大學(xué)英語四級考試輔導(dǎo)語法（教學(xué)課件）

1、大學(xué)英語專題輔導(dǎo),專題一：重點(diǎn)語法部分,第一章 虛擬語氣,虛擬語氣是動詞的一種特殊形式，用來表示一種假設(shè)、意愿、建議、請求等不可能成為事實(shí)的情況。 1虛擬語氣用于非真實(shí)條件句 非真實(shí)條件句，往往表示一種不真實(shí)的假設(shè)。一般地，非真實(shí)條件句由連接詞If引導(dǎo)，但也可以省略，還有其它一些形式的非真實(shí)條件句。,11謂語動詞的各種形式在If引導(dǎo)的非真實(shí)條件句中，謂語動詞具有以下特殊形式：,與現(xiàn)在 從 句 did,were, V-ed 事實(shí)相反 主 句 would(should,could,might)+v. 與過去 從 句 had+V-ed/been 事實(shí)相反 主 句 would(should,could

2、, might) + have+v-ed 對未來的 從 句 were to/should+ v 虛擬推測 主 句 would(should,could,might)+v.,1.1.1.和現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的非真實(shí)條件句,這類非真實(shí)條件句表示和現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的情況。比如： -I would/should certainly go if I had the time. 如果我有時(shí)間，我一定會去的。 -If I were your father, I would criticize you more severely. 如果我是你父親，我會更嚴(yán)厲地批評你。,-How nice it would be if

3、you could stay a bit longer！ 如果你能久留些日子，那多好?。?-If I knew his address ,I would be able to write to him . 如果我知道他的地址，我就能給他寫信了。 -If he were here ,he might be able to help. 如果他在這里，他或許會幫忙的。,1.1.2.和過去事實(shí)相反的非真實(shí)條件句 這類非真實(shí)條件句表示過去未發(fā)生的事情，和過去事實(shí)相反。比如：,-If I had left a little earlier ,I would have caught the train. 如

4、果我早一點(diǎn)離開的話，我就會趕上火車了。 -The mans life might have been saved if he had been sent to a better hospital. 如果把那個(gè)人送到一家更好的醫(yī)院的話，他也許回被救活的,-I could have done better if I had been more careful. 我要是更細(xì)心一些的話，會做得更好的。 You wouldnt have caught cold if you had put on more clothes. 你如果多穿些衣服，就不會著涼了。,1.1.3.對未來事情的虛擬推測 這類非真實(shí)條

5、件句表示對未來事情的虛擬推測。-If I were to/should do it ,I would do it in a different way.,這類非真實(shí)條件句表示對未來事情的虛擬推測。 -If I were to/should do it ,I would do it in a different way. 如果我去做這事的話，我會用不同方式去做的。 -If this were to happen again , we wouldnt let you off so easily. 如果這樣的事情再次發(fā)生，我們不會如此輕易的放過你的。 -If they should dare to

6、invade our country , we would wipe them out completely. 如果他們膽敢侵略我們國家，我們會將他們?nèi)肯麥绲簟?1.1.4.省略If的非真實(shí)條件句 虛擬條件句中的連接詞if省略時(shí)，要把were, had, should移到從句的主語之前。比如:,-Were I rich (=if I were rich), I would give you some money.如果我富有的話，我會給你一些錢的。,-Had I had more time (=If I had had more time), I would have finished my

7、homework. 如果我有更多些時(shí)間，我一定已經(jīng)完成家庭作業(yè)了。 -Should he come early (=If he should come early), tell him to wait for his wife. 如果他來得早，告訴他等候他的妻子。,1.1.5.錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間非真實(shí)條件句 主句表示的動作和從句表示的動作所發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致時(shí)，動詞的形式要根據(jù)表示的時(shí)間進(jìn)行調(diào)整 ，如果從句表示過去，而主句表示現(xiàn)在，或者從句表示現(xiàn)在，而主句表示過去，可以使用混合虛擬形式.,-If she had taken the doctors advice, she wouldnt be in hos

