20XX考研英語語法大全.doc

工作總結(jié)/學(xué)習(xí)總結(jié) 20xx考研英語語法大全 冠詞(article)一、單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前必須加冠詞，a(an)表示泛指或類指，the表示特指或類指。例句： washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the revolutionary war, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. (選自xx年text 4)分析： 該句是復(fù)合句，其中主句是washington overcame the strong opposition.， who引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句修飾washington，該句中又有一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的從句作believe的賓語。譯文： 在美國(guó)獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間目睹了黑人士兵的勇敢之后，華盛頓才開始認(rèn)為人生來平等。他克服了親人的強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)，在遺囑中給自己的奴隸們自由。例句： while the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. (選自xx年part c)分析： 該句是復(fù)合句，其中supplied to them by lawyers作定語修飾interpretations，undue reliance意為“過分依賴”。譯文： 雖然法律報(bào)道的質(zhì)量各不相同，但是許多新聞?dòng)浾叨歼^分依賴律師提供給他們的解釋。二、定冠詞the的用法在下述幾種情況下須用定冠詞the:表示世界上獨(dú)一無二的名詞，用在可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)或某些形容詞前代表一類人或事物，用在形容詞、副詞最高級(jí)和序數(shù)詞和only之前。樂器名稱前要加定冠詞the。如：the sun the moon the universe the camelthe blind the largest island the only student the piano例句： the universe works in a way so far removed from what common sense would allow that words of any kind must necessarily be inadequate to explain it. (1998年第19題)分析： 該句是復(fù)合句，what common sense would allow.作介詞from的賓語從句，該句中還包含一個(gè)so.that.從句。譯文： 宇宙運(yùn)行的方式與常識(shí)所允許的構(gòu)思相距甚遠(yuǎn)，因此任何一種語言也必然不足以把它解釋清楚。例句： but somewhere from the 19th century onward, more artists began seeing happiness as meaningless, phony or, worst of all, as we went from wordsworth?s daffodils to baudelaire?s flowers of evil. (選自xx年text 4)分析： 該句是復(fù)合句，主干結(jié)構(gòu)是more artists began seeing happiness as.， 而as we went from wordsworth?s daffodils to baudelaire?s flowers of evil是一個(gè)狀語從句。譯文： 但是從19世紀(jì)的某個(gè)時(shí)候開始，當(dāng)我們從華茲華斯的水仙花轉(zhuǎn)向波德萊爾的惡之花時(shí)，越來越多的藝術(shù)家開始把快樂看做是毫無意義的、虛假的甚至是令人厭倦的東西。三、人名、地名等專有名詞人名、地名等專有名詞前一般不用冠詞，但在海洋、河流、山脈、群島以及含有普通名詞的專有名詞前一般加定冠詞。如：the atlantic ocean (大西洋)the red sea (紅海)the society for anglo chinese understanding (英中了解協(xié)會(huì))the special economic zone (經(jīng)濟(jì)特區(qū))例句： the four special economic zones(sezs) in guangdong and fujian provinces, 14 coastal cities and hainan island have specifically designed tax and other incentives for the foreign investor. (選自far eastern economic review)分析： 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。譯文： 廣東與福建兩省的四個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)特區(qū)、14個(gè)沿海開放城市及海南島都有專門為外國(guó)投資者制定的稅收及其他鼓勵(lì)投資政策。四、抽象名詞和物質(zhì)名詞抽象名詞和物質(zhì)名詞表示一般概念時(shí)，前面通常不用冠詞，但特指時(shí)，則一定要加定冠詞。例句： i admire the patience of scientific workers, which gives me much revelation.分析： 該句是復(fù)合句，包含一個(gè)由which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句。譯文： 我欽佩科研工作者的耐心，那給了我很多啟示。五、動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)名詞前一般不加冠詞，但表示確定特指含義的動(dòng)名詞前要加定冠詞。例句： some uniforms are also expensive to maintain, requiring professional dry cleaning rather than the home laundering possible with many types of civilian clothes.分析： 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句，其中requiring.在句中作主語補(bǔ)足語，對(duì)主語some uniforms作進(jìn)一步解釋說明，形容詞短語possible with many types of civilian clothes在句中作定語修飾the home laundering。譯文： 有些制服維護(hù)費(fèi)用也比較昂貴，需要專業(yè)清洗，而不能使用洗滌其他普通衣物的家庭洗滌方式。六、一般不加冠詞的一些名詞1. 節(jié)日前一般不加冠詞，如christmas，但也有例外。