非謂語動詞用法總結(jié)

1、非謂語動詞用法總結(jié)非謂語動詞是歷年高考英語的重要考點之一，同時也是較難掌握的難點之一。它貫穿于英語學習和考試過程的始終。但是，只要認真分析、透徹理解、看透本質(zhì)、準確把握，就一定能在高考中運籌帷幄，游刃有余。一非謂語動詞區(qū)別簡表 類別區(qū)別to dodoingdone含義主動被動同位或?qū)碇鲃踊颍ㄕ冢┻M行被動或完成成分（名詞）主語、賓語、表語（不定式）定語、狀語、補語（動名詞）主語、賓語、表語、定語（表用途）(現(xiàn)在分詞)定語、狀語、補語（過去分詞）作定語、狀語、補語、表語（多表狀態(tài)）否定（not）to do(not)doing(not)done時態(tài)一般：to do進行：to be doing完成

2、：to have done一般：doing進行：本身完成：having done（只作狀語）一般：done進行：無完成：本身 語態(tài)一般被動：to be done 進行被動：to be being done完成被動：to have been done一般被動:being done 進行被動：being done完成被動： having been done本身作用作目的狀語、條件狀語、原因狀語、結(jié)果狀語 作時間狀語、條件狀語、原因狀語、結(jié)果狀語、方式狀語、伴隨狀語、讓步狀語作時間狀語、條件狀語、原因狀語、方式狀語、伴隨狀語、讓步狀語二不定式的用法 不定式不可作謂語，但它可以有自己的賓語、狀語，構(gòu)成

3、不定式短語，在句中可以作主語、賓語、表語、定語（表用途）、狀語或補足語。高考對不定式的考查主要有不定式的時態(tài)、語態(tài)、作用、否定、省略、連詞不定式等。作主語不定式作主語表示具體的動作，通常指一件已知的事或目的。不定式作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。 eg:To say is a thing,to do is another.(說是一回事，做是另外一回事。)（2）不定式短語較長時，通常放在謂語之后，用it作形式主語。eg:It is important to learn English well.(學好英語是重要的。) It is necessary for us to do the job well.

4、(我們做好這項工作是必要的。)It is a great honor to be invited to give a speech here.(被邀請在這兒發(fā)表演講是一個極大的榮幸。)2.作賓語（1）常只用不定式作賓語的動詞有：want,wish,hope,long,expect,desire,intend,decide,ask,promise,aim,offer,agree,plan,learn,choose,refuse,fail,manage,pretend等。 eg:He refused to help me.(他拒絕幫助我.)She has agreed to come tomorr

5、ow.(他已同意明天來.)(2) 不定式較長時，作賓語，也可用it代替，放在后面。 eg;I find it difficult to do the job well.(3) “特殊疑問詞不定式to do結(jié)構(gòu)”具有名詞特征，可作賓語。eg:She didnt know whether to go or not. They havent decided when and where to build the school.（4）不定式可作介but,except,besides(除之外)的賓語，介詞前有實義動詞do的任何一種形式，后邊的不定式就無to,否則必帶to。eg:I want to do

6、nothing but play the computer games。 I have no choice but to wait。3.動詞不定式作表語（1）不定式作表語放在be和其他系動詞后，說明主語的內(nèi)容。同樣，“特殊疑問詞不定式”具有名詞特征，也可作表語。eg:My job is to sweep the floor. His goal was to enter the key university of Beijing.The first question is how to find a better way to learn English well. (2)不定式作主語時，表語也

7、必須為不定式，結(jié)構(gòu)必須保持一致。eg:To see is to believe.(3)如果主語部分的謂語動詞或非謂語動詞是實義動詞do的某種形式，那么作表語的不定式可以省去to.eg:The first thing to do is find her. The only thing he could do was tell the truth.4.不定式作定語不定式作定語常放在所修飾的名詞或代詞后。eg:I have something important to tell you.(不定式與被修飾名詞構(gòu)成被動關(guān)系。) His wish to an artist has never come t