8、pital now. 如果她聽從醫(yī)生建議的話，現(xiàn)在也就 不會住院了。,如果湯姆通過了大學(xué)考試，他現(xiàn)在就在這所大學(xué)里學(xué)習(xí)了。-If she wasnt so busy now, she might have joined us in the work. 如果她現(xiàn)在不那么忙，她或許會參加我們的工作。,-Tom would be studying at the university now if he had passed the entrance examination.,1.1.6.含蓄條件句英語中有些句子從形式上看不包含條件從句，但在意義上卻是非真實(shí)條件句，這類句子稱為含蓄條件句，這樣的句子可

9、分為三類,1.省略整個(gè)條件句 -Such mistakes could have been avoided. (省略了if we had been more careful). 這樣的錯(cuò)誤本來是能夠避免的。 -I should have caught the train. (省略了if I had left a little earlier) 我本應(yīng)該趕上火車的。,2.用介詞或介詞短語表示的非真實(shí)條件句 -But for air and water, no living thing could exist. 沒有氧氣和水，任何生物都不能生存。 -Without steel, there wou

10、ld be hardly any industry to talk about. 沒有鋼，幾乎任何工業(yè)都無從談起。 -I would have done the same in that position. 我要是處于那個(gè)位置，也會那樣做的.,3.通過上下文來表示非真實(shí)條件句 -I was ill that day, otherwise I would have come to see you. 那天我生病了，否則我就來看你了。 -You cannot do that. It would ruin your life. 你不能那樣做，那會毀了你的一生。 -Tom just gives up e

11、verything for her. Herry wouldnt be that silly. 湯姆為她放棄一切，亨利才不會那么傻呢。,1.2.虛擬語氣用于賓語從句 1.2.1.句型“wish that” 在wish后的that賓語從句中： 1.如果表示對現(xiàn)在的愿望，從句謂語要使用過去時(shí): （1）從句謂語動詞如果是be，則用were形式。 （2）從句謂語動詞如果是行為動詞，則用過去時(shí)形式。 -I wish I were a bird. 但愿我是只鳥兒。 -I wish you didnt talk like that. 但愿你沒有那樣說。,2.如果表示對將來的愿望，從句謂語動詞用 “would

12、 (could, might )+動詞原形” 的形式。 -I wish you would do the favor for me. 但愿你會幫我這個(gè)忙。 -I wish I could speak several languages. 但愿我會說好幾種語言。,3.如果表示對過去沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)或不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，從句謂語動詞用過去完成時(shí)形式“had+done/been ”形式。 -I wish you hadnt made so many spelling mistakes in the last exam. 但愿上次考試你沒出那么多拼寫錯(cuò)誤。 -I wish that I had listened

13、 to your advice. 多希望我那時(shí)聽了你的話。,1.2.2. 句型“主語+引起虛擬的動詞+含虛擬語氣的賓語從句”,1.英語中有很多表示愿望、請求、命令、建議等意義的動詞，當(dāng)它們作為謂語引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí),從句謂語必須用“(should)+動詞原形”的形式.常用的這類動詞有：,demand,insist,suggest,command, request,order,propose,desire,require, urge,maintain,deserve,recommend, intend,move,ask,prefer,advise,decide等等。 -The teacher ins

14、isted that all the students (should) be on time. 老師要求學(xué)生們準(zhǔn)時(shí)到校。 -He suggested that the regulations (should) be revised. 他建議修改規(guī)則。,The lawyer asked that the case (should ) be postponed for one month. 律師要求案子往后推遲一個(gè)月。 但是，請注意： 1. 在書面語中，should 常?？梢允÷?，在TOEFL考試中，should必須省略。,2.在動詞expect, believe, think, suspect

15、等的否定形式或疑問形式后，其賓語從句的謂語可用虛擬語氣，其形式為“should +動詞原形或完成時(shí)用來表示驚訝、困惑、懷疑、不滿等情緒。比如： -I never expected that the problem should be so complicated. 我從未想到問題會如此復(fù)雜。 -They just couldnt believe that the new stadium should be so big. 他們簡直不能相信新的體育館會如此大。 -I dont think he should have done the favor for you. 我覺得他是不會幫你忙的。,1.