如：the spring festival(春節(jié))the mid autumn festival(中秋節(jié))the dragon boat festival(端午節(jié))例句： before the spring festival, the leaders of the village made the house to house survey, inquiring in each family about their needs and problems.分析： 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句，其中inquiring in each family about their needs and problems在句中作伴隨狀語。譯文： 在春節(jié)前夕，村中的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)挨家挨戶地走訪，詢問每個(gè)家庭的需要和問題。2. 一日三餐表示一般意義時(shí)，其前面不用冠詞，但表示特殊含義時(shí)可用a或the。例句： my little son had a big breakfast this morning,and it was the very breakfast that made him uncomfortable the whole day.分析： 該句是并列句，其中第二個(gè)分句是一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句。譯文： 小兒子今早吃得太多，就是這頓早餐使他一整天都不舒服。3. 公園、街道、體育項(xiàng)目、游戲等名稱前一般不用冠詞，季節(jié)、月份等日期前一般不用冠詞，但表示特指時(shí)須加冠詞。例句： long after the 1998 world cup was won, disappointed fans were still cursing the disputed refereeing decisions that denied victory to their team.分析： 該句是復(fù)合句，其中定語從句that denied victory to their team修飾decisions。譯文： 盡管1998年世界杯早已塵埃落定，但失望的球迷仍然對(duì)那個(gè)使自己球隊(duì)痛失勝利的有爭(zhēng)議的判罰耿耿于懷。名詞的所有格名詞的格是表示名詞或代詞與句中其他詞之間意義關(guān)系的形式，英語中格的形式有普通格(common case)和屬格(genitive case)，屬格又被稱為所有格，當(dāng)名詞在句中表示所有關(guān)系時(shí)，名詞便采用屬格形式，屬格分為兩種：一種是?s屬格，另一種是由介詞詞組構(gòu)成的of屬格。單數(shù)名詞加?s，復(fù)數(shù)名詞加“?”(不以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞仍加“?s”)，如：a boy?s sisterthe children?s holidaythe teachers? room例句： and if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, gordon says that by and large, “you could use today?s data and feel fairly confident.” (選自xx年text 3)分析： 該句是復(fù)合句，其中主干部分是gordon says that.。譯文： 如果你需要預(yù)測(cè)人類在不久將來的身高情況以設(shè)計(jì)一種新的衣服，戈登認(rèn)為基本上“你可以使用今天的(身高)數(shù)據(jù)，并且感到頗有信心?！庇胹屬格時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下問題：(一)復(fù)合名詞在最后一個(gè)詞后加“?s”如：my sister in law?s present (我嫂子的禮物)the commander in chief?s wife (總司令的妻子)the grandson?s toys (孫子的玩具)(二)由兩個(gè)或三個(gè)名詞并列組成的詞組所有格由兩個(gè)或三個(gè)名詞并列組成的詞組，如在最后一個(gè)詞后加?s表示并列名詞的共有關(guān)系;如各個(gè)名詞后都加?s則表示并列各名詞的所有關(guān)系，如：tom and john?s car/tom?s and john?s cars前者指tom和john兩人共有的一輛汽車;后者指tom和john兩人各自的汽車，故用復(fù)數(shù)cars。(三)s屬格和of短語的所有格s屬格和of短語都可表示所屬關(guān)系、主謂關(guān)系、動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，但表示類別時(shí)只能用?s所有格。如：women?s shoes (女鞋)students? books (學(xué)生用書)a master?s degree (研究生學(xué)位)例句： and even more incredible is the young brain?s ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways.分析：該句是倒裝句，正常句序是the young brain?s.in new ways is even more incredible，主語中to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine.在句中作定語修飾ability。譯文： 更令人難以相信的是，幼兒能從其周圍雜亂的聲音中識(shí)別語言順序，并能分析和按新的方式組合與重新組合語言成分。名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)(一)不可數(shù)名詞a little/some/much/considerable/a great (good) deal of/a lot of (lots of) /plenty of/a large amount of/a large quantity of/a wealth of(大量)/heaps of (大量的) +不可數(shù)名詞例句： the portuguese give a great deal of credit to one man for having promoted sea travel, that man being prince henry the navigator, who lived in 15th century.(1995年第14題)分析： 該句是復(fù)合句，其中that man.navigator是一個(gè)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，進(jìn)一步解釋說明one man; who lived.是非限制性定語從句，解釋說明prince henry。譯文： 葡萄牙人給了這位促進(jìn)海上旅行的人很多榮譽(yù)，此人便是15世紀(jì)的航海家亨利王子。例句： if humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.(選自xx年part c)分析： 該句是復(fù)合句。主句we may well believe.中帶有that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句， if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句中包含that引導(dǎo)的從句作realizing的賓語，短語made headway in.