8、rue.( 不定式與被修飾名詞構(gòu)成同位關(guān)系。) He is the right man to do the job. ( 不定式與被修飾名詞構(gòu)成主動關(guān)系。) The little girl was unhappy because she had no friends toplay with. ( 不定式與被修飾名詞構(gòu)成主動關(guān)系。)（注：若不定式為不及物動詞，其后須加上相應的介詞。)5.不定式作狀語不定式作狀語主要是表示目的、條件、原因和結(jié)果，可位于句首或句末，但句首時通常用逗號隔開。eg:We set off early that morning to catch the first bus.

9、（目的） To get a good result,she worked very hard.（目的） I feel it an honor to be invited to the party.(條件) She was very happy to get the first prize.(原因) He worked hard only to fail.(結(jié)果)(注：1.不定式常用在so as 或in order后,與它們一起作謂語，表示目的，但so as引起的不定式不可置于句首。eg:In order to avoid mistakes,check your homework. 2.不定式表

10、目的常和only連用，往往表示出乎意料的意想不到的不愿得到的結(jié)果。eg:He hurried to the station only to find the train had left.)3“形容詞enough不定式”和“too形容詞或副詞（不表情感）不定式” 也可作結(jié)果狀語。 eg:He is old enough to go to school. He is too weak to raise the stone.但“too表情感形容詞（pleased,ready,glad,willing,anxious等）to do”表示肯定意義，too前面可用only,but等詞修飾。eg:They

11、 were (only) too anxious to leave.(他們只是太急于離開了。) She is (only) too pleased to go home.(她非常高興可以回家了。)6.不定式作補語不定式作補語表示動作的完成。賓語與作補語的不定式之間是主動關(guān)系。（1）后接動詞不定式作賓補的常見動詞有：want,wish,expect,prefer,like,hate,ask,beg,request,require,beg,get,advise,persuade,invite,order,remind,permit,allow,send,callon,wouldlike/love,

12、arrange for,depend on等。eg:She wanted me to arrive there early. Our headmaster call on us to work hard.（2）動詞不定式可作感官動詞（五看二聽一感覺即：see,look at,watch,observe,notice，hear,listen to，feel）和使讓動詞（let,make,have等）后面的賓補時，不定式符號to要省略，但如果句子變被動結(jié)構(gòu)，必須帶to.表示動作的完成。eg:He made them climb the hill. They were made to climb t

13、he hill.(3)動詞不定式可作形容詞的補足語動詞不定式可作形容詞的補足語，句型為：(一)主語系動詞表語（adj為convenient/easy/expensive/difficult/hard/impossible/pleasent等）to do.(注：to do常用主動表被動，其中do為vt,主語為to do的賓語。)（二）主語find/think/consider/believe等賓語adjto do.(注：其中to do常用主動表被動，其中do為vt,主語為to do的賓語。)：He is easy to fool （）“特殊疑問詞不定式to do”具有名詞特征，可作賓補。(謂語動

14、詞多為show,know,teach,tell等。)eg:Ill tell you how to get there7不定式作評注性狀語或插入語不定式可以作評注性狀語或插入語,放在句子前面、中間或末尾。常見的有to be frank,to be honest,to tell the truth,to begin with，to start with,to be short等。eg:To begin with,I thinkyou are wrong.三動名詞用法動名詞具有動詞和名詞的特點，有一般式和完成式，有主動式和被動式，可作主語、賓語、表語和定語.否定形式在其前面加not.（1）動名詞作主

15、語動名詞作主語表示抽象動作，指一件已知的事或經(jīng)驗。eg:Driving a car on the crowded road is boring. Reading is my hobby.（2）常只用動名詞作賓語的動詞有：admit,avoid,appreciate,consider（考慮）dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,finish,imagine,keep,mind,miss,practise,risk,resist,suggest等。eg:I cant imagine marrying her.She managed to escape being punished