16、3.虛擬語氣用于主語從句 1.3.1. 句 型 1.表達(dá)虛擬語氣的主語從句的一般形式為： It is/was +引起虛擬語氣的形容詞或過去分詞+含虛擬語氣的主語從句 2.這類主語從句常常用于表示要求、建議、命令、請求、提議等，其謂語形式往往為“（should）+動詞原形”的形式。在美國，常省略should，而在英國，則往往不省略should。,比如： -It is necessary that the machine (should) be oiled everyday. 機(jī)器必須天天上油。 -It is desired that every student (should) pass the

17、 exam. 要求每位學(xué)生都得通過考試。,1.3.2.可以引導(dǎo)這類虛擬語氣的主語從句的形容詞和過去分詞,1.一般形容詞 important, necessary natural, possible, essential, vital, appropriate, better, best, imperative, probable 等等。,It is important/ vital/ necessary/ essential that the environment (should) be protected. 2.表示驚訝、厭惡、不解等意義的形容詞：用來強(qiáng)調(diào)“驚訝”的語氣。,pity, in

18、teresting, strange, odd, amazing, astonishing,surprising,annoying,ridiculous, absurd,sorry,shocked,astonished, unthinkable, incredible 等等。,-It is amazing that he (should) finish the work so soon. -It is a pity/ interesting/ strange/ odd/ surprising/ annoying/ absurd/ ridiculous that a man like him (

19、should) make such a foolish mistake. -I am sorry/shocked/astonished that he (should) feel that way. 在這里，should用于強(qiáng)調(diào)“驚訝”的意義。,3.“特殊”形容詞，這些形容詞往往與上面所列的能引起虛擬語氣的動詞相對應(yīng)。 如：advisable, desirable, urgent, preferable 等等。 -It is desirable that the classroom (should) be cleaned in an hour. 希望教室在一個(gè)小時(shí)內(nèi)打掃干凈。 -It is a

20、dvisable that another university (should) be set up. 建立另一所大學(xué)是行得通的。,4.動詞過去分詞，這些分詞也往往與上面所列的能引起虛擬語氣的動詞相對應(yīng)。比如： desired,advised,decided,required, requested,proposed,ordered, demanded,insisted,arranged,moved, suggested等等。 It is recommended/ decided/ requested/ suggested that the rules (should) be protecte

21、d.,1.4.虛擬語氣用于狀語從句 1.4.1.由as if/though 引導(dǎo)的表語從句和方式狀 語從句 1.其謂語形式跟wish后的賓語從句中的謂語形式一樣，有如下形式： （1）如果表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，從句謂語要使用過去時(shí)，即：從句謂語動詞如果是系動詞be，則用were形式；如果是行為動詞，則用過去時(shí)形式。 （2）如果表示與過去事實(shí)相反，從句謂語用過去完成時(shí)形式“had+動詞的過去分詞”，也可用“could/would +動詞的完成時(shí)”形式。 （3）如果表示與將來事實(shí)相反，從句謂語為“would (could, might)+動詞原形”的形式。,2.舉例 -He looks as if h

22、e were ill. 他看上去仿佛病了。 -This machine operated as though it had been repaired. 這機(jī)器運(yùn)行良好，仿佛修理過一樣。 -They talked as if they had been friends for years. 他們交談起來似乎是多年的朋友一樣。 -It seems as if it were spring already. 現(xiàn)在仿佛已經(jīng)是春天了。,1.4.2.由某些連詞引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句 以下連詞可以引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句：lest, for fear that, whether等。 -He took his rain

23、coat with him lest it should rain.他隨身帶上雨衣，生怕下雨。 -We hid behind some bushes for fear that passers-by should see us. 我們躲在矮樹后，以防過路人看見。 -All matter, whether it be gas, liquid or solid, is made up of atoms. 所有物質(zhì)，無論是氣體、液體、還是固體，均由原子組成。,1.4.3. 由某些連詞引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句 1可以引導(dǎo)含有虛擬語氣的條件狀語從句的連詞有：in case(假使，說不定) unless（除非，

