詞組be second (only)to sth or sb。答案是B。,4.本題主要考核動詞re

42、quire與介詞搭配的用法。require something of somebody表示“要求某人做某事”。因此答案是A)。require后面不能接介詞to。require后面接介詞from可以表示“向某人要某物”,不能表示“要求某人做某事”。require后面接介詞for時表示“為了”或“供之用”,也不能表示“要求某人做某事”。因此都是錯誤的。 5.答案是D) on。on the point of doing 是固定詞組,意思是“正要、打算”。全句的意思是:“當他的信到的時候我正要打電話給他”。 6.全句意思是:“當今人類文明的生存正在受到威脅”。在4個選項中,只有B) under表示“在

43、情況下”或“遭到”。is under threat相當于is experiencing threat。所以答案是B) under。within的意思是“在里面、在以內(nèi)”。towards的意思是“向、對”。upon可以表示“在后立即”,但是不能與threat搭配表示“遭到”之意。 7.全句意思:“能在這么大的公司找到一份工作一直是他不敢想象的事”??崭裰械慕樵~要與his wildest dreams構(gòu)成介詞短語作句子的標語。答案是D) beyond,意為“超出”,相當于outside the range or limits of someone or something。其它的三個介詞都不能和d

44、reams搭配表示“超出”之意。,8.A這句話的意思是“當一個裁縫店在我眼前出現(xiàn)時,我想穿街過去” across street穿過街道的固定搭配。through一般用于穿過某種建筑物內(nèi)部。 9.C解釋:我們的巴士駛過人民大會堂。經(jīng)過某種建筑物,用past. 10.A解釋:這個老師忙于教書。be busy with sth.這里的教書是指一件事情,是名詞詞性。 11.B解釋:be busy in doing sth.正忙于(做)某事的固定搭配。 這個老師忙于改試卷。改試卷是一種正在進行的動作。,同學們的問題,關于below與under,above與over 1、關于below與under: 理解這兩個詞不同的最好方法,就是把它們與above和over來進行類比。其實below是above的反義詞,under是over的反義詞,下面先看兩個介詞的相同之處: 在表示數(shù)量或程度不同時,即“在限度以下”或“在數(shù)目

溫馨提示

  • 1. 本站所有資源如無特殊說明,都需要本地電腦安裝OFFICE2007和PDF閱讀器。圖紙軟件為CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.壓縮文件請下載最新的WinRAR軟件解壓。
  • 2. 本站的文檔不包含任何第三方提供的附件圖紙等,如果需要附件,請聯(lián)系上傳者。文件的所有權益歸上傳用戶所有。
  • 3. 本站RAR壓縮包中若帶圖紙,網(wǎng)頁內(nèi)容里面會有圖紙預覽,若沒有圖紙預覽就沒有圖紙。
  • 4. 未經(jīng)權益所有人同意不得將文件中的內(nèi)容挪作商業(yè)或盈利用途。
  • 5. 人人文庫網(wǎng)僅提供信息存儲空間,僅對用戶上傳內(nèi)容的表現(xiàn)方式做保護處理,對用戶上傳分享的文檔內(nèi)容本身不做任何修改或編輯,并不能對任何下載內(nèi)容負責。
  • 6. 下載文件中如有侵權或不適當內(nèi)容,請與我們聯(lián)系,我們立即糾正。
  • 7. 本站不保證下載資源的準確性、安全性和完整性, 同時也不承擔用戶因使用這些下載資源對自己和他人造成任何形式的傷害或損失。

評論

0/150

提交評論