16、.以下動詞詞組后面只接動名詞作賓語：give up,belong to,look forward to,keep on,insist on,be busy,get down to,be devoted to,have difficulty/trouble(in),have agood/wonderful time (in)等。eg:Im looking forward to hearing from you soon. He gave up smoking three years.(3)動名詞可作表語動名詞可作表語，一般為主語的內(nèi)容.表示一般性或習慣性的動作。在概念上可以和主語劃等號。把主語和

17、表語倒過來，句子的基本含義不變。eg:His hobby is painting.(4)動名詞可作定語動名詞可作定語，表示所修飾事物的功能或用途。eg:He often studies in the reading room.四現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞具有動詞、形容詞和副詞的特征，在句中作定語、狀語、補語和表語。1作定語現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，單個v.-ing放在被修飾的名詞前；如果短語作定語，則放在所修飾詞的后面。動詞-ing作定語和被修飾詞之間為主動關(guān)系，表示動作正在同時進行或經(jīng)常性發(fā)生。eg:the falling leavesthe leaves which are falling the risin

18、g sunthe sun which is rising I saw him go into the house facing south.2作狀語動詞-ing或其短語作狀語時，可以表示時間、條件、原因、結(jié)果、讓步、方式、伴隨等。表示時間關(guān)系的動詞-ing短語可由連詞while或when引出。eg:Hearing the news,they got excited.(時間)Having finished his homework,she was playing on the playground.(原因)Studying hard,you are sure to get the first p

19、rize.(條件)3作補語現(xiàn)在分詞作補語表示動作正在進行，賓語與作補語的現(xiàn)在分詞之間是主動關(guān)系。后面常接現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補的動詞有感官動詞（五看二聽一感覺see,look at,watch,observe,notice,hear,listen to,feel）使讓動詞（have,get）以及其他類動詞leave,keep,catch,set等。表示動作正在進行。eg:I saw them playing games on the playground yesterday. Dont leave him waiting outside the room.作表語現(xiàn)在分詞作表語相當于形容詞，常表示主語所

20、具有的特征，含有主動意味。大多數(shù)使動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞通?？勺鞅碚Z，常見的有：interesting,amusing,boring,tiring,pleasing,exciting,moving,disappointing,surpring,encouraging等。eg:His story was very moving. The speech is really boring.作評注性狀語或插入語可以作評注性狀語或插入語,放在句子前面、中間或末尾。五過去分詞過去分詞既有副詞的特征又有動詞的特征，在句中可作定語、狀語、補語、表語等成分。（1）作定語過去分詞作定語，它和被修飾詞之間是被動、完成關(guān)系，

21、單個過去分詞作定語放在前，過去分詞短語作定語放在后。其中及物動詞的過去分詞表示完成或被動概念，不及物動詞的過去分詞只表示完成概念，沒有被動的意味。eg: the risen sun the sun which has risen fallen leavesleaves which has fallen This is the house built several years ago.This is the house which was built sveral years ago.(2)作狀語過去分詞在句中作狀語，說明動作發(fā)生的背景或情況。它和被修飾詞之間是被動關(guān)系。它在句中可以作時間、條

22、件、原因、方式、讓步和伴隨狀語。eg:Tired out,they stopped to have a rest.(原因) Taken around the city,we were impressed by the citys new look. Though warned of the danger ,he still went skating on the thin ice. (3)作補語及物動詞的過去分詞作補語，和賓語之間構(gòu)成被動關(guān)系。不及物動詞的過去分詞作賓補表狀態(tài)和完成。(1)可以帶過去分詞作賓補的動詞有感官動詞（五看二聽一感覺），使役動詞have,get,make等，以及其他類動

