邏輯詞匯專題.ppt

1、邏輯詞匯專題,Alex,句間邏輯詞匯：連詞，表邏輯關(guān)系的副詞，起連接作用的短語。,轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系（精選6個）,轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,基本用法，類同but： However, a well-balanced diet will usually meet all the bodys vitamin meets.(1996) However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition（2003） However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a

2、 certain smell(2005) 插入語用法，值得關(guān)注： This view, however, is generally thought to be wrong. (1998-47) It is generally recognized, however, that the introduction of the computer radically changed the process. (2002-29) All theories, however, are tentative and subject to criticism.(2004) On the issue of fr

3、eedom of religion and the position of the church, however, there was less agreement among the leadership. (2007-8) Even he, however, might tremble at the thought of what he is about to do.(2008) These facts, however, have previously been thought unrelated. (2008-14),however adv. 無論如何；不管怎樣 conj. 然而；可

4、是,yet adv. 還；但是；已經(jīng) conj. 但是；然而,轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,副詞 adv.,1.還, 尚, 仍然 He cant drive yet. 他還不會開車。 The job is not yet finished. 這工作還沒做完。 Go at once while there is yet time. 趁著還有時間, 馬上去。 I have yet to find out the truth. 我還得去了解真相。 2.已經(jīng) Have the children come home yet? 孩子們已經(jīng)回家了嗎? This is the biggest lake yet discovere

5、d. 這是迄今為止所發(fā)現(xiàn)的最大湖。 3.甚至, 更 You must work harder yet. 你必須更努力些。 The most severe weather is yet to come. 最冷的天氣還在后頭呢。,然而, 但是 Shes a funny girl, yet you cant help liking her. 她很滑稽, 但你禁不住會喜歡她。 The boy is so fat and yet he runs very fast. 這男孩很胖, 但卻跑得很快。 He is very old, yet he is quite strong. 他雖然年紀(jì)很大了, 但還很強(qiáng)

6、壯。 He lives alone, yet he is happy. 他雖然獨(dú)自生活, 但卻很愉快。 Yet much had happened between.（2002） 但中間也發(fā)生了很多。,連接詞 conj.,轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,whereas conj. 1.然而，但是，盡管； 2.既然，有鑒于用于正式公文,1.然而，但是，盡管； Some praise him, whereas others condemn him. 有些人贊揚(yáng)他, 而有些人譴責(zé)他。 She is slender, whereas he is stout. 她很瘦弱，而他卻又粗又壯。 Man can create his

7、own environment whereas animals adapt to their environment. 人能創(chuàng)造他自己的環(huán)境，而動物只能適應(yīng)環(huán)境。 2.既然，有鑒于用于正式公文 Whereas the following incidents have occurred 鑒于下列事實(shí)已經(jīng)發(fā)生，,nevertheless adv. 仍然，不過，然而；盡管如此 conj. 然而，不過：,轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,副詞 adv. 仍然, 然而, 不過 What you said was true but nevertheless unkind. 你所說的都對, 不過有點(diǎn)不客氣。 連接詞 conj. 然

8、而，不過 The cop told them to clear out, nevertheless they seemed not to hear. 警察讓他們離開，可他們就好像沒聽見一樣動也不動。 Nevertheless I still feel that the team could benefit from a new player. 然而我仍然感覺隊(duì)可以來自一個新的運(yùn)動員的利益。 Nevertheless, danger to body and life of the operator or third persons may occur. 然而，對操作員或第三者的身體和生命的危害也

9、可能發(fā)生。 Many people, nevertheless, believe in being on the “safe side” (1996-50),otherwise adj.別的，不同的，另外的；其他方面的 adv.否則；另外；在其他方面 conj.否則; 要不然,轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,副詞 adv. 1.用別的方法, 不同地 He says its genuine, but we think otherwise. 他說這是真的, 但我們不這樣認(rèn)為。 2.在其他方面; 除此以外 The soup was cold, but it was otherwise an excellent meal.