的意思是“在某方面取得進(jìn)展”。譯文： 每個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)的最終價(jià)值在于其對(duì)人類的獨(dú)特影響，如果人類在對(duì)此的認(rèn)識(shí)上已有所進(jìn)展，那么我們也許完全可以相信這種經(jīng)驗(yàn)已在與年輕人打交道的過程中學(xué)會(huì)了。(二)復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞some/a lot of (lots of) /plenty of/a large quantity of/a wealth of/heaps of/a few/the number of/a number of/quantities of/a great many (of) +復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞例句： plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they?ve apparently learned is when to stop. (選自xx年use of english)分析： 該句是并列句，在第二個(gè)句子中they?ve apparently learned是一個(gè)省略關(guān)系代詞的定語從句，修飾things。譯文： 許多別的物種能夠?qū)W習(xí)，而且它們已經(jīng)明顯學(xué)會(huì)的東西之一就是何時(shí)停止學(xué)習(xí)。例句： but a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. (選自xx年part b)分析： 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。其中短語“in favor of ”的意思是“贊成,支持;有利于”。譯文： 但在20世紀(jì)初，許多人類學(xué)家也反對(duì)文化特殊論，轉(zhuǎn)而支持文化傳播論。(三)單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同的名詞meansseriesspeciessheepdeerfishgrouse(松雞)plaice(鰈魚)swine(野豬)vietnamese(越南人)viennese(維也納人)japanesechineseportugueseswisscraftaircraftspacecrafthovercraft(氣墊船)例句： the data received from the two spacecraft whirling around mars indicate that there is much evidence that huge thunderstorms are occurring about the equator of the planet. (1996年第18題)分析： 該句是復(fù)合句，主干是the data.indicate that.， 其中received.mars作定語修飾the data;that huge.the planet是evidence的同位語從句。譯文： 環(huán)繞火星的兩艘宇宙飛船接收到的數(shù)據(jù)表明, 有充分的證據(jù)表明該行星的赤道附近正下著大暴雨。例句： crisis would be the right term to describe the decline in many animal species. (1999年第33題)譯文： 許多動(dòng)物物種日漸減少， 用危機(jī)一詞來描述再恰當(dāng)不過了。(四)下列兩類名詞只有復(fù)數(shù)形式， 與動(dòng)詞復(fù)數(shù)連用表示由兩部分組成的物體名詞，如：calipers(卡鉗)glasses scales(磅秤)pantspliers(鉗子)scissors trousers shoesjeans shorts(短褲)這些名詞作主語時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式，前有a pair of修飾時(shí)，謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)由pair的單復(fù)數(shù)決定。例句： i?m going to weigh my luggage: are there any scales?譯文： 我想把行李過一下磅，有磅秤嗎?例句： the girl wears sun glasses, which were bought from the glasses? line, and a pair of old ones has been broken.譯文： 姑娘戴著從眼鏡行買來的太陽鏡，而那副舊眼鏡已經(jīng)折斷了。另外還有： arms goodsclothescontents headquarters minutes(會(huì)議記錄)regards(敬意) wages respects(敬意，問候)thanks fireworks(煙火)archives(檔案)例句： my wages are the principle source of my income.譯文： 薪金是我收入的主要*。(五)有些名詞雖以s結(jié)尾，卻表示單數(shù)概念，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式1. 學(xué)科名稱：politics linguisticsphysics economicsmathematics ethicselectronics informaticsmechanics(力學(xué)) statisticsacoustics(聲學(xué))athleticsphonetics(語音學(xué))例句： talk to anyone in the drug industry, and you?ll soon discover that the science of genetics is the biggest thing to hit drug research since penicillin was discovered. (xx年第8題)分析： 該句是復(fù)合句，talk to anyone in the drug industry是祈使句，that引導(dǎo)賓語從句，since引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句。譯文： 與從事藥品工業(yè)的人一交談，你就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)自從盤尼西林被研制出以后，遺傳學(xué)是對(duì)藥品研究最大的沖擊。2.游戲名稱，如： checkers(跳棋)、 darts(投鏢游戲)、 billiards(彈子戲)、 cards(紙牌)以及專有名詞，如 naples(那不勒斯)，the united states，the new york times等，但表示瀑布、山脈、島嶼的以s結(jié)尾的專有名詞常表復(fù)數(shù)。例句： today, the snooker billiards becomes an international sports activity that the people of various countries like.分析： 該句是復(fù)合句，that the people of various countries like作定語修飾sports activity。