23、keep,leave,like,want,wish等。eg:I cant get the car going. I had my leg broken last week. （4）作表語過去分詞作表語表示被動意義，主語常是人，一般用來表示感受和狀態(tài)，可以用作表語的常見的過去分詞有：astonished,delighted,disappointed,excited,experienced,exhausted,frightened,interested,puzzled,qualitied,satisfied,upset等,有些過去分詞作表語實際上已經(jīng)構(gòu)成固定短語。如：be interested i

24、n,be satisfied with,be covered with,be dressed in,be seated,be locked等。能用這些分詞作表語的系動詞有be,get,remain,stay等。eg:The door remained locked. We were greatly encouraged when we heard the speech.六非謂語動詞的獨立結(jié)構(gòu)非謂語動詞的獨立結(jié)構(gòu)為“名詞或代詞非謂語動詞” 或“with名詞/代詞非謂語動詞”。在語法上是一個獨立的短語，不是句子（即：非謂語動詞的邏輯主語與主句主語不一致，須保留之后所構(gòu)成的結(jié)構(gòu)）?？煞旁诰涫谆蚓湮?。

25、(一) 名詞或代詞非謂語動詞（1）名詞/代詞不定式名詞或代詞通常為動作的執(zhí)行者，與不定式構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，可位于句首或句末。eg:He will send me 100 first,the rest to follow in a year.(2) 名詞/代詞現(xiàn)在分詞名詞或代詞通常為現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動作的執(zhí)行者，與現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。eg:Time permiting,we finish the work.(表條件) Spring coming on,the trees turns green.(表時間)（3）名詞/代詞過去分詞名詞或代詞通常為過去分詞所表示的動作的承受者。與過去分

26、詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系或系表關(guān)系。eg: The sigal given,the bus started. Their strength exhausted,they sank down one by one.(表原因)（二）with名詞/代詞非謂語動詞（1）with名詞/代詞不定式不定式和賓語之間是被動關(guān)系，表示動作尚未發(fā)生。eg:With nothing to do,they went out for a walk.（表原因） (2)with名詞/代詞現(xiàn)在分詞賓語和動詞-ing之間是主動關(guān)系，表示的動作和謂語動詞的動作同時發(fā)生。eg:The boy slept with the light

27、 burning.（表伴隨）(3) with名詞/代詞過去分詞不定式和賓語之間是被動關(guān)系，表示動作已經(jīng)完成。eg:They stayed inside with the door locked.（表伴隨）七非謂語動詞的區(qū)別問題（一）動詞后接to do不定式還是動名詞（1）只能接to do不定式的動詞有：want,wish,hope,long,expect,desire,intend,decide,ask,promise,aim,offer,agree,plan,learn,choose,refuse,fail,manage,pretend等。（2）常只用動名詞作賓語的動詞有：admit,avo

28、id,appreciate,consider（考慮）dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,finish,imagine,keep,mind,miss(錯過),practise,risk,resist,suggest等。（3）動詞后二者都可跟，意義不同的有：forget to do sth 忘記要做某事forget doing sth 忘記做過某事regret to do sth 后悔要做某事regret doing sth 后悔做過某事go on to do sth 接著做另外一件事go on doing sth 接著做同一件事stop to do sth 停下來開始做某事s

29、top doing sth 停止做某事try to do sth 盡力做某事try doing sth 試著做某事mean to do sth 打算（意欲，企圖）做某事mean doing sth 意味著做某事cant help （to） do sth 不能幫忙做某事cant help doing sth 情不自禁地做某事 （4）動詞后二者都可跟，意義相同的有：begin,start,like,love,prefer,hate等。但是區(qū)別在于：后接動名詞時表示經(jīng)常性的動作，后接不定式時表示的是具體的特定的動作。eg:I like playing football,but I dont like