10、 除了湯是涼的以外, 那頓飯菜是很好的。 連接詞 conj. 否則; 要不然 Youd better go now, otherwise youll miss the train. 你最好現(xiàn)在就走, 要不然就趕不上火車了。,still n. 寂靜；劇照；蒸餾室 vt. 蒸餾；使靜止；使平靜下來 vi. 靜止；平靜；蒸餾 adj. 靜止的，不動的；寂靜的，平靜的；不起泡的 adv. 仍然；更；靜止地 conj. 仍然；但是；盡管如此,轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,conj. 可是，但是，然而，雖然這樣： It was futile, still they fought. 明知不可能獲勝，他們還是進(jìn)行了拼爭。,adv

11、. 還，尚： Is he still here?他還在這兒嗎? 仍，至今還；迄今為止： A day before departure we were still lacking an itinerary. 就在臨行的前一天，我們還沒制定出旅行計(jì)劃。 仍然，依然： when England was still a completely agricultural country(1998) 還要，甚至要： still more complaints更多的抱怨 still greater riches更大的財富 還有： Tomorrow is still to come.明天過后總還有明天。 靜靜地

12、；靜止不動地： Stand still!,but Patienceisbitter,butitsfruitissweet. on the contrary I thought he was a teacher, on the contrary, he was a student.,其它：,轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,讓步關(guān)系（精選3個）,* 補(bǔ)充介紹“表讓步意義的介詞”,讓步關(guān)系,although conj. 1.雖然，盡管 2. 用于主句后，引出補(bǔ)充說明然而,雖然，盡管 Although it was so cold , he went out without an overcoat. 盡管天氣很冷，但他還是

13、沒有穿大衣就出去了。 Although the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter(2006-7) 用于主句后，引出補(bǔ)充說明然而 Our car is old although it still runs well. 我們的車舊了，然而卻很好開。 It is generally recognized, however, that the introduction of the computer radically changed the process, although its impact on the media wa

14、s not immediately apparent. (2002-31) All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, although a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.(2004-40),though adv. 可是，雖然；不過；然而 conj. 1.雖然，盡管；2.（用于主句后，引出補(bǔ)充說明，使語氣變?nèi)酰┎贿^，可是，然而,連接詞 conj. 1.(最常見，表讓步的從屬連

15、詞)雖然; 盡管; 即使 Though hes fool, I like him nonetheless. 雖然他很笨, 我仍然喜歡他。 Its quite pleasant today, though the wind is rather cool. 盡管風(fēng)有點(diǎn)涼, 今天天氣還是很不錯的。 2.（用于主句后，引出補(bǔ)充說明，使語氣變?nèi)酰┎贿^，可是，然而 Theyre very different, though they did seem to get on well when they met. 他們大不相同, 可是見面后好像還確實(shí)相處得不錯. Hell probably say no, t

16、hough its worth asking. 他很可能會拒絕, 不過問一下有益無害.,讓步關(guān)系,副詞 adv. （尤用于句末補(bǔ)充說明，使語氣減弱）不過，可是，然而 Our team lost. It was a good game though. 我們隊(duì)輸了,可是也不失為一場很好的比賽. In fact, though, we are extremely sensitive to smells.(2005-5，表轉(zhuǎn)折的連接副詞),while n. (一段)時間 vt. 1.消磨, 打發(fā)(時間)；2.(愉快而懶散地)度過(時間)(常與away 連用) conj. 1.在期間，當(dāng)?shù)臅r候； 與同時

17、 2. 雖然， 盡管 3.而，然而,1.引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句，意為“當(dāng)?shù)臅r候；和同時” The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive while avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens.（1997- 8） 2.表示讓步,通常位于句首，意為“盡管；雖然”While I agree with your reasons, I cant allow it. 盡管我同意你的理由,但我不能允許這樣做。 Whilemost leaders sought t

18、o maintain Catholicismasthe official religion of the new states， some sought to end theexclusion of other faiths.（2007-12） 3.表示對比或轉(zhuǎn)折，意為“而；然而”。此時，while一般位于句中 （While作并列連詞用，意思為“而，然而”，表對比；而but表轉(zhuǎn)折）Some people waste food while others havent enough. 有些人浪費(fèi)糧食,然而有些人卻吃不飽。 You like sports, while I prefer music.

19、 你喜歡體育,而我更喜歡音樂。 4.表示條件，意為“只要”， 相當(dāng)于as long as。while可位于句首，也可位于句中 There will be life while there is water and air. 只要有空氣和水，就有生命。 While there is life, there is hope. 留得生命在，不怕沒希望。,讓步關(guān)系,despite是一個介詞，它后面加名詞詞組；although是一個連詞，它后面加句子 盡管他很忙，他還是來了車站迎接我們。 誤：Despite he was busy, he came to the station to meet us.