24、如果不）supposing（假如）providing（倘若）on condition that（如果） 2.這類條件狀語的謂語動詞可用動詞的過去時(shí)形式，也可用“（should）+動詞原形”或“may (might, could, would)+動詞原形”的形式。,3.舉例 -I will get some beer in case John should come here. 我會弄些啤酒，以便約翰來這里。 -Unless he were my friend, I should not expect his help. 如果他不是我的朋友，我不會期待他的幫助。 -Supposing he ne

25、ver came! What would you do then? 假設(shè)他不來！你們將怎么辦呢？ -Providing you had the opportunity to go abroad. Where would you go? 假若你有機(jī)會出國，你會上哪兒去？,1.4.4.由某些連詞引導(dǎo)的狀語從句 1.可以引導(dǎo)含有虛擬語氣的目的狀語從句的連詞有：in order that ; so that 2.這種目的狀語從句的謂語動詞用 “may/might 或can/could +動詞原形”形式。 1.舉例 -She listened carefully in order that she mi

26、ght discover exactly what he wanted. 她仔細(xì)聽著，以圖發(fā)現(xiàn)她真正想要的東西。 -She took the front seat so that she could/might hear more clearly. 她坐在前排以便聽得更清楚些。,1.4.5.由某些代詞或詞組引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句 1.可以引導(dǎo)含有虛擬語氣的讓步狀語從句的代詞或詞組有：wh-ever 型代詞， no matter wh-型詞組。 2.這種讓步狀語從句的謂語動詞通常用“（may）+動詞原形”的形式；若指過去的動 作，則用（may）+have done。,.舉例 -Whatever de

27、fects he may have, he is an honest man. 無論他有什么缺陷，他都是一個(gè)誠實(shí)的人。 -I wont let you in whoever you may be. 無論你是誰，我都不會讓你進(jìn)來。 -Come what may, well go ahead. 無論發(fā)生什么情況，我們都要干下去。 -You mustnt be proud, however much you may have achieved. 不管你取得了多大成就，都不應(yīng)驕傲。,1.5.其它表示虛擬語氣的句型 1.5.1.虛擬語氣用于表語從句和同位語從句 1. 當(dāng)表語從句的主語和同位語的先行詞是能

28、夠引起虛擬語氣的抽象名詞時(shí)，從句必須用虛擬語氣.其形式為：從句的謂語動詞用“(should)+動詞原形”的形式。 2.能夠引起虛擬語氣的抽象名詞 （1）一般名詞：idea, motion, plan 等等。 （2）與那些能夠引導(dǎo)虛擬語氣的動詞相對應(yīng)的名詞。比如： advice,demand,desire,order,proposal,preference, requirement, suggestion, decision, recommendation 等等,-Your suggestion that he be invited was rejected. 你的關(guān)于邀請他的建議被拒絕了。 -

29、My suggestion is that he (should) take part in the game. 我建議讓他參加比賽。 -What do you think of my proposal that we (should) go to watch the game next Sunday? 我建議下周日去看比賽，你們認(rèn)為如何？,1.5.2. 一些特殊句型 1.句型“had hoped/thought +賓語從句” 表示“過去未實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望或想法”，有“本來希望，本來以為”之意，從句謂語要 用“would+動詞原形”的形式。 -Mike had hoped that she woul

30、d answer his letter. 邁克本來以為她會回他信的。,2.句型“would rather/would sooner/would (just) as soon +從句” 這種句型后面常接省去that的從句，從句謂語用過去時(shí)表示還不是事實(shí)，用過去完成時(shí)表示發(fā)生在過去的但沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的事情。 -I would rather they came tomorrow. 我希望他們明天來。 -I would rather they had come yesterday. 我真希望你昨天來了。（其實(shí)沒有來） -I would just as soon you posted the letter r

31、ight away. 我真希望你立即把這封信寄出去。,3.句型“ It is (high, about) time (that) ” 這種從句謂語使用“should動詞原型”時(shí)，表示對現(xiàn)在事實(shí)的虛擬；使用動詞的過去時(shí)，是對未來的虛擬推測；現(xiàn)在一般使用后一種形式。比如： -It is time (that) we went to bed. -It is high time (that) we put an end to this controversy.,4.句型 If only If only 表示“但愿”、“要是就好了”之意，其用法和句型“I wish” 基本相同，只是更富有感情色彩，與sh