30、 play now.重點提示：在下列情況下begin和start后只接不定式：.主語是物不是人。eg:Spring came on and the snow began to melt.二者用于進行時 eg:Its begin to rain.二者后接表示心理活動或狀態(tài)的動詞。 eg:I began to realize how stupid I was.二者后接不定式的被動式。 eg:The new type of computer began to be developed in the 1980s.（二）“感官動詞賓語賓補（to do sth/doing sth）”的區(qū)別感官動詞賓語賓補

31、（to do sth）表示事實或全過程感官動詞賓語賓補（doing sth）表示片段或進行eg:The missing boys were last seen playing near the river. Did you see a pencil-box lying on the ground just now.(三)個別“使讓動詞賓語賓補”的特別詞的用法1）have賓語賓補 have賓語do“讓做某事”，不定式作賓補可以指現(xiàn)在、將來或可能發(fā)生的動作。eg:They had me repeat the message. I wont have you say such things. I w

32、ont have you blame it on me.have賓語doing “讓一直做某事”，現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補可以表示主語有意讓別人去做或無意引起某人可能去做或表示遭遇。eg:Tom tried to have her talking.But no use. I wont have you speaking to your parents like that. (注：have賓語doing 用于否定句，have有容忍之意。) Why should we have the boy standing in the corner the whole morning.have賓語done “讓被做”

33、過去分詞作賓補可表示主語有意識的行為或表示“遭遇”、“經(jīng)歷”（動作違背主語的意愿）eg:We ought to have her examined by a doctor. The old woman had her handbag stolen.2）get賓語賓補get賓語to do(have賓語do) “讓做某事”有時則是“說服或勸說某人做某事”eg:I will get the publisher to illustrate(加上插圖) the book. get賓語doing“使（靜的物體）動起來”，具有進行含義。eg:I shall soon get the machine work

34、ing.3）get賓語done“讓被做”用法與have賓語done基本相同。eg:He got his wrist broken.習題練習：1.(2009全國I)Now that weve discussed our problem,are pople happy with the decisions .A.taking B.take C.taken D.to take 2. (2009全國I)The children all turned the famous actress as she entered the classroom.A.looked at B.to look at C.to

35、 looking at D.look at3. (2009全國)They use computers to keep the traffic . smoothly.A.being run B.run C.to run D.running4.(2009北京)For breakfast he only drinks juice from fresh fruit on his own farm.A.grown B.being grown C.to be grown D.to grow5. (2009北京) twice,the postman refused to deliver our letter

36、s unless we chained our dog.A.Being bitten B.Bitten C.Having bitten D.To be bitten6.(2009湖南)Nowadays people sometimes separate their waste to make it easier for it .A.reusing B.reused C.reuses D.to be reused7.(2009陜西)I still remember to the Famen Temple and what I saw there.A.to take B.to be taken C

37、.taking D.being taken 8.(2009重慶)Michaels new house is like a huge palace, with his old one.A.comparing B.compares C.to compare D.compared9.(2009重慶)With the world changing fast,we have something new with all by ourselves every day.A.deal B.dealt C.to deal D.dealing10.(2009山東)We are invited to a party

38、in our club next Friday.A.to be held B.held C.being held D.holding11.(2009福建) not to miss the flight at 15:20,the manager got out for the airport in a hurry.A.Reminding B.Reminded C.To remind D.Having reminded12. (2009福建)In April,2009,President Hu inspectd the warships in Qingdao,the 60th anniversar

39、y of the founding of the PLA Navy.A.marking B.marked C.having marked D.being marked13.(2009安徽)The play next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture.A.produced B.being produed C.to be produced D.having been produced 14.(2009天津) by the advances in technology,many farmers have set up wind farms

40、on their land.A.Being encouraged B.Encouraging C.Encouraged D.Having encouraged15. (2009天津) the project in time,the staff were working at weekends.A.Completing B.Having completed C.To have completed D.To complete16.(2009遼寧)When we visited my old family home,memory came back.A.flooding B.to flood C.f