譯文： 今天，斯諾克臺(tái)球已經(jīng)成為各國(guó)人民普遍喜愛的一項(xiàng)國(guó)際性的體育活動(dòng)。例句： naples is an important seaport of the southwest in italy.譯文： 那不勒斯是意大利西南部的一個(gè)重要海港。(六)集體名詞數(shù)的問題1. 有些集體名詞后接單數(shù)動(dòng)詞，如：merchandisepoetry machinery furnitureluggagebaggage foliage(樹葉)例句： modern machinery has been installed in the company.譯文： 公司已經(jīng)安裝了現(xiàn)代化的機(jī)械。例句： this class of merchandise is usually sold on d/p(documents payment) basis.譯文： 這種商品通常在付款交單的基礎(chǔ)上出售。2.有些集體名詞后接復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞，如：people police poultry clergy(教士)vermin(害蟲)cattle militia(民兵)例句： these vermin are harmful to the plants, so they must be got rid of.譯文： 這些害蟲對(duì)莊稼有害，應(yīng)該盡快把它們消滅掉。例句： all the poultry in hong kong were destroyed to stop the threat.譯文： 為了消除威脅，香港屠殺了所有家禽。3.有些集體名詞，如：audience boardfamily class couple crewcommitteegovernment jury party team publiccompany做整體講時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);當(dāng)看做集體的各個(gè)成員時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例句： my family are fond of playing bowls, so they never miss the program involved.譯文： 我家人都喜歡頂碗的游戲，所以很少錯(cuò)過相關(guān)節(jié)目。例句： my family is a big one, and so it is called extended family by neighbors.譯文： 我們家是一個(gè)大家庭，于是鄰居們常稱我們家為大家庭。注： 需要強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體時(shí)，集體名詞一般應(yīng)使用單位詞，如：three heads of cattle 三頭牛a piece of luggage 一件行李(七)有些名詞單復(fù)數(shù)形式不同，詞義也發(fā)生變化例如： air(空氣)airs(樣子，擺架子)anxiety(焦慮)anxieties(令人憂慮的事)brain(大腦)brains(智力)custom(風(fēng)俗)customs(海關(guān))damage(損壞)damages(賠償金)delicacy(微妙)delicacies(山珍海味)disorder(混亂)disorders(小病，病痛)experience(經(jīng)驗(yàn))experiences(經(jīng)歷)fear(恐懼)fears(擔(dān)心)glass(玻璃)glasses(眼鏡)joy(快樂)joys(令人快樂的人或事)kindness(善意)kindnesses(善行)pity(憐憫)pities(不幸)people(人民)peoples(民族)security(安全)securities(證券，債券)time(時(shí)間)times(時(shí)代)work(工作)works(作品)authority(權(quán)威，權(quán)力)authorities(官方，當(dāng)局)例句： they want to expose those educationally disadvantaged students to creative,enriching educational experiences for a five year period.分析： 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句，其中expose sb. to sth.意為“使某人暴露在之下”。譯文： 他們想讓那些教育背景欠佳的學(xué)生接受一種既有創(chuàng)造性又能豐富人生的為期五年的教育。例句： the integration of independent states could best be brought about by first creating a central organization with authority over technical economic tasks.分析： 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句，其中with authority over technical economic tasks是介詞短語，作a central organization的定語。譯文： 首先創(chuàng)辦一個(gè)有權(quán)管理技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)工作的中心組織，以便更好地實(shí)現(xiàn)各獨(dú)立國(guó)家之間的結(jié)合。名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)(一)不可數(shù)名詞a little/some/much/considerable/a great (good) deal of/a lot of (lots of) /plenty of/a large amount of/a large quantity of/a wealth of(大量)/heaps of (大量的) +不可數(shù)名詞例句： the portuguese give a great deal of credit to one man for having promoted sea travel, that man being prince henry the navigator, who lived in 15th century.(1995年第14題)分析： 該句是復(fù)合句，其中that man.navigator是一個(gè)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，進(jìn)一步解釋說明one man; who lived.是非限制性定語從句，解釋說明prince henry。譯文： 葡萄牙人給了這位促進(jìn)海上旅行的人很多榮譽(yù)，此人便是15世紀(jì)的航海家亨利王子。例句： if humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.(選自xx年part c)分析： 該句是復(fù)合句。主句we may well believe.中帶有that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句， if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句中包含that引導(dǎo)的從句作realizing的賓語，短語made headway in.