32、ould連用，表示一時(shí)很難實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。 -If only I could fly! 我要是會飛就好了！ -If only I would pass the final exam! 但愿我能通過期末考試！ -If only the rain would stop. 這雨要是停下來就好了。,.虛擬語氣可以用于otherwise 或or引導(dǎo)的并列分句 -I dont know his address; otherwise I would write him earlier. 我不知道他的地址，否則我早就給他寫信了。 -I didnt know his address; otherwise I wou

33、ld have written him earlier. 以前我不知道他的地址，否則我早就給他寫信了。,.虛擬語氣用于表示祝福、愿望、詛咒、禁止等意義。 -May you be happy! 祝你幸福！ -Long live the Peoples Republic of China! 中華人民共和國萬歲！ -God bless you! 上帝保佑你！ -God damn you! 該死的！ -Heaven forbid! 天理不容！ -So be it. 但愿如此就這樣吧。 -Devil take him! 混蛋！,7.虛擬語氣用于使語氣變得委婉和客氣 -Would you mind ope

34、ning the window for me? 你能給我打開窗子嗎？ -Id like to go with you. 我和你去。 -You might as well put the meeting off for a few days. 你們不妨把會議推遲幾天。 -The leadership wouldnt allow it. 領(lǐng)導(dǎo)上恐怕不會同意。,練習(xí)1： 1. I wish I_ you better. A. know B. knew C. will know D. have known 2. I wished it _ but it did. A. occurred not B.

35、had not occurred C. would not occur D. did not occur 3. If only I _ the answer, I would have told you. A. knew B. have known C. would know D. had known 4. If I _ tomorrow, what would we do? A. will not rise B. would not rise C. did not rise D. had not rise,5. _,I would take an umbrella with me. A. H

36、ad I been you B. I were you C. Were I you D. I had been you 6. Unless you learnt German, there _ little point in your going to a German university. A. would be B. will be C. can be D. wouldnt be 7. Its high time _ him a severe lesson for being often late. A. you give B. you gave C. youll give D. you

37、 should give,8. If we did not have atmospheric pressure, we automobile tires. A. can not have B. could not have C. will not have D. are not having 9. The doctor suggested that your brother his right hand . A. avoid to use B. avoid using C. has avoid using D. avoided to use 10. I would be grateful if

38、 you the arrangements for me . A. make B . were to make C . made D. would make,11. If there a fire , ring the number 119 . A. is B. were C. should be D. be 12.It is important that each of you _ a notebook to class with you every day. A. will bring B. must bring C. brings D. bring 13. We recommend th

39、at work _ at once. A. start B. starts C. will start D. started 14. The radio is too noisy. I wish you _ down. A. will turn B. would turn C. are to turn D. can turn,15. If you hadnt told me about it, I _ unaware of the facts now. A. would still have been B. m still C. would still be D. was still 16.

40、Id just as soon _ rudely to her. A. that you wont speak B. you not speaking C. you not speak D. you didnt speak 17. Ben would have studied medicine if he _ to a medical school. A. could be able to enter B. had been admitted C. was admitted D. were admitted,18. If Bob _ with us, he would have had a g

41、ood time. A. would come B. would have come C. had come D. came 19. We had hoped that Mary _ well again. A. will soon be B. had soon been C. is soon D. would soon be 20. If you had taken the medicine yesterday, you _ so bad now. A. wouldnt have felt B. dont feel C. wouldnt be feeling D. arent feeling

42、,21.If he were really honest, he _ the truth at last meeting. A. would tell B. told C. should have told D. must have told 22. But for the storm, I _ home before night. A. would be B. was C. would have been D. had been 23. If it had not been for lily, I _ . A. shall not have understood it B. wouldnt

43、understand it C.might not have understood it D. do not understand it,24. It is necessary that the course in general science _ taken before the chemistry course. A. is B. be C. to be D. will be 25. If it had not been for the storm we _ much earlier. A. should arrive B. should have arrived C. would ar

44、rive D. might arrive 26. It is vital that you _ our competitors to know our plans. A. do not permit B. will not permit C. not permit D. have not permitted,28. May I beg that you _ any decision in this matter until I see you? A. do not make B. will not make C. not make D. did not make 29. The student

45、s request that they _ given less homework. A. be B. are C. will be D. were 30. He talks as if he _ everything. A. knows B. has known C. knew D. will know 31. -Whats Marys second name? -How _ I know? A. can B. should C. do D. could,32. If you _ a moment, Ill go and tell the manager that you are here.