20、正：Despite he being busy, he came to the station to meet us. 正：Despite the fact that he was busy, he came to the station to meet us. despite(盡管)是介詞，不是連詞，所以不能用來引導(dǎo)句子，若其后要跟 that 從句，需插入 the fact。 盡管有病，他還是來開會了。 誤：He came to the meeting despite of his illness. 正：He came to the meeting in spite of his illne

21、ss. despite(盡管)本身是介詞，注意不要受 in spite of(盡管)的影響，而誤用 despite of(偶爾可見此用法，但因多數(shù)語言 學(xué)家反對這一用法，建議學(xué)生避免使用)。 盡管我的資歷很好，但我還是找不到工作。 誤：Despite my qualifications, but I couldnt get a job. 正：Despite my qualifications, I couldnt get a job. despite(盡管)是介詞，由此引出的是介詞短語，注意不要按 漢語意思將其與 but 連用。,關(guān)于despite / despite of / in spit

22、e of 的一點(diǎn)說明：,Despite用作介詞時，與 in spite of同義，都表示“盡管”、“雖然”、“不顧”之意，但程度有所不同。 一般說來，in spite of的語氣較強(qiáng)，使用范圍也較廣； despite的語氣較弱，多用于詩歌或正式的文體中。Despite可以寫作despite of，也可以寫作 in despite of。,其它：,讓步關(guān)系,even though / even if adv. 表讓步 Even though its hard work, I enjoy it. even so conj. 表讓步 Its raining. Even so, we have to

23、go out.,介詞后接名詞/動名詞。 表示“讓步”的介詞除了以外in spite of/despite ，還有regardless of, notwithstanding等，它們所構(gòu)成的介詞短語在意義上相當(dāng)于由although /though所引起的讓步狀語從句。 regardless of The plane will take off, regardless of the weather. notwithstanding Notwithstanding any other agreements, we will make a new contract with the firm,因果關(guān)系

24、（精選5個）,because conj. 1.因?yàn)?，由?2.引導(dǎo)名詞從句，相當(dāng)于 that 或 the fact that 這一事實(shí)，這一點(diǎn)原因，原因是,因果關(guān)系,1.因?yàn)?，由?The boy was always late because it took so long to get dressed. 這個男孩因花太長時間穿衣服總是遲到。 Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elements.(1996) Because they are adjusting to their new bodies and a wh

25、ole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious.(2003-24) Children engage in criminal behavior because they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds.(2004-22) This may be because some people do not have the genes（2005） 2.引導(dǎo)名詞從句，相當(dāng)于 that 或 t

26、he fact that The reason I am here is because I want to ask for your help. 我之所以到這兒來是想尋求你的幫助。,Thus the question was finally settled. 這個問題最終就這樣解決了。 You will thus obtain three layers. 你將因此獲得三個層次。 Many people believe in being on the “safe side” and thus take extra vitamins.(1996),thus n. 乳香 adv. 因此；從而；這樣

27、；如此 conj. 因此,因果關(guān)系,因果關(guān)系,hence adv.因此，所以，由此；從現(xiàn)在起，從此，從這時起,因此，所以，由此 Its handmade and hence expensive. 這是手工做的, 因此很貴。 Hence, there is an improvement in the cycle efficiency. 因此，在循環(huán)效率上這是一個改進(jìn)。 And hence they allow their employees time to get over the most severe early stages of a long term relationship brea

28、kup. 因此，在一段長期戀愛關(guān)系破裂初期最難熬的時候，公司允許員工有一段時間來療傷。 Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.（2000part C） 在現(xiàn)代條件下，這需要程度不同的集中控制措施，從而就需要獲得諸如經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)和 運(yùn)籌學(xué)等領(lǐng)域?qū)＜业膮f(xié)助。 從現(xiàn)在起，從此，從這時起 The s

29、ports meet will be held three days hence. 運(yùn)動會在三天后舉行。,因果關(guān)系,since prep. 自以來，從至今，自從；自以后 adv. 后來，此后； conj. 因?yàn)?；由于；既然；自以來；自以?介詞 prep. (表示時間)從以來; 自從之后 I have lived here since January. 自一月份以來, 我一直住在這里。 Hes been working in a bank since leaving school. 自從畢業(yè)后, 他就一直在一家銀行工作。,連接詞 conj. 1.因?yàn)? 既然; 由于 Since it is l