41、lood D.flooded 17. (2009遼寧) ,you need to give all you have and try your best.A.Being a winner B.To be a winner C.Be a winner D.Having been a winner18.(2009江蘇)Schools across China are expected to hire 50,000 college graduates this year as short-term teachers,almost three times the number hired last y

42、ear, reduce unemployment pressures.A.help B.to have helped C.to help D.having helped19. (2009浙江)There is a great deal of evidence that music activities engage different parts of the brains.A.indicate B.indicating C.to indicate D.to be indicating20.（2009浙江） ，the pay isnt attractive enough,though the

43、job itself is quite interesting.A.Generally speaking B.On the contrary C.In particular D.To be honest21.(2009四川)He told us whether a picnic was still under discussion.A.to have B.having C.have D.had22. (2009四川)Ladies and gentlemen,please remain before the plane has come to a complete stop.A.seated B

44、.seating C.to seat D.seat 23.(2009四川) many times,he finally understood.A.Told B.Telling C.Having told D.Having been told24.(2009江西) the right kind of training,these teenager soccer players may one day grow into international stars. A.Giving B.Having given C.To give D.Given25. (2009江西)The government

45、plans to bring in new laws parents to take more responsibility for the education of their children.A.forced B.forcing C.to be forced D.having forced26.（2008全國I）I like getting up very early in summer.The morning air is so good . A.to be breathed B.to breathe C.breathing D.being breathed 27（2008江蘇）The

46、y are quiet,arent they? Yes.They are accustomed at meals.A.to talk B.to not talk C.to talking D.to not talking 28.(2008江蘇)To learn English well,we should find opportunities to hear English as much as we can.A.speak B.speaking C.spoken D.to speak 29.（2008湖南） the project as planned,well have to work t

47、wo more hours a day.A.Completing B.Completed C.Completed D.To complete30.（2008遼寧）Please remain ;the winner of the prize will be announced soon.A.seating B.seated C.to seat D.to be seated31.(2008山東)Lucys new job paid twice as much as she had made in the restaurant.A.working B.work C.to work D.worked3

48、2.(2008上海)Something as simple as some cold water may clear your mind and relieve pressure.A.to drink B.drinking C.to be drinking D.drunk 33. (2008上海)Ideally for Broadway the theatres and Fifth Avenue,the New York Park hotel is a favorite with many guests.A.locating B.being located C.having been loca

49、ted D.located 34.(2008浙江) that he was in great danger,Eric walked deeper into the forest.A.Not realized B.Not to realize C.Not realizing D.Not to have realize35.(2008陜西) around the Water Cube,we were then taken to see the Birds Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games.A.Having shown B.To be shown C.Having be

50、en shown D.To show36.(2008福建) in the queue for half an hour,the old man suddenly realized he had left the cheque in the car.A.Waiting B.To wait C.Having waited D.To have waited37. (2008福建)Can those at the back of the classroom hear me.A.seat B.sit C.seated D.sat 答案解析：1.C本題主要考查“ with名詞/代詞過去分詞”的用法。不定式

51、和賓語之間是被動關(guān)系，表示動作已經(jīng)完成。2.B本題主要考查“不定式作狀語”。不定式作狀語主要是表示目的、條件、原因和結(jié)果，可位于句首或句末，但句首時通常用逗號隔開。3.D本題主要考查“現(xiàn)在分詞作補語”。后面常接現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補的動詞有感官動詞（五看二聽一感覺see,look at,watch,observe,notice/hear,listen to/feel）使讓動詞（have,get）以及其他類動詞leave,keep,catch,set等。表示動作正在進行。4.A本題主要考查”過去分詞作定語”.過去分詞短語作定語放在后，表示完成或被動概念。5.B本題主要考查“過去分詞作狀語”。過去分詞在句中作狀語，說明動作發(fā)生的背景或情況。它和被修飾詞之間是被動關(guān)系。它在句中作原因狀語。6.D本題主要考查“不定式作形式賓語”。不定式較長時，作賓語，可用it代替，