的意思是“在某方面取得進(jìn)展”。譯文： 每個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)的最終價(jià)值在于其對(duì)人類的獨(dú)特影響，如果人類在對(duì)此的認(rèn)識(shí)上已有所進(jìn)展，那么我們也許完全可以相信這種經(jīng)驗(yàn)已在與年輕人打交道的過程中學(xué)會(huì)了。(二)復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞some/a lot of (lots of) /plenty of/a large quantity of/a wealth of/heaps of/a few/the number of/a number of/quantities of/a great many (of) +復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞例句： plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they?ve apparently learned is when to stop. (選自xx年use of english)分析： 該句是并列句，在第二個(gè)句子中they?ve apparently learned是一個(gè)省略關(guān)系代詞的定語從句，修飾things。譯文： 許多別的物種能夠?qū)W習(xí)，而且它們已經(jīng)明顯學(xué)會(huì)的東西之一就是何時(shí)停止學(xué)習(xí)。例句： but a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. (選自xx年part b)分析： 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。其中短語“in favor of ”的意思是“贊成,支持;有利于”。譯文： 但在20世紀(jì)初，許多人類學(xué)家也反對(duì)文化特殊論，轉(zhuǎn)而支持文化傳播論。(三)單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同的名詞meansseriesspeciessheepdeerfishgrouse(松雞)plaice(鰈魚)swine(野豬)vietnamese(越南人)viennese(維也納人)japanesechineseportugueseswisscraftaircraftspacecrafthovercraft(氣墊船)例句： the data received from the two spacecraft whirling around mars indicate that there is much evidence that huge thunderstorms are occurring about the equator of the planet. (1996年第18題)分析： 該句是復(fù)合句，主干是the data.indicate that.， 其中received.mars作定語修飾the data;that huge.the planet是evidence的同位語從句。譯文： 環(huán)繞火星的兩艘宇宙飛船接收到的數(shù)據(jù)表明, 有充分的證據(jù)表明該行星的赤道附近正下著大暴雨。例句： crisis would be the right term to describe the decline in many animal species. (1999年第33題)譯文： 許多動(dòng)物物種日漸減少， 用危機(jī)一詞來描述再恰當(dāng)不過了。(四)下列兩類名詞只有復(fù)數(shù)形式， 與動(dòng)詞復(fù)數(shù)連用表示由兩部分組成的物體名詞，如：calipers(卡鉗)glasses scales(磅秤)pantspliers(鉗子)scissors trousers shoesjeans shorts(短褲)這些名詞作主語時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式，前有a pair of修飾時(shí)，謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)由pair的單復(fù)數(shù)決定。例句： i?m going to weigh my luggage: are there any scales?譯文： 我想把行李過一下磅，有磅秤嗎?例句： the girl wears sun glasses, which were bought from the glasses? line, and a pair of old ones has been broken.譯文： 姑娘戴著從眼鏡行買來的太陽鏡，而那副舊眼鏡已經(jīng)折斷了。另外還有： arms goodsclothescontents headquarters minutes(會(huì)議記錄)regards(敬意) wages respects(敬意，問候)thanks fireworks(煙火)archives(檔案)例句： my wages are the principle source of my income.譯文： 薪金是我收入的主要*。(五)有些名詞雖以s結(jié)尾，卻表示單數(shù)概念，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式1. 學(xué)科名稱：politics linguisticsphysics economicsmathematics ethicselectronics informaticsmechanics(力學(xué)) statisticsacoustics(聲學(xué))athleticsphonetics(語音學(xué))例句： talk to anyone in the drug industry, and you?ll soon discover that the science of genetics is the biggest thing to hit drug research since penicillin was discovered. (xx年第8題)分析： 該句是復(fù)合句，talk to anyone in the drug industry是祈使句，that引導(dǎo)賓語從句，since引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句。譯文： 與從事藥品工業(yè)的人一交談，你就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)自從盤尼西林被研制出以后，遺傳學(xué)是對(duì)藥品研究最大的沖擊。2.游戲名稱，如： checkers(跳棋)、 darts(投鏢游戲)、 billiards(彈子戲)、 cards(紙牌)以及專有名詞，如 naples(那不勒斯)，the united states，the new york times等，但表示瀑布、山脈、島嶼的以s結(jié)尾的專有名詞常表復(fù)數(shù)。例句： today, the snooker billiards becomes an international sports activity that the people of various countries like.分析： 該句是復(fù)合句，that the people of various countries like作定語修飾sports activity。