30、ate I shall go home now. 由于時間晚了, 我現(xiàn)在要回家了。 Since this is so, its better to accept it. 既來之，則安之。 Since you are so sure of it hell believe you. 既然你對此這么有把握, 他會相信你的。 2. 常前接 ever自從以來，以后, 到現(xiàn)在 Since I left college, I have not seen him. 自從我離開大學(xué)以后, 就沒有見過他了 I have known him ever since I was a child. 我自孩提時代起就已經(jīng)認(rèn)

31、識他了。,副詞 adv. 從過去某時間以來以后, 到現(xiàn)在 He disappeared many years since. 他多年以前就不知去向。 Her husband died 10 years ago but she has since remarried. 她丈夫十年前去世, 但她后來又嫁人了。,因果關(guān)系,consequently adv. 結(jié)果，因此，所以,And, consequently, Mark was the best hated and most calumniated man of his time. 正因?yàn)檫@樣，所以馬克思是當(dāng)代最遭嫉恨和最受誣蔑的人。 She was

32、 a bright and eager student and, consequently, did well in school. 她是個聰明好學(xué)的學(xué)生, 因此學(xué)習(xí)成績很好。 Whom, therefore, we also like, and Who, consequently, is good. 因此，我們也喜歡這位神，所以這位神是善的。 More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; consequently, children are likely to have less supervis

33、ion at home(2004-34),其它：,therefore I dont know much about America, therefore, I cant advise you about it. now that Now ( that ) Davids arrived, we can begin. so that He speaks loudly so that everyone in the room could hear him. on account of We had to stay inside on account of the rain. as a result

34、He worked very hard, and as a result he passed the last examination without effort. as a result of He was killed as a result of traffic accident. accordingly There are the rules. Please act accordingly. so long as You could make it so long as you work hard. so I was feeling bad, so I went to bed. ow

35、ing to Owing to lack of money, these transactions must now be delayed. due to His failure was due to his lack of work. thanks to Thanks to his help, she succeeded in her career.,因果關(guān)系,舉例關(guān)系（精選3個）,such as 例如，比如； 像那樣的，諸如之類的,舉例關(guān)系,We dislike people such as him. 我們不喜歡像他這號人。 Teachers always like students su

36、ch as these. 老師們總是喜歡這樣的學(xué)生。 He has some strange hobbies such as collecting bottles. 他有一些奇怪的癖好比如說收集瓶子。 The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases such as the trial of Rosemary West.(2001-1) 政府將禁止報界付錢給證人，以收買像Rosemary West審判案這般重大案件中的

37、證人。 The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors available for unfamiliar and emergency signals such as the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire.(2005-20) 大腦發(fā)現(xiàn)最好讓氣味感受器隨時可以用于不熟悉和危險的信號，比如也許意味著有火災(zāi)的煙味。,舉例關(guān)系,for example 例如，譬如，舉例來說,For example: Why live? 例如：為什么生活？ You can take your r

38、esearch work for example. 你可以拿你的研究工作做個例子。 There are many sources of air pollution; exhaust fumes, for example. 空氣污染有許多來源, 例如廢氣。 Japan, for example, has two languages. 譬如說, 日本就有兩種語言。 it would be wise to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers, for example, publishing newsletters w

39、ith many student-written book reviews, displaying student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs. (2003-28) Changes in the social structure may indirectly affect juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy (2004),舉例關(guān)系,for instance 例如，比如,We have people, for instance. 比如，我們這兒有些人。

40、For instance, some TV shows have too much violence and crime. 舉例來說，有些電視節(jié)目有太多的暴力和犯罪。 You cannot rely on her; for instance, she arrived an hour late for an important meeting yesterday. 她這人靠不住, 例如昨天一個重要會議, 她遲到了一個小時。 Every cat with an owner, for instance, is running a small-scale study in operant condit

41、ioning. (2009-14) 比如說，每只有主人的貓都在進(jìn)行一個小規(guī)模的操作條件反射研究。,for example(=for instance)就把當(dāng)成是插入語，句子結(jié)構(gòu)不受到這個插入語的影響; such as可把他理解成一個介詞的作用，介詞后面接名詞，動名詞。 For example, BBC broadcasts English programs for China with explanations in Chinese. 例如,BBC對中國廣播的英語節(jié)目配有漢語解釋。 English is spoken in many countries, such as Australia a

42、nd Canada. 許多國家都講英語,例如澳大利亞和加拿大。 (1) for example用來舉例說明某一論點(diǎn)或情況,一般只舉同類人或物中的“一個”為例,作插入語,可位于句首、句中或句末。 Ball games, for example, have spread around the world. 例如,球類運(yùn)動已經(jīng)在世界各地傳播開了。 What would you do if you met a wild animal - a lion, for example? 如果遇上野獸,例如獅子,你該怎么辦? (2) such as用來列舉事物時,一般列舉同類人或事物中的幾個例子。插在被列舉的事

43、物與前面的名詞之間,as后面不可有逗號。 Some of the rubbish, such as food, paper and iron, rots away over a long period of time. 有些廢物,如剩飯、廢紙和廢鐵,時間一久就爛掉了。,舉例關(guān)系,三者的關(guān)系,a case in point There are many tourist attractions in Nanjing. Dr.Sun Yetsens Mausoleum is a case in point. as follows The reasons are as follows. as an i

44、llustration He is a kind person, as an illustration, he is always ready to help others. to illustrate To illustrate, I will give you many examples.,其它：,舉例關(guān)系,遞進(jìn)關(guān)系(精選6個),遞進(jìn)關(guān)系,in addition / additionally adv. 另外，此外,In addition we MUST fingerprint and photograph all non US citizens. 對于所有非美籍公民者，必須采集指紋及照相。

45、 She says that in addition to bring animals, such as tiger and rhinos, to near extinction, the illegal trade also hurts African Economics. 她說野生動物非法交易，不僅使很多像老虎，犀牛等動物都瀕臨滅絕，而且也損害了非洲的經(jīng)濟(jì)。 In addition, the factory also produces concrete jet, acetylene compressor, oxygen compressor and refrigeration dryer

46、container products, such as stress. 此外，本廠還生產(chǎn)混凝土噴射機(jī)、乙炔壓縮機(jī)、氧壓機(jī)和冷凍式干燥器等壓力容器產(chǎn)品。 Additionally I feel, there still is a very important thing in the kitchen is dishwasher. 另外我覺得，廚房里還有一件很重要的東西就是洗碗機(jī)。 Additionally, use of visit visas for business travelers will cease and a new class of visa will be created fo

47、r that purpose. 此外，以進(jìn)行商務(wù)活動為目的的訪問簽證將停止使用，同時一種新類型的簽證將為此而設(shè)立。,* in addition to 除以外，除之外還,遞進(jìn)關(guān)系,whats more He is handsome, and whats more, he is humorous. moreover The price is too high, and moreover, the house isnt in a suitable position. furthermore / further The house is too small, and furthermore, its

48、too far from the city. besides/also A qualified teacher should have good manners. Beside, he should have extensive knowledge.,與in addition相同的：,遞進(jìn)關(guān)系,not onlybut also 不僅.而且.,We like not only music but also art. 我們不但喜歡音樂，而且也喜歡藝術(shù)。 Marketing today is a market economy in the era of marketing to determine

49、not only production but also distribution. 在市場經(jīng)濟(jì)的今天是一個營銷的時代，營銷不僅要決定生產(chǎn)，而且決定分配。 If your ideal and goal are not only right but also decisive, then maybe you should adjust your mentality to face them. 如果你的理想和目標(biāo)是正確而又堅(jiān)定的，那也許就要調(diào)整調(diào)整自己的心態(tài)，才能面對吧。,as well The book tells about Mark Twains writings and about his

50、 life as well. likewise You must pack warm clothes for the journey. Likewise, youll need plenty of food. that is ( to say ) /in other words Your performance in the exam didnt reach the required standard, that is ( to say ) /in other words, you failed. equally important To run a company successfully, we should employ employees with a high sense of responsibility, and equally important, meet every need of the customers. last but not least Last but not least, I appreciate all your help.,其它：,遞進(jìn)關(guān)系,選擇關(guān)系(精選2個),Our purpose is to reform criminal rather than punish them. 我們的目的是改造罪犯，而不是懲罰他們。 T