46、 A. will wait B. waited C. wait D. were to wait 33. You will lose weight if you _ on a diet. A. will go B. went C. go D. had gone 34. If you _ the movie last night, you wouldnt be so sleepy. A. havent watched B. didnt watch C. wouldnt have watched D. hadnt watched,35. I am sorry that he _ the offer.

47、 A. should refuse B. has refuse C. refuses D. should have refused 36. If the doctor had been available, the child _. A. would not die B. would not have died C. could not die D. could not have die 37. He wore a mask so that no one _ him. A. can recognize B. may recognize C. recognize D. should recogn

48、ize,38. I didnt know his telephone number; otherwise I _ him. A. telephoned B. had telephoned C. would have telephoned D. was telephoning 39. Had she been given some information , she _ the question. A. would answer B. could answer C. could have answered D. answered 40. We hung out a lantern lest he

49、 _ lost in the mist. A. gets B. get C. will get D. got,41. It is best that you _ your trip at once. A. cancel B. canceled C. will cancel D. are to cancel 42. I feel very uncomfortable. I wish I _ so much. A. do not eat B. did not eat C. had not eaten D. have not eaten 43. The picture exhibition bore

50、d me to death. I wish I _ to it. A. had not gone B. have not gone C. did not go D. can not have gone,44. At the thought he shook himself, as though he _ from an evil dream. A. woke B. wakes C. would wake D. had woke 45. I wont let you off whoever _. A. you are B. you will be C. you may be D. you be

51、46. Your examination results were quite satisfactory, but _ if you had spent less time in playing basketball. A.wouldnt they be better B. wouldnt they have been better C.hadnt they been better D. werent they better,47. No matter what _ I am determined to do what I think it right. A. you say B. you w

52、ill say C. you said D. you may say 48. It was suggested that this naughty boy _ A.will be punished B. could be punished C. was punished D. be punished 49. If Watergate _ Nixon would not have resigned from the presidency. A. had not occurred B. was not occurred C. did not occur D. would not occur,50.

53、 It is astonishing that a person of your intelligence _ be taken in so easily. A. could B. should C. might D. would 51. It was decided that the matter _ referred to special committee. A. was B. be C. to be D. was to be 52. What would happen supposing the world _ spinning. A. stop B. stopped C. would

54、 stop D. had stopped,53.The launching of the rocket was delayed half an hour by bad weather. If the weather _ good they would have launched it at 8:40 instead of at 9:10. A. be B. were C. had been D. would be 54. Why do people always wear dark clothes at night? If they _ light colored clothes driver

55、s would see them much more easily. A. wear B. would wear C. wore D. had worn,55. I did not recognize him at first because he was wearing dark glasses; if he _ them, I _ him immediately. A. wasnt wearing could recognized B.wasnt wearing could have recognized C.hadnt been wearingmight recognize D.hadn

56、t been wearingcould have recognized 56. _ electronic computers not been used, it would have taken them a long time to solve the complicated problem. A. Had B. Have C. Has D. Were,57. Without air, we _ forced to seek shelter from the sun, as there _ no atmosphere to protect us from the suns deadly ra

57、ys. A. will, be B. may be, may be C. would be, would be D. are, is 58. In the absence of friction, belts _ in conveying power from one machine to another. A. will not be used B. may not be used C. can not be used D. could not be used,59. It is decided that no smoking _ in the room A. is allowed B. be allowed C. will be allowed D. should have been allowed 60. The doctor insisted that this patient _ for these days. A. not work hard B. work not hard C. not work hard D. does not work hard,61.The leader raised his voice so that we_. A. could all hear B. can all hear C. all should hear D. all may