譯文： 今天，斯諾克臺(tái)球已經(jīng)成為各國(guó)人民普遍喜愛的一項(xiàng)國(guó)際性的體育活動(dòng)。例句： naples is an important seaport of the southwest in italy.譯文： 那不勒斯是意大利西南部的一個(gè)重要海港。(六)集體名詞數(shù)的問題1. 有些集體名詞后接單數(shù)動(dòng)詞，如：merchandisepoetry machinery furnitureluggagebaggage foliage(樹葉)例句： modern machinery has been installed in the company.譯文： 公司已經(jīng)安裝了現(xiàn)代化的機(jī)械。例句： this class of merchandise is usually sold on d/p(documents payment) basis.譯文： 這種商品通常在付款交單的基礎(chǔ)上出售。2.有些集體名詞后接復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞，如：people police poultry clergy(教士)vermin(害蟲)cattle militia(民兵)例句： these vermin are harmful to the plants, so they must be got rid of.譯文： 這些害蟲對(duì)莊稼有害，應(yīng)該盡快把它們消滅掉。例句： all the poultry in hong kong were destroyed to stop the threat.譯文： 為了消除威脅，香港屠殺了所有家禽。3.有些集體名詞，如：audience boardfamily class couple crewcommitteegovernment jury party team publiccompany做整體講時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);當(dāng)看做集體的各個(gè)成員時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例句： my family are fond of playing bowls, so they never miss the program involved.譯文： 我家人都喜歡頂碗的游戲，所以很少錯(cuò)過相關(guān)節(jié)目。例句： my family is a big one, and so it is called extended family by neighbors.譯文： 我們家是一個(gè)大家庭，于是鄰居們常稱我們家為大家庭。注： 需要強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體時(shí)，集體名詞一般應(yīng)使用單位詞，如：three heads of cattle 三頭牛a piece of luggage 一件行李(七)有些名詞單復(fù)數(shù)形式不同，詞義也發(fā)生變化例如： air(空氣)airs(樣子，擺架子)anxiety(焦慮)anxieties(令人憂慮的事)brain(大腦)brains(智力)custom(風(fēng)俗)customs(海關(guān))damage(損壞)damages(賠償金)delicacy(微妙)delicacies(山珍海味)disorder(混亂)disorders(小病，病痛)experience(經(jīng)驗(yàn))experiences(經(jīng)歷)fear(恐懼)fears(擔(dān)心)glass(玻璃)glasses(眼鏡)joy(快樂)joys(令人快樂的人或事)kindness(善意)kindnesses(善行)pity(憐憫)pities(不幸)people(人民)peoples(民族)security(安全)securities(證券，債券)time(時(shí)間)times(時(shí)代)work(工作)works(作品)authority(權(quán)威，權(quán)力)authorities(官方，當(dāng)局)例句： they want to expose those educationally disadvantaged students to creative,enriching educational experiences for a five year period.分析： 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句，其中expose sb. to sth.意為“使某人暴露在之下”。譯文： 他們想讓那些教育背景欠佳的學(xué)生接受一種既有創(chuàng)造性又能豐富人生的為期五年的教育。例句： the integration of independent states could best be brought about by first creating a central organization with authority over technical economic tasks.分析： 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句，其中with authority over technical economic tasks是介詞短語，作a central organization的定語。譯文： 首先創(chuàng)辦一個(gè)有權(quán)管理技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)工作的中心組織，以便更好地實(shí)現(xiàn)各獨(dú)立國(guó)家之間的結(jié)合。動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞是表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的詞，根據(jù)其意義和作用，動(dòng)詞可分為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞、系動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞。動(dòng)詞涉及的內(nèi)容很多，本書僅就研究生考試中常涉及的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)、時(shí)態(tài)一致以及部分情態(tài)動(dòng)詞作深入講解。一、時(shí)態(tài)(tense)時(shí)態(tài)是表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間和表現(xiàn)方式的一種動(dòng)詞形式，英語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)有16種，但在研究生考試以及其他考試中?？嫉臅r(shí)態(tài)只有幾種。不管何種時(shí)態(tài)，所包含的主要內(nèi)容都是相同的，即時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成以及用法。這里著重講解重要時(shí)態(tài)的用法。(一)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)(simple present tense)1. 表示客觀真理或科學(xué)事實(shí)。例句： the moon has a mass that is nearly one hundred